SYMPOSIUM: BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION BY DRUGS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 702-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Keith Conners
Keyword(s):  
Task Force ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Magnesium Pemoline ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Drug Study ◽  
Stimulant Medications ◽  
Hyperkinetic Child ◽  
Historical Accident

A number of myths have grown up regarding the behavioral effects and use of stimulant medications with children. The first is that there is a type of child uniquely responsive to stimulant compounds, namely, the hyperkinetic child. The second is that the hyperkinetic child is any child who is sufficiently overactive to be considered a menace by adults. The third is that the stimulant medications act primarily to reduce motor activity in a paradoxical "sedative" fashion; and finally, that the drugs do not influence cognitive and perceptual functioning in these children. I believe that these myths are due partly to the historical accident of the manner in which they were first studied, partly to the imprecision in diagnosis and terminology of classification of patients, and partly to the paucity of systematic data on sufficiently large samples under sufficiently varied experimental conditions. I would like to present the results of studies which bear on these issues, and try to draw some general conclusions regarding the present state of knowledge with regard to the use of the various psychostimulants. In this paper I will deal with dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate, and magnesium pemoline. I. METHYLPHENIDATE AND DEXTROAMPHETAMINE The children for this study were referred from schools, pediatricians, and social agencies for either academic or behavioral difficulties, or both. The subjects retained for the drug study comprised about ⅔ of the original referral sample. They were selected to fit the description of the child with "minimal brain dysfunction" as defined by the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS) Task Force I report.

Ethical Issues Arising in Revising Classifications of Mental Disorders

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
N. Sartorius
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Advisory Group ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
The World

The classification of mental disorders in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) will be revised in the course of the next three years and its publication (as the 11th Revision of the ICD) will be published, after the approval of the World Health Assembly in 2014. In parallel, the American Psychiatric Association created a Task Force which has begun work on the proposals for the revision of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual which is to be published as the DSM 5th Revision, in 2012. The World Health Organization has established a special advisory group that should assist it in developing proposals for the classification of mental disorders for the 11th Revision of the ICD and this group collaborates closely with the APA Task Force creating the DSM5 proposals.Numerous ethical issues arise in this process and need to be discussed now so as to inform the process of agreeing on the proposals for the new classifications. They include the importance of an internationally accepted classification as a protection against abuses of psychiatric patients; the need to set the threshold for the diagnosis of a mental disorder at a level ensuring that people with such disorders receive help, the need to avoid imposition of diagnostic systems or categories without sufficient evidence and others. The presentation will briefly discuss the process of constructing the proposals for the new classifications and ways in which the groups established by the WHO and the APA handle these ethical questions.

Classification of Brain MR Images Using Corpus Callosum Shape Measurements

2017 ◽  
pp. 1427-1436
Author(s):  
Gaurav Vivek Bhalerao ◽  
Niranjana Sampathila
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Back Propagation ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
The Brain

The corpus callosum is the largest white matter structure in the brain, which connects the two cerebral hemispheres and facilitates the inter-hemispheric communication. Abnormal anatomy of corpus callosum has been revealed for various brain related diseases. Being an important biomarker, Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the brain followed by corpus callosum segmentation and feature extraction has found to be important for the diagnosis of many neurological diseases. This paper focuses on classification of T1-weighted mid-sagittal MR images of brain for dementia patients. The corpus callosum is segmented using K-means clustering algorithm and corresponding shape based measurements are used as features. Based on these shape based measurements, a back-propagation neural network is trained separately for male and female dataset. The input data consists of 54 female and 31 male patients. This paper reports classification accuracy up to 92% for female patients and 94% for male patients using neural network classifier.

Misclassification of cricket in the American College of Cardiology (ACC) Task Force classification of sports

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 491-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica J Orchard ◽  
John W Orchard ◽  
Andre La Gerche ◽  
Hariharan Raju ◽  
Christopher Semsarian
Keyword(s):  
Task Force

scholarly journals Magnetic Nanoparticles as In Vivo Tracers for Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Bhargy Sharma ◽  
Konstantin Pervushin
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Contrast Agents ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Pulse Sequences ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

Drug formulations and suitable methods for their detection play a very crucial role in the development of therapeutics towards degenerative neurological diseases. For diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive clinical technique suitable for early diagnosis. In this review, we will discuss the different experimental conditions which can push MRI as the technique of choice and the gold standard for early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we describe and compare various techniques for administration of nanoparticles targeted to the brain and suitable formulations of nanoparticles for use as magnetically active therapeutic probes in drug delivery targeting the brain. We explore different physiological pathways involved in the transport of such nanoparticles for successful entry in the brain. In our lab, we have used different formulations of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and protein nanocages as contrast agents in anatomical MRI of an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain. We compare these coatings and their benefits to provide the best contrast in addition to biocompatibility properties to be used as sustainable drug-release systems. In the later sections, the contrast enhancement techniques in MRI studies are discussed. Examples of contrast-enhanced imaging using advanced pulse sequences are discussed with the main focus on important studies in the field of neurological diseases. In addition, T1 contrast agents such as gadolinium chelates are compared with the T2 contrast agents mainly made of superparamagnetic inorganic metal nanoparticles.

Stadiometer Measurements of Driver'S Spinal Response to Steering Force and Vibration

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (30) ◽  
pp. 5-485-5-488
Author(s):  
Christine M. Haslegrave ◽  
Myles A. Mellor
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Period Analysis ◽  
Spinal Loading ◽  
Minute Period ◽  
Driving Task ◽  
Steering Torque ◽  
Seat Vibration ◽  
Male Subjects

The effects on spinal loading of two aspects of the driving task - force exertion while steering and exposure to 4 Hz 1ms−2 peak vertical seat vibration - were investigated with a group of six male subjects seated in a driving simulator. In addition, the effect of the combination of the two aspects was tested. Spinal shrinkage was measured with a precision seated stadiometer over a 40 minute period. Analysis of variance showed that both steering actions and vibration had a significant effect on spinal loading (p<0.05 and p<0.025 respectively), even though the steering torque (5Nm) was moderate. The response was significantly greater in all three experimental conditions than in static sitting (in the same posture). There appeared to be a tendency for the mean spinal shrinkage to increase from 6.0 mm when steering to 7.1mm under vibration and 8.7mm when steering and vibration were combined, but the only difference which was statistical significant was that between the combined condition and steering alone (t test, p<0.01).

scholarly journals A definition and classification of status epilepticus - Report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification of Status Epilepticus

Epilepsia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 1515-1523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugen Trinka ◽  
Hannah Cock ◽  
Dale Hesdorffer ◽  
Andrea O. Rossetti ◽  
Ingrid E. Scheffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Status Epilepticus ◽  
Task Force

Development of Nuclear Facilities Piping Cleaning System Using Microbubble

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jongseon Jeon ◽  
Sangchul Lee ◽  
Haksoo Kim ◽  
Byoungsub Han ◽  
Wisoo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Radioactive Wastes ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Cavitation Phenomenon ◽  
Cleaning Solution ◽  
Micro Bubble

It removes radioactive sludge and corrosion products deposited on the inner walls of the pipes and valves in replacement or decommission, upon termination of life time, of nuclear power plant or nuclear facility. It lowers a cost of waste treatments taking advantage of a reduction of quantity of radioactive wastes by treating in classification of the radioactive wastes whose activities are lower than legal standards. The cleaning or decontamination methods developed until now have induced a damage on systems while being operated. A decontamination has been restrained if it was difficult to access physically. We are in development of the cleaning technique for pipelines by utilizing micro-bubbles in order to improve an efficiency and to prevent from any damage of systems. It aims to conduct a decontamination for spaces difficult to access there by applying cavitation phenomenon that is generated in collapse of micro-bubbles. In order to improve an efficiency of the micro-bubble device, the experimental conditions suitable to decontamination have been established and the auxiliary equipments have been added. The generation conditions and characteristics of micro-bubbles have been demonstrated by adjusting pHs and temperatures of cleaning solution. A decontamination effect has been confirmed by adding up an electrolytic method and ozone into micro-bubbles.

scholarly journals Robotic Assessment of Wrist Proprioception During Kinaesthetic Perturbations: A Neuroergonomic Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika D'Antonio ◽  
Elisa Galofaro ◽  
Jacopo Zenzeri ◽  
Fabrizio Patané ◽  
Jürgen Konczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
External Perturbation ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Position Sense ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Clinical Scales ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Presentation Sequence

Position sense refers to an aspect of proprioception crucial for motor control and learning. The onset of neurological diseases can damage such sensory afference, with consequent motor disorders dramatically reducing the associated recovery process. In regular clinical practice, assessment of proprioceptive deficits is run by means of clinical scales which do not provide quantitative measurements. However, existing robotic solutions usually do not involve multi-joint movements but are mostly applied to a single proximal or distal joint. The present work provides a testing paradigm for assessing proprioception during coordinated multi-joint distal movements and in presence of kinaesthetic perturbations: we evaluated healthy subjects' ability to match proprioceptive targets along two of the three wrist's degrees of freedom, flexion/extension and abduction/adduction. By introducing rotations along the pronation/supination axis not involved in the matching task, we tested two experimental conditions, which differed in terms of the temporal imposition of the external perturbation: in the first one, the disturbance was provided after the presentation of the proprioceptive target, while in the second one, the rotation of the pronation/ supination axis was imposed during the proprioceptive target presentation. We investigated if (i) the amplitude of the perturbation along the pronation/supination would lead to proprioceptive miscalibration; (ii) the encoding of proprioceptive target, would be influenced by the presentation sequence between the target itself and the rotational disturbance. Eighteen participants were tested by means of a haptic neuroergonomic wrist device: our findings provided evidence that the order of disturbance presentation does not alter proprioceptive acuity. Yet, a further effect has been noticed: proprioception is highly anisotropic and dependent on perturbation amplitude. Unexpectedly, the configuration of the forearm highly influences sensory feedbacks, and significantly alters subjects' performance in matching the proprioceptive targets, defining portions of the wrist workspace where kinaesthetic and proprioceptive acuity are more sensitive. This finding may suggest solutions and applications in multiple fields: from general haptics where, knowing how wrist configuration influences proprioception, might suggest new neuroergonomic solutions in device design, to clinical evaluation after neurological damage, where accurately assessing proprioceptive deficits can dramatically complement regular therapy for a better prediction of the recovery path.

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