The Total Costs of Ultrasonography Summary

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-323
Author(s):  
MICHAEL D. BAILLE
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Renal Ultrasonography ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Ultrasonographic Examination ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Factors ◽  
Renal Abnormalities

To the Editor.— In a recent article, Sheih et al.1 suggest that renal ultrasonography may provide a simple and cost-effective tool for screening large populations for renal abnormalities. However, two additional cost factors need to be taken into consideration. First, there is the cost of the further evaluation of the 595 patients (of 635) who did not need surgery. At a minimum they had another ultrasonographic examination. Second, the authors imply that the 50 patients who underwent surgery were saved from the cost of treatment of renal failure.

scholarly journals ANN-Based Decision Making in Station Keeping for Geotechnical Drilling Vessel

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 596
Author(s):  
Murugan Ramasamy ◽  
Mohammed Abdul Hannan ◽  
Yaseen Adnan Ahmed ◽  
Arun Kr Dev
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Station Keeping ◽  
Operational Information ◽  
Effective Option ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Factors

Offshore vessels (OVs) often require precise station-keeping and some vessels, for example, vessels involved in geotechnical drilling, generally use Spread Mooring (SM) or Dynamic Positioning (DP) systems. Most of these vessels are equipped with both systems to cover all ranges of water depths. However, determining which system to use for a particular operational scenario depends on many factors and requires significant balancing in terms of cost-benefit. Therefore, this research aims to develop a platform that will determine the cost factors for both the SM and DP station-keeping systems. Operational information and cost data are collected for several field operations, and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are trained using those data samples. After that, the trained ANN is used to predict the components of cost for any given environmental situation, fieldwork duration and water depth. Later, the total cost is investigated against water depth for both DP and SM systems to determine the most cost-effective option. The results are validated using two operational scenarios for a specific geotechnical vessel. This decision-making algorithm can be further developed by adding up more operational data for various vessels and can be applied in the development of sustainable decision-making business models for OVs operators.

The Total Costs of Ultrasonography Summary

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-323
Author(s):  
CHUNG-PIN SHEIH ◽  
CHING-YUANG LIN
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Renal Ultrasonography ◽  
Benefit Ratio ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Renal Abnormalities

In Reply.— In our article, we reported on 645 renal abnormalities found in 132 686 school children screened through the use of renal ultrasonography. Of those with renal abnormalities, 50 patients had surgically correctable lesions. The other 595 cases have been examined fully to establish the correct diagnosis and the prevalence of renal abnormalities in school children. However, in this study, the cost to benefit ratio was determined by total expense to number of surgically treatable diseases.

scholarly journals ANN-Based Decision Making in Station Keeping for Geotechnical Drilling Vessel

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murugan Ramasamy ◽  
Mohammed Abdul Hannan ◽  
Yaseen Adnan Ahmed ◽  
Arun Kr Dev
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Station Keeping ◽  
Operational Information ◽  
Effective Option ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Factors

Offshore vessels (OVs) often requires precise station-keeping and some vessels, for example, vessel involves in geotechnical drilling generally use Spread Mooring (SM) or Dynamic Positioning (DP) systems. Most of these vessels are equipped with both systems to cover all ranges of water depths. However, determining which systems to use for a particular operational scenario depends on many factors and requires significant balancing in terms of cost-benefit. Therefore, this research aims to develop a platform that will determine the cost factors for both the SM and DP station keeping systems. Operational information and cost data are collected for several field operations, and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is trained using those data samples. After that, the trained ANN is used to predict the components of cost for any given environmental situation, fieldwork duration and water depth. Later, the total cost is investigated against water depth for both DP and SM systems to determine the most cost-effective option. The results are validated using two operational scenarios for a specific geotechnical vessel. This decision-making algorithm can be further developed by adding up more operational data for various vessels and can be applied in the development of sustainable decision-making business models for OVs operators.

Heuristics for Determining the Optimal Interval between Checkups

1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 279-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta L. Klatzky ◽  
David M. Messick ◽  
Judith Loftus
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Mathematical Expression ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Optimal Interval ◽  
Inspection Interval ◽  
Disease Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Factors

How often should one check on a system that is at risk for some malfunction? The optimal interval between inspections depends on the likelihood of malfunction, the cost of inspection, and the cost of treatment We develop a mathematical expression for the optimal inspection interval as a function of these parameters and then an approximation for that expression The approximation indicates that as the risk increases or the ratio of inspection to disease cost decreases by a factor of n, the inspection interval should be reduced by n1/2 We also report an experiment indicating that subjects who generate optimal inspection intervals use examples as anchors and then perform adjustments for variations in risk and cost factors However, they do not approximate the appropriate square-root adjustment rule The observed anchor-and-adjust process suggests that normative recommendations may serve as influential benchmarks, even if they are not adhered to directly

Urine VMA Screening for Neuroblastoma: Is It Worth the Cost?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-757
Author(s):  
George W. Hallett
Keyword(s):  
General Hospital ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Pediatric Surgery ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Massachusetts General Hospital ◽  
Test Strip ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Factors ◽  
Simple Screening

In a recent article in the Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Leonard et al.1 recommend that the VMA test strip be performed during the first seven years of life as a routine screening test for neuroblastoma. A pediatric manual of the Massachusetts General Hospital, 1972, also states on page 3, item 5: "Urine VMA screening dipstick should be done routinely on all infants, and annually on all children under four." Lest pediatricians accept these recommendations without further examination, it would be worthwhile to analyze cost factors before embarking on this "simple" screening program.

scholarly journals A cost analysis of options for schistosomiasis control MDA programs targeting children aged five years and below in uMkhanyakude District of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mhlengi Vella Ncube ◽  
Moses John Chimbari
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Development ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Team Approach ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Vitamin A Supplementation ◽  
Schistosomiasis Control ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background Schistosomiasis negatively impacts early childhood development. Inclusion of children aged five years and below in mass drug administration (MDA) programs for controlling schistosomiasis could improve early childhood development in communities where the disease is endemic. We estimated the projected cost of implementing a schistosomiasis control MDA program for children aged five years and below in the uMkhanyakude district of South Africa.Method We calculated the cost of implementing a schistosomiasis MDA program targeting children aged five years and below using an economies of scaled based cost function. We further compared different labor composition simulations to determine the most affordable and available human resources to implement the program. We also explored programs to which the MDA program could be integrated; and estimated what the costs for would be. Moreover, we simulated cost-effectiveness and determined the cost drivers for each simulation considered.Results A ward-based outreach team (WBOT) for implementing a schistosomiasis MDA program targeting children 5 years old and below was the best labor composition option. The simulations conducted indicated that treating children in batches of 2500 using the WBOT team approach could reduce the cost of treatment by 53% compared to treating the children on batches of 500. Integrating a schistosomiasis MDA targeting children aged 5 years and below with the immunization program was estimated to cost 3% less than integration with the deworming and Vitamin A supplementation program indicating that the former option is more cost-effective. Praziquantel, the drug that is used to treat schistosomiasis contributed over 30% of the total cost for the program.Conclusion. We estimated that between US$6,5 million and US$ 7,5 million would be needed to implement a cost effective MDA program targeting children 5 years old and blow over 3 years in uMkhanyakude district.

scholarly journals Drug Review: Fosfomycin—A Rarely used but more Practical Approach for Urinary Tract Infections

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-70
Author(s):  
Sangeeta Yadav ◽  
Omkar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Practical Approach ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Intravenous Drugs ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Drug Review

ABSTRACT In this current era of resistance, treating urinary tract infections (UTIs) on outpatient department (OPD) basis has become cumbersome. Resistance has dramatically increased for cotrimoxazole, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin in past few decades. Intravenous drugs increase the cost of treatment and patient may need hospitalization. We searched and analyzed the literature and found fosfomycin to be better alternative in resistant UTI as resistance to this drug is low and is cost-effective in comparison to available intravenous drugs. How to cite this article Agrawal P, Garg R, Yadav S, Singh O. Drug Review: Fosfomycin—A Rarely used but more Practical Approach for Urinary Tract Infections. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2015;7(2):68-70.

scholarly journals Efektivitas Biaya Penggunaan Antibiotik Pasien ISPA Pediatri di RSUD Kajen Kabupaten Pekalongan Tahun 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 108-116
Author(s):  
Siti Aliyah ◽  
Yulian Wahyu Permadi ◽  
St Rahmatullah ◽  
Ainun Mutoharoh
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Average Total Cost ◽  
Medical Record Data ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Record Data ◽  
Acute Infectious Disease ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Keywords Cost

AbstractAcute respiratory infection (ARI) is an acute infectious disease that attacks one or more parts of the respiratory system, starting from the nasal alveoli, including the adnexa (sinus of the pleural middle ear cavity). The purpose of this study was to determine the type of antibiotics in pediatric ARI patients at Kajen Hospital in 2019 and to determine the effectiveness of treatment costs based on the use of antibiotics issued by pediatric ARI patients at Kajen Hospital in 2019. This study is a type of non-experimental research that is descriptive and takes retrospectively through medical record data of ARI patients. The number of samples used as many as 80 patients. The pharmacoeconomic method used in this study is the CEA method/cost effectiveness analysis. The data taken include: data on respondent characteristics, total costs or direct medical costs, the results of the study on the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy Cefotaxim 52.90%, Efotax 54.50% and Viccillin 61.50%. The average total cost of antibiotics for Cefotaxim was Rp. 817,392, Efotax was Rp. 1,392,189, Viccillin was Rp. 1,318,838, Ampicillin was Rp. 1,107,059, Cefadroxil was Rp. 850,564 and Cefixim was Rp. 858,479. The ACER value was the most cost effective for Cefotaxim compared to other therapies. while the ICER value is the most cost effective, namely the comparison between Cefotaxim and Viccillin with an ICER value of Rp - 63,081,937. Suggestions for further research are expected to be able to compare the cost of treatment for outpatients and inpatients and increase sampledata. Keywords: Cost Effectiviness, ARI, antibiotik AbstrakInfeksi saluran pernafasan akut (ISPA) merupakan penyakit infeksi akut yang menyerang salah satu / lebih bagian dari sistem pernafasan mulai dari hidung alveoli termasuk adneksanya (sinus rongga telinga tengah pleura). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis antibiotik pada pasien ISPA pediatri di RSUD Kajen tahun 2019 dan untuk mengetahui keefektifan biaya pengobatan berdasarkan penggunaan antibiotik yang dikeluarkan oleh pasien ISPA pediatri di RSUD kajen tahun 2019. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian non eksperimental yang bersifat deskriptif dan pengambilan data secara retrospektif melalui data rekam medik pasien ISPA. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 80 pasien. Metode farmakoekonomi yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu metode CEA/Analisis efektifitas biaya. Data yang diambil meliputi: data karakteristik responden, biaya total atau biaya medik langsung, Hasil penelitian efektivitas terapi antibiotik Cefotaxim 52,90%, Efotax 54,50% dan Viccillin 61,50%. Hasil rata-rata total biaya antibiotik Cefotaxim sebesar Rp 817.392, Efotax Rp 1.392.189, Viccillin Rp 1.318.838, Ampicillin Rp 1.107.059, Cefadroxil Rp 850.564 dan Cefixim Rp 858.479. Nilai ACER yang paling cost efffective pada antibiotik Cefotaxim dibandingkan dengan terapi lainnya. sedangkan pada nilai ICER yang paling cost effecttive yaitu pada perbandingan antara Cefotaxim dengan Viccillin dengan nilai ICER Rp - 63.081.937. Saran untuk penelitian selanjutnya diharapkan dapat membandingkan biaya pengobatan pasien rawat jalan dan rawat inap serta memperbanyak data sampelKata kunci: Efektivitas biaya; ISPA; antibiotik

scholarly journals COVID-19: economic aspects of influenza vaccine prevention

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
E. A. Zhidkova ◽  
E. M. Gutor ◽  
Yu. A. Tkachenko ◽  
I. V. Rogova ◽  
I. A. Popova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Inpatient Treatment ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Flu Shot ◽  
The Cost

Relevance. A viral pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has led to the development of a new coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 pandemic has forced the mobilization of all available health system resources. There are separate publications on reducing the risk of developing coronavirus infection in people vaccinated against influenza. Objective: to study the cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination in the conditions of the» first « wave of COVID-19. Materials and methods. The archival data of 2,452 people from among the sick employees of JSC «Russian Railways» were analyzed. The control group consisted of 2,911 employees who were not infected with COVID-19, comparable by gender, age and territory of residence. Scores on the Charlson comorbidity scale were calculated for all individuals. The pharmacoeconomical cost of the patient’s treatment was predicted using the Markov model. Results. Having a flu shot reduced the likelihood of getting COVID-19 by 1.3 times. In the presence of a diagnosis of coronavirus infection, inpatient treatment for influenza vaccinated patients was required 2 times less often than for unvaccinated patients. Compared to the situation of the absence of vaccinated persons, in the «first wave», the estimated cost savings for the treatment of patients with coronavirus infection amounted to 124 million rubles. When the number of points on the comorbidity scale increased from 1 to 8, the average cost of treatment of patients without previous influenza vaccination increased by 2 times, and in the presence of vaccination, the average cost of treatment increased by 1.7 times. Conclusion. Thus, this study shows that influenza vaccination is cost-effective against COVID-19. The effect is achieved by reducing the likelihood of getting a coronavirus infection in the presence of a flu shot.

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