STUDIES OF THE PHARYNX

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 881-907
Author(s):  
James F. Bosma
Keyword(s):  
Young Male ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Pathologic Finding ◽  
General Motor ◽  
Cinema Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Neurologic Impairment ◽  
Neurologic Abnormality ◽  
And Function

THE INCREASING relative and absolute incidence of bulbar poliomyelitis1-34 has provided a valuable opportunity for the study of neurologic impairment of the pharynx. The varied distribution of impairment within the musculature of the area of the pharynx is appropriate to the typical pathologic finding in this disease of discrete and focal necrosis irregularly distributed in nuclear areas.21 This variety of impairments has been utilized to evaluate the contribution of specific elements of the musculature in this area to its general motor performance. Over the period of the past 7 years, a succession of patients having poliomyelitic disability in the area of the pharynx has been observed clinically, with supplementary cinema studies of the visible pharynx and the external neck27 and fluoroscopic and rapid-sequential roentgenographic studies, in which visualization of the pharynx was facilitated by radiopaque media. A useful classification of poliomyelitic impairments of the pharynx has been derived, with recognition of the compensatory and alternative maneuvers which they invoke. This report is particularly concerned with related impairments of swallow and of speech which results from deficient motor control of the oropharyngeal and the palatopharyngeal orifices. The observations are related to general anatomic, physiologic, and neurologic studies of the pharynx.35 Normal motor function of the lower pharynx and function impaired by poliomyelitis are considered in a succeeding report.36 PATIENT MATERIAL The normal subjects include 9 children, 7 to 13 years of age, and 11 young male adults, in each of which subject an examination of the area of mouth, pharynx, and neck was performed to obviate anatomic and neurologic abnormality.

Osseointegration interface of calcified bone and endosseous implants

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1096-1097
Author(s):  
K.E. Krizan ◽  
J.E. Laffoon ◽  
M.J. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Titanium Implants ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Endosseous Implants ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Function

With increase use of tissue-integrated prostheses in recent years it is a goal to understand what is happening at the interface between haversion bone and bulk metal. This study uses electron microscopy (EM) techniques to establish parameters for osseointegration (structure and function between bone and nonload-carrying implants) in an animal model. In the past the interface has been evaluated extensively with light microscopy methods. Today researchers are using the EM for ultrastructural studies of the bone tissue and implant responses to an in vivo environment. Under general anesthesia nine adult mongrel dogs received three Brånemark (Nobelpharma) 3.75 × 7 mm titanium implants surgical placed in their left zygomatic arch. After a one year healing period the animals were injected with a routine bone marker (oxytetracycline), euthanized and perfused via aortic cannulation with 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer pH 7.2. Implants were retrieved en bloc, harvest radiographs made (Fig. 1), and routinely embedded in plastic. Tissue and implants were cut into 300 micron thick wafers, longitudinally to the implant with an Isomet saw and diamond wafering blade [Beuhler] until the center of the implant was reached.

Kedudukan dan Fungsi Bahasa dalam Permuseuman

Metahumaniora ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Erlina Zulkifli Mahmud ◽  
Taufik Ampera ◽  
Yuyu Yohana Risagarniwa ◽  
Inu Isnaeni Sidiq
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Communicative Function ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Library Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
Museum Guides ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

Kedudukan dan fungsi bahasa sebagai alat komunikasi manusia mencakup seluruh bidang kehidupan termasuk ilmu pengetahuan antara lain terkait sejarah peradaban manusia; bagaimana manusia mempertahankan hidupnya, bagaimana manusia memperlakukan alam, bagaimana alam menyediakan segala kebutuhan manusia. Apa yang dilakukan manusia saat ini, saat lampau, dan apa yang dilakukan manusia jauh di masa prasejarah, bagaimana kondisi alam di masa-masa tersebut, apa perubahan dan perkembangannya, dapat didokumentasikan melalui bahasa, divisualisasikan kembali, lalu dipajang sebagai salah satu upaya konversai dan preservasi dalam satu institusi yang disebut museum. Penelitian ini membahas kedudukan dan fungsi bahasa dalam permuseuman. Bagaimana kedudukan dan fungsi bahasa dalam permuseuman baik dalam informasi yang disampaikan oleh pemandu wisata museumnya maupun yang terpajang menyertai benda-benda dan gambar-gambar merupakan tujuan dari penelitian ini. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah gabungan antara metode lapangan dan metode literatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum kedudukan bahasa Indonesia berada pada urutan pertama setelah Bahasa Inggris dan keberadaan kedua bahasa dalam permuseuman ini melibatkan dua fungsi utama bahasa, yakni fungsi komunikatif dan fungsi informatif.The existence and function of language  as a medium of communication covers all fields of human life including knowledge, one of them is the history of human civilization; how humans survived, how human utilized nature for their lives, and how nature provides all the necessities for humans. What humans have been doing now, what they have done in the past and far before that in the pre-history time, how the conditions of the nature at those times were and what changes as well as progresses occurred are documented using language, then re-visualized,  displayed as one of conservation and preservation acts in an institution called museum. This research discusess the existence and function of language in museums. How important the existence of a language in museums and what language functions used in museums both in informations given by the museum guides and on the displays accompanying objects and pictures are the aims of this research. The methods used are the combination between field research and library research. The results show that generally the existence of Indonesian language plays more important role than English and both languages have two main functions; communicative function and informative function.     

Modeling Affordances and Functioning for Personalized Robotic Assistance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Umbrico ◽  
Gabriella Cortellessa ◽  
Andrea Orlandini ◽  
Amedeo Cesta
Keyword(s):  
Domain Knowledge ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
International Classification Of Functioning ◽  
Knowledge Representation And Reasoning ◽  
Health State ◽  
Knowledge Reasoning ◽  
Cognitive Assistance ◽  
Ontological Model ◽  
And Function

A key aspect of robotic assistants is their ability to contextualize their behavior according to different needs of assistive scenarios. This work presents an ontology-based knowledge representation and reasoning approach supporting the synthesis of personalized behavior of robotic assistants. It introduces an ontological model of health state and functioning of persons based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Moreover, it borrows the concepts of affordance and function from the literature of robotics and manufacturing and adapts them to robotic (physical and cognitive) assistance domain. Knowledge reasoning mechanisms are developed on top of the resulting ontological model to reason about stimulation capabilities of a robot and health state of a person in order to identify action opportunities and achieve personalized assistance. Experimental tests assess the performance of the proposed approach and its capability of dealing with different profiles and stimuli.

Second international scientific conference «Present fundamental problems of vegetation classification» (Yalta, 15–20 September 2019)

2019 ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
K. V. Ivanova ◽  
A. M. Lapina ◽  
V. V. Neshataev
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
National Archive ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Vegetation Classification ◽  
Scientific Conference ◽  
Scientific Journals ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Organizations

The 2nd international scientific conference «Fundamental problems of vegetation classification» took place at the Nikitskiy Botanical Garden (Yalta, Republic of Crimea, Russia) on 15–20 September 2019. There were 56 participants from 33 cities and 43 research organizations in Russia. The conference was mostly focused on reviewing the success in classification of the vegetation done by Russian scientists in the past three years. The reports covered various topics such as classification, description of new syntaxonomical units, geobotanical mapping for different territories and types of vegetation, studies of space-time dynamics of plant communities. The final discussion on the last day covered problems yet to be solved: establishment of the Russian Prodromus and the National archive of vegetation, complications of higher education in the profile of geobotany, and the issue of the data leakage to foreign scientific journals. In conclusion, it was announced that the 3rd conference in Nikitskiy Botanical Garden will be held in 2022.

The Poetry and Music of Science

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom McLeish
Keyword(s):  
School Leaver ◽  
Creative People ◽  
Creative Processes ◽  
Arts And Sciences ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Personal Accounts ◽  
Poetry And Music

‘I could not see any place in science for my creativity or imagination’, was the explanation, of a bright school leaver to the author, of why she had abandoned all study of science. Yet as any scientist knows, the imagination is essential to the immense task of re-creating a shared model of nature from the scale of the cosmos, through biological complexity, to the smallest subatomic structures. Encounters like that one inspired this book, which takes a journey through the creative process in the arts as well as sciences. Visiting great creative people of the past, it also draws on personal accounts of scientists, artists, mathematicians, writers, and musicians today to explore the commonalities and differences in creation. Tom McLeish finds that the ‘Two Cultures’ division between the arts and the sciences is not after all, the best classification of creative processes, for all creation calls on the power of the imagination within the constraints of form. Instead, the three modes of visual, textual, and abstract imagination have woven the stories of the arts and sciences together, but using different tools. As well as panoramic assessments of creativity, calling on ideas from the ancient world, medieval thought, and twentieth-century philosophy and theology, The Poetry and Music of Science illustrates its emerging story by specific close-up explorations of musical (Schumann), literary (James, Woolf, Goethe) mathematical (Wiles), and scientific (Humboldt, Einstein) creation. The book concludes by asking how creativity contributes to what it means to be human.

scholarly journals Adolescent and adult laryngotracheal stenosis: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Johan Klopper ◽  
Oladele Vincent Adeniyi ◽  
Kate Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Laryngotracheal Stenosis ◽  
Airway Protection ◽  
Interventional Pulmonology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Airway Emergency ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background The larynx has multiple composite functions which include phonation, airway protection, and sensory control of respiration. Stenosis of the larynx and trachea were first recorded by O’Dwyer in 1885 and by Colles in 1886, respectively. Initially, the aetiology of laryngotracheal stenosis was predominantly infective. Currently, the leading cause is iatrogenic injury to the laryngotracheal complex secondary to prolonged ventilation in an intensive care unit. Main body Laryngotracheal stenosis is a complex and diverse disease. It poses a major challenge to the surgeon and can present as an airway emergency. Management typically demands the combined involvement of various disciplines including otorhinolaryngology, cardiothoracic surgery, anaesthesiology, interventional pulmonology, and radiology. Both the disease and its management can impact upon respiration, voice, and swallowing. The incidence of iatrogenic laryngotracheal stenosis has reflected the evolution of airway and intensive care whilst airway surgery has advanced concurrently over the past century. Correction of laryngotracheal stenosis requires expansion of the airway lumen; this is achieved by either endoscopic or open surgery. We review the relevant basic science, aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and treatment outcomes of LTS. Conclusion The choice of surgical procedure in the management of laryngotracheal stenosis is often dictated by the individual anatomy and function of the larynx and trachea, together with patient factors and available facilities. Regardless of how the surgeon chooses to approach these lesions, prevention of iatrogenic laryngotracheal damage remains of primary importance.

scholarly journals ANCA Status or Clinical Phenotype — What Counts More?

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Windpessl ◽  
Erica L. Bettac ◽  
Philipp Gauckler ◽  
Jae Il Shin ◽  
Duvuru Geetha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis ◽  
Clinical Phenotype ◽  
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody ◽  
Cardiovascular Death ◽  
Genetic Associations ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
The Past ◽  
Anca Associated Vasculitis

Abstract Purpose of Review There is ongoing debate concerning the classification of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis. That is, whether classification should be based on the serotype (proteinase 3 (PR3)- or myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA) or on the clinical phenotype (granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) or microscopic polyangiitis (MPA)). To add clarity, this review focused on integration of the most recent literature. Recent Findings Large clinical trials have provided evidence that a serology-based risk assessment for relapses is more predictive than distinction based on the phenotype. Research conducted in the past decade indicated that a serology-based approach more closely resembles the genetic associations, the clinical presentation (i.e., lung involvement), biomarker biology, treatment response, and is also predicting comorbidities (such as cardiovascular death). Summary Our review highlights that a serology-based approach could replace a phenotype-based approach to classify ANCA-associated vasculitides. In future, clinical trials and observational studies will presumably focus on this distinction and, as such, translate into a “personalized medicine.”

scholarly journals Morphological Characteristics, Classifications and Difficulties in the Use of Diagnostic Criteria for Serrated Lesions of the Large Intestine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar de Souza Bastos Junior ◽  
Vera Lucia Nunes Pannain ◽  
Adriana Caroli-Bottino
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
World Health ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Serrated Adenoma ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Serrated Lesions ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Introduction Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the most common gastrointestinal neoplasm in the world, accounting for 15% of cancer-related deaths. This condition is related to different molecular pathways, among them the recently described serrated pathway, whose characteristic entities, serrated lesions, have undergone important changes in their names and diagnostic criteria in the past thirty years. The multiplicity of denominations and criteria over the last years may be responsible for the low interobserver concordance (IOC) described in the literature. Objectives The present study aims to describe the evolution in classification of serrated lesions, based on the last three publications of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the reproducibility of these criteria by pathologists, based on the evaluation of the IOC. Methods A search was conducted in the PubMed, ResearchGate and Portal Capes databases, with the following terms: sessile serrated lesion; serrated lesions; serrated adenoma; interobserver concordance; and reproducibility. Articles published since 1990 were researched. Results and Discussion The classification of serrated lesions in the past thirty years showed different denominations and diagnostic criteria. The reproducibility and IOC of these criteria in the literature, based on the kappa coefficient, varied in most studies, from very poor to moderate. Conclusions Interobserver concordance and the reproducibility of microscopic criteria may represent a limitation for the diagnosis and appropriate management of these lesions. It is necessary to investigate diagnostic tools to improve the performance of the pathologist's evaluation, for better concordance, and, consequently, adequate diagnosis and treatment.

scholarly journals Application of Artificial Intelligence in Food Industry—a Guideline

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Rajesh Mavani ◽  
Jarinah Mohd Ali ◽  
Suhaili Othman ◽  
M. A. Hussain ◽  
Haslaniza Hashim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Electronic Tongue ◽  
World Population ◽  
Computer Vision System ◽  
The Past

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) has embodied the recent technology in the food industry over the past few decades due to the rising of food demands in line with the increasing of the world population. The capability of the said intelligent systems in various tasks such as food quality determination, control tools, classification of food, and prediction purposes has intensified their demand in the food industry. Therefore, this paper reviews those diverse applications in comparing their advantages, limitations, and formulations as a guideline for selecting the most appropriate methods in enhancing future AI- and food industry–related developments. Furthermore, the integration of this system with other devices such as electronic nose, electronic tongue, computer vision system, and near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) is also emphasized, all of which will benefit both the industry players and consumers.

scholarly journals Detection and classification of unilateral cleft alveolus with and without cleft palate on panoramic radiographs using a deep learning system

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiaki Kuwada ◽  
Yoshiko Ariji ◽  
Yoshitaka Kise ◽  
Takuma Funakoshi ◽  
Motoki Fukuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Panoramic Radiography ◽  
False Positive Rate ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Panoramic Radiographs ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Aided Diagnosis

AbstractAlthough panoramic radiography has a role in the examination of patients with cleft alveolus (CA), its appearances is sometimes difficult to interpret. The aims of this study were to develop a computer-aided diagnosis system for diagnosing the CA status on panoramic radiographs using a deep learning object detection technique with and without normal data in the learning process, to verify its performance in comparison to human observers, and to clarify some characteristic appearances probably related to the performance. The panoramic radiographs of 383 CA patients with cleft palate (CA with CP) or without cleft palate (CA only) and 210 patients without CA (normal) were used to create two models on the DetectNet. The models 1 and 2 were developed based on the data without and with normal subjects, respectively, to detect the CAs and classify them into with or without CP. The model 2 reduced the false positive rate (1/30) compared to the model 1 (12/30). The overall accuracy of Model 2 was higher than Model 1 and human observers. The model created in this study appeared to have the potential to detect and classify CAs on panoramic radiographs, and might be useful to assist the human observers.

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