Establishment and Evaluation of a Pilot Child Car Seat Rental Scheme in New Zealand

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-172
Author(s):  
David C. Geddis ◽  
Ian C. Appleton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Car Seat ◽  
Pilot Scheme ◽  
The City

The method of operation of a pilot car seat rental scheme is described. It is unique in that there are sufficient seats to accommodate every newborn infant in the city. Both infant and child seats are available. The pattern of use since the establishment of the scheme in December 1981 is reported. Currently 60% to 70% of parents rent infant seats and 35% to 40% rent child seats. Yearly roadside observations have shown a steady increase in the number of restrained children. In 1981 no infants traveled in approved restraints. In 1984 66% did so. The 1984 results for other age groups were: 6 to 18 months of age, 88%; 18 months to 2½ years of age, 82%; 2½ to 3½ years of age, 66%; 3½ to 4½ years of age, 62%. At this time no legislation applied to children less than 8 years of age. The success of this pilot scheme suggests it should be expanded on a national scale.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Lichens in Metrosideros excelsa in Northern New Zealand Urban Forests

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Gladys N. Benitez ◽  
Glenn D. Aguilar ◽  
Dan Blanchon
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Lichen Species ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Lichen Community ◽  
The North ◽  
The City ◽  
Lichen Flora

The spatial distribution of corticolous lichens on the iconic New Zealand pōhutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa) tree was investigated from a survey of urban parks and forests across the city of Auckland in the North Island of New Zealand. Lichens were identified from ten randomly selected trees at 20 sampling sites, with 10 sites classified as coastal and another 10 as inland sites. Lichen data were correlated with distance from sea, distance from major roads, distance from native forests, mean tree DBH (diameter at breast height) and the seven-year average of measured NO2 over the area. A total of 33 lichen species were found with coastal sites harboring significantly higher average lichen species per tree as well as higher site species richness. We found mild hotspots in two sites for average lichen species per tree and another two separate sites for species richness, with all hotspots at the coast. A positive correlation between lichen species richness and DBH was found. Sites in coastal locations were more similar to each other in terms of lichen community composition than they were to adjacent inland sites and some species were only found at coastal sites. The average number of lichen species per tree was negatively correlated with distance from the coast, suggesting that the characteristic lichen flora found on pōhutukawa may be reliant on coastal microclimates. There were no correlations with distance from major roads, and a slight positive correlation between NO2 levels and average lichen species per tree.

scholarly journals The Use of GIS Technology to Optimize COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution: A Case Study of the City of Warsaw, Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5636
Author(s):  
Sylwia Krzysztofowicz ◽  
Katarzyna Osińska-Skotak
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Vaccination Site ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Vaccine Distribution ◽  
The City

The COVID-19 pandemic is a global challenge, and the key to tackling it is vaccinating a specified percentage of the population to acquire herd immunity. The observed problems with the efficiency of the vaccination campaigns in numerous countries around the world, as well as the approach used at the initial stage of the National Immunization Program in Poland, prompted us to analyse the possibility of using GIS technology to optimize the distribution of vaccines to vaccination sites so as to minimize the period needed to vaccinate individual population groups. The research work was carried out on the example of Warsaw, the capital of Poland and the city with the largest population in the country. The analyses were carried out for the 60–70 and 50–60 age groups, in various approaches and for vaccines of different companies (Moderna, BioNTech, AstraZeneca), used to vaccinate people in Poland. The proposed approach to optimize vaccine distribution uses Thiessen’s tessellation to obtain information on the number of people in a given population group living in the area of each vaccination site, and then to estimate the time needed to vaccinate that group. Compared to the originally used vaccination scenario with limited availability of vaccines, the proposed approach allows practitioners to design fast and efficient distribution scenarios. With the developed methodology, we demonstrated ways to achieve uniform vaccination coverage throughout the city. We anticipate that the proposed approach can be easily automated and broadly applied to various urban settings.

scholarly journals Will Peri-Urban Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Challenge Local Eradication?

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Horner ◽  
Georgia Paterson ◽  
James T.S. Walker ◽  
George L.W. Perry ◽  
Rodelyn Jaksons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Spatial Interpolation ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Catch Rate ◽  
Trap Catch ◽  
Urban Populations ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
The City

Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a phytosanitary pest of New Zealand’s export apples. The sterile insect technique supplements other controls in an eradication attempt at an isolated group of orchards in Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand. There has been no attempt in New Zealand to characterize potential sources of uncontrolled peri-urban populations, which we predicted to be larger than in managed orchards. We installed 200 pheromone traps across Hastings city, which averaged 0.32 moths/trap/week. We also mapped host trees around the pilot eradication orchards and installed 28 traps in rural Ongaonga, which averaged 0.59 moths/trap/week. In Hastings, traps in host trees caught significantly more males than traps in non-host trees, and spatial interpolation showed evidence of spatial clustering. Traps in orchards operating the most stringent codling moth management averaged half the catch rate of Hastings peri-urban traps. Orchards with less rigorous moth control had a 5-fold higher trap catch rate. We conclude that peri-urban populations are significant and ubiquitous, and that special measures to reduce pest prevalence are needed to achieve area-wide suppression and reduce the risk of immigration into export orchards. Because the location of all host trees in Hastings is not known, it could be more cost-effectively assumed that hosts are ubiquitous across the city and the area treated accordingly.

Industrial destabilisation: The case of Rajajinagar, Bangalore

Urban Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 004209802110440
Author(s):  
Shriya Anand ◽  
Aditi Dey
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Restructuring ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
Industrial Transformation ◽  
Engineering Economy ◽  
Neighbourhood Scale ◽  
The City ◽  
Indian Cities ◽  
Suitable Case

There has been a recent interest in expanding the focus of deindustrialisation studies to the cities of the Global South. Bangalore, with its long legacy of state sponsored industrialisation, as well as a substantial shift in its economy following economic liberalisation in 1991, presents itself as a suitable case to examine the impacts of industrial transformation. We study the decline of the engineering economy in one of Bangalore’s earliest planned industrial suburbs, Rajajinagar, to understand how industrial restructuring at the city and national scale has affected and reconfigured local economies. Using this case study, we make two main theoretical contributions: one, we bring out shifts at a neighbourhood scale that go beyond the existing literature on neoliberal transformations in Bangalore as well as other Indian cities. Two, the case also allows us to assess the limitations of deindustrialisation as a framework to analyse these changes, and we suggest a modified framework, that of ‘industrial destabilisation’.

Distribution of ground-motion intensity inferred from questionnaire survey, earthquake recordings, and microtremor measurements—A case study in Christchurch, New Zealand, during the 1994 arthurs pass earthquake

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 356-369
Author(s):  
Takumi Toshinawa ◽  
J. John Taber ◽  
John B. Berrill
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Intensity Data ◽  
Amplification Factors ◽  
Areal Distribution ◽  
Local Site ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
The City ◽  
Microtremor Measurements

Abstract The areal distribution of seismic ground-motion intensity in the city of Christchurch, New Zealand, during the 1994 Arthurs Pass Earthquake (ML 6.6) was evaluated using an intensity questionnaire together with local site amplifications inferred from seismic recordings and microtremors. In order to estimate the intensity in parts of the city where no intensity data were available, intensity data were compared to relative levels of shaking determined from both weak-motion and microtremor recordings. Weak ground-motion amplification factors were determined using ratios of ground accelerations at five sediment sites with respect to a rock site. Microtremor amplification factors were determined from horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios at a 1-km spacing throughout the city. A positive correlation between weak-motion and microtremor amplification factors allowed extrapolation of microtremor amplification to estimated MM intensity (EMMI). EMMI ranged from 3 to 6 and was consistent with the questionnaire intensity and geological conditions and showed detailed information on the areal distribution of ground-motion intensity in the city.

scholarly journals A National-Scale Assessment of Population and Built-Environment Exposure in Tsunami Evacuation Zones

Geosciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 291
Author(s):  
Ryan Paulik ◽  
Heather Craig ◽  
Benjamin Popovich
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Network ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Scale Assessment ◽  
Environment Exposure

Evacuation zones are a critical tool for mitigating loss of life in tsunami events. In New Zealand, tsunami evacuation zones are implemented by emergency management agencies at regional or sub-regional scales, providing national coverage for populated coastlines at risk to tsunami inundation. In this study, we apply the exposure component of a risk model framework (RiskScape) to deliver a first national-scale assessment of New Zealand’s population and built-environment exposure in tsunami evacuation zones. Usually-resident populations, buildings, land and transport network components are identified at an asset level and enumerated at national and regional scales. Evacuation zones are occupied by just under 10% of New Zealand’s population, residing in 399,000 residential buildings. These are supported by a further 5400 critical buildings and 6300 km of road transport network. Approximately 40% of exposed populations and buildings occupy evacuation zones expected to be inundated once every 500 years. This includes over 150,000 people in highly vulnerable age groups, i.e., children and elderly. The complex arrangement of built environments highlights a need for disaster risk managers to proactively identify and prepare populations for evacuation based on their vulnerability to harm from tsunami and ability to access resources for recovery after the event.

scholarly journals Taranto’s long shadow? Cancer mortality shows alarming peaks for specific types in the most polluted city of Italy but also in surrounding towns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Roberto Cazzolla Gatti ◽  
Alena Velichevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Specific Cancer ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Heavy Pollution ◽  
High Level ◽  
Epidemiological Effects ◽  
The City

AbstractA national-scale study in Italy showed an incidence of cancer higher in the territories indicated as highly polluted compared to the regional average. One of them, the city of Taranto in Apulia (Italy), which is considered one of the most polluted cities in Europe, has numerous industrial activities that impact population health. We studied the epidemiological effects of a high level of pollution produced by the industrial area of Taranto in increasing the mortality rate for some specific cancer types in the city and towns of the two provinces located downwind. We analysed 10-year mortality rates for 14 major types of tumours reported among the residents of Taranto, of 6 surrounding towns, randomly placed within an imaginary cone in the main wind direction from the vertex of the industrial zone of Taranto. Our results confirm our hypothesis that the mortality rate for some specific types of cancer (namely, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukaemia, liver and bladder tumours) are higher than the norm in the municipality of Taranto and we have evidence that other local causes may be implicated in the excess of mortality besides the potential dispersal of pollutants from the industrial area of Taranto. The proximity to the industrial area of Taranto cannot, therefore, explain alone the anomalies detected in some populations. It is likely that other site-specific sources of heavy pollution are playing a role in worsening the death toll of these towns and this must be taken into serious consideration by environmental policy-makers and local authorities.

scholarly journals Spatial shrinking and polarization of rural space in the Republic of Tatarstan in the context of population depopulation

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-45
Author(s):  
D.O. Egorov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Rural Space ◽  
Regional Center ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City ◽  
Municipal Level ◽  
Administrative Center

The article analyzes the directions and intensity of rural population depopulation from the standpoint of its influence on the transformation of settlement in the Republic of Tatarstan from the 1970s to the present. Three periods of changes in the distribution of the rural population were identified: soviet (1970–1991), de-urbanization (1991–2000) and suburbanization (weakly expressed in the 2000s and clearly pronounced since the 2010s). The first period under consideration fell on the peak of the decline in the rural population, but the pole near the regional center depopulated less intensively than the distant periphery. The de-urbanization period did not have clear territorial trends in changes in the number of inhabitants. In the 2010s. There is a steady increase in the population in the areas of neighbors of the largest cities of the republic. A more detailed study showed that this increase is largely associated with the settlement of urban-type residential complexes. 1970 to 2019 the share of rural residents living in areas bordering the city of Kazan and Naberezhnye Chelny increased from 15.1 to 25%. Similar polarization processes are taking place at the municipal level. The period considered from 2002 to 2019 showed the process of increasing the share of the population of the administrative center from the total population of the district. In more than half of the cases, this process took place due to population growth in the centers of municipalities and the decline of the rest of the population. The population in other municipalities decreased in the administrative centers less intensively than outside them.

scholarly journals Surveying support for child and youth political participation in Australia and New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
LG Phillips ◽  
Jenny Ritchie ◽  
F Perales
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Survey Question ◽  
Party Preference ◽  
United Nations Declaration

© 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Recent decades have witnessed increased empirical and policy interest in children’s citizenship, particularly since the ratification of the United Nations Declaration of Children’s Rights. However, support for children’s active citizenship is often hindered by the pervasiveness of discourses that characterise children as innocent, developing, and free from responsibility. Public and governmental decision-making largely excludes children’s consultation and contributions, often determined by age alone. To quantifiably assess the amount of public support for children’s political participation, we commissioned a Likert scale survey question on degrees of support for children and youth (across four age groups between 3 and 18 year olds) having the opportunity to influence government decisions, in the Australian and New Zealand 2016 versions of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP). Analysis of responses to this question in relation to demographic survey data indicate variation in preferences for different age groups, and that age, gender, and political party preference of respondents were variables of significance for both nations. These variables point to potential predictors of attitudes toward political participation of children and youth which have relevance for policymakers and educators in relation to provision of programmes that will increase the engagement of children and youth in government decision-making.

scholarly journals Anthropometric features of physical development of modern metropolis schoolchildren

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Yu Gavryushin ◽  
I I Berezin ◽  
O V Sazonova
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Anthropometric Features ◽  
Educative Process ◽  
Regional Capital ◽  
The City

Aim. To define characteristics of growth and development of children and adolescents of school age in the city of Samara.Methods. Measurements of anthropometric parameters of 2617 children aged 7-17 years, of which 1397 children studied in general educational institutions of Samara, 1220 schoolchildren - in the regional centers of the Samara region, were performed. The obtained values of anthropometric parameters of physical development of schoolchildren in Samara were compared with the study results of the appropriate age and sex groups of children and adolescents living in the Samara region.Results. Children of the regional capital and district centers come to school with virtually the same anthropometric parameters. Due to the inhomogeneous influence of conditions and nature of education, nutrition, motor activity indicators of physical development in the educative process acquire significant differences. The height of the city of Samara boys aged 7-15 years is lower than height of peers living in the Samara region (p ˂0.01). Body weight in girls to 9 years, and in boys since 7 years of age is less than in their peers who live in the district centers of the Samara region (p ˂0.05). The chest circumference of the Samara schoolchildren is significantly less than that of their peers of the Samara region in the age groups of 7-14 years in boys and 8-14 years in girls. Waist circumference of Samara boys in the age groups of 7-11 and 13 years and in girls aged 10-14 years is significantly less than that of the Samara region children. Hip circumference of the Samara schoolchildren in junior (7-10 years) and middle (11-14 years) school grades is less than in children of Samara region (p ˂0.05).Conclusion. Revealed differences in anthropometric parameters of children of the city of Samara and Samara region demonstrate the need to develop regional standards to evaluate the physical development of children and adolescents of big cities and rural areas.

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