PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 651-655
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Health It ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Dental Profession ◽  
Health Nursing

" . . . In view of these considerations, your Committee recommends that any community which includes a child population of sufficient size, and which obtains its water supply from sources which are free from or are extremely low in fluorides, should consider the practicability and economic feasibility of adjusting the concentration to optimal levels. This adjustment should be in accord with climatic factors and a constant chemical control should be maintained. With proper safeguards, this procedure appears to be harmless. However, it should be conducted under expert dental and engineering supervision by the state board of health. It should not be undertaken unless this can be provided. How much reduction in the prevalence of caries will actually be realized in a particular community will vary according to local conditions. The procedure will supplement but not supplant other dental health measures. About one half of the population of this country is living in small villages and rural areas and will not benefit by fluoridation of public water supplies. Other provisions for preventing dental caries in this fraction of the population should be continued and developed." Support of the policy of fluoridation has come officially from the U. S. Public Health Service, the Association of State and Territorial Health Officers, the American Public Health Association, the American Dental Association and more recently the American Medical Association. It is to the distinct credit of the dental profession and both national and local dental societies that they have been in the forefront of local community efforts to further a preventive technique which should have the effect of reducing the amount of reparative dentistry needed.

scholarly journals Asymmetric effects of environmental filtering on the assembly of tropical bird communities along a moisture gradient

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Gomez ◽  
Scott Robinson ◽  
Jose Miguel Ponciano
Keyword(s):  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Bird Communities ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Dry Forests ◽  
Rainfall Gradient ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Wet Forests

AbstractThe species-sorting hypothesis (SSH) states that environmental factors influence local community assembly of metacommunities by selecting for species that are well adapted to the specific conditions of each site. Along environmental gradients, the strength of selection against individuals that are marginally adapted to the local conditions increases towards the extremes of the environment where the climate becomes harsh. In rainfall gradients, the strength of selection by the environment has been proposed to decrease with rainfall. Under this scenario SSH would predict that immigration of individuals from the metacommunity should be restricted into the dry end of the gradient creating a positive relationship between immigration and rainfall. However, if the selection is strong in both ends of the gradient, the restriction should be expected to be in both directions such that the ends behave as independent metacommunities even in the absence of geographical barriers. In this study we used models based on neutral theory to evaluate if SSH can explain the distribution of bird species along a steep rainfall gradient in Colombia. We found a strong positive relationship between immigration rates and precipitation suggesting that the dry forests impose stronger challenges for marginally adapted bird populations. However, a two-metacommunity model separating dry and wet forests was a better fit to the observed data, suggesting that both extremes impose strong selection against immigrants. The switch from the dry forest to the wet forest metacommunities occurred abruptly over a short geographic distance in the absence of any apparent geographic barrier; this apparent threshold occurs where the forest becomes mostly evergreen. The relative number of rare species in dry forest was lower than in wet forests suggesting that the selection against marginally adapted populations is stronger in the dry forests. Overall, our analyses are consistent with SSH at the regional scales, but the rarity analysis suggests that the mechanisms at the local scales are substantially different. Based on these results, we hypothesize that abiotic (climatic) factors limit immigration into dry forest communities and whereas biotic factors such as competition and predation may limit immigration into bird communities in the wet forest.

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 532-533
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Year ◽  
Surgeon General ◽  
The Public ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Medical Social Work ◽  
Health Nursing ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

A GREATER proportion of births in the United States were delivered in hospitals or institutions in 1947 than in any previous year on record. The number of registered live births rose to a peak of 3,699,940 in 1947, according to a report by Surgeon General Leonard A. Scheele of the Public Health Service. At the same time the proportion occurring in hospitals reached a new high of 84.8%. An additional 10.1% of births in 1947 were attended by physicians outside of hospitals and only about 1 out of 20 births were delivered by a mid-wife or other nonphysician. Since 1935, the first year that data of this kind became available, the percentage of total births delivered in hospitals has more than doubled, rising from 36.9% in 1935 to 84.8% in 1947, according to the report. This increase has been accompanied by a reduction in the proportion of live births delivered by physicians outside of hospitals, from 50.6 in 1935 to 10.1% in 1947, as well as a decline in the percentage delivered by nonphysicians, from 12.5 in 1935 to 5.1% in 1947. The report shows significant progress in recent years in the use of medical and hospital facilities by both the white and nonwhite groups, and by both the urban and rural [See TABLE I in source PDF] population (see Table I). Considerable differences exist between these groups in the extent to which hospitals are used for confinements. In 1947, almost 9 in 10 of the white births occurred in hospitals as compared with about 1 in 2 of the nonwhite births. Only 1.5% of white births were attended by nonphysicians, but almost a third of the nonwhite births were delivered by midwives or other nonphysicians. The differences were less marked as between residents of urban and rural areas (see Table I).

scholarly journals Analysis of Small Area Environmental, Socioeconomic and Health Data in Collaboration with Local Communities to Target and Evaluate ‘Triple Win’ Interventions in a Deprived Community in Birmingham UK

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (22) ◽  
pp. 4331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Saunders ◽  
Paul Campbell ◽  
Mark Webster ◽  
Michael Thawe
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
City Council ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Health It ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Small Area Level

The contemporary environment is a complex of interactions between physical, biological and socioeconomic systems with major impacts on public health. It is well understood that deprived communities are more exposed to negative environmental and social factors, more susceptible to the effects of those exposures, more excluded from access to positive factors, less able to change their circumstances and consequently experience worse health, economic and social outcomes compared to the more affluent. Welsh House Farm estate in Birmingham is one of the most deprived areas in Europe. An alliance between a local charity, City Council Public Health and a University in collaboration with the local community has accessed, analysed and mapped a range of health, social and economic factors at small area level, identifying areas where the community experience is unacceptably worse than other parts of Birmingham and therefore requiring targeted interventions. We make specific recommendations for coordinated action addressing the living, moving and consuming domains of residents’ lives and have also identified positive aspects of life on the estate to celebrate. This pilot demonstrates the utility and cost-effectiveness of local collaboration to identify and target health, environmental and social inequalities informed by local concerns.

Linking to Public Health Nursing the Red Cross Way, 1919 to 1930

2019 ◽  
pp. 78-103
Author(s):  
Christine Ardalan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
World War I ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Public Health Nursing ◽  
Public Health Nurses ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Black Nurses ◽  
Open Policy ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Health Nursing

This chapter explores the influence of the Red Cross Nursing Service in Florida after World War I when the American Red Cross focused on public health nursing. Central leadership from its Washington, DC headquarters directed policies and values that guided Red Cross nurses into the southernmost state. The policies and the nurses themselves illuminated the connections between the Red Cross, race, class, and a population in dire need of healthcare. Becuase the Red Cross was to some extentcolorblind with its policies and nurse recruitment, it paved the way for black public health nurses to forge new paths. From local Red Cross chapters, the white and few black nurses began to establish links with the communities. The Home Hygiene and Care of the Sick classes offered a particularly important means to serve all, regardless of race. The aftermath of Florida’s 1928 hurricane highlighted the more racially open policy towards the employment of African American nurses. Rosa Brown demonstrated the need for public health nurses to improve health in the neglected rural areas of Palm Beach County.

PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 12 (3S) ◽  
pp. 25-25
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Community Health Services ◽  
Public Health Nursing ◽  
Public Health Nurses ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Health Nursing

PUBLIC health nursing is not only the core of many community health services but also an essential part of the entire medical care structure of the community. Public health nurses make possible child health conferences, health supervision of school children, care for handicapped children, and communicable disease services as well as other programs of community health organizations. They also make home visits to provide bedside care to sick persons under a physician's care and to urge medical attention for those with health problems. It is impossible to measure the contribution of these shock troops in the health care of children. They are in the front line—in clinics, homes, and schools. They discover and refer many children who might otherwise get delayed or no medical attention. Their persistence in follow-ups helps to maintain continuity of medical care for children. By demonstration and other means, they also help to educate families about health and safety. Areas of Need The Study showed a sharp difference between urban and rural areas in the availability of public health nurses. The contrast between these two areas in volume of nursing service was also great, just as it was for other types of medical service. This is understandable in terms of the history of organized community health services.

The Experience in Organizing and Conducting the Analysis of Data on Nutrition of School-Aged Children in the Sverdlovsk Region within the Federal Public Health Promotion Project

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
NA Moiseeva ◽  
IL Kholstinina ◽  
MF Knyazeva ◽  
TV Mazhaeva ◽  
OL Malykh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
School Meals ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Healthy Nutrition ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Public Health Promotion

Introduction: Implementation of the Federal Public Health Promotion Project should raise awareness and develop skills of healthy nutrition in children, thus contributing to disease prevention. Our objective was to evaluate the results of pilot nutrition monitoring in school-aged children of the Sverdlovsk Region as part of the Federal Public Health Promotion Project and the National Demography Project. Results: We established that school meals were generally satisfactory: the rations complied with physiological needs of children in terms of their nutritional value, basic nutrients, energy, and distribution of calories by main meals. We noted differences in the cost and nutritional value of meals and the variety of dishes and foodstuffs used between urban and rural areas. As a rule, pupils have one or two school meals a day. Outside of school, their consumption of dairy products and fruit is limited. Conclusions: Our findings may promote the elaboration of municipal programs aimed, inter alia, at changing the amount of sugar and salt used in the manufacture of public catering products, the cost of dishes with a high content of sugar, saturated fats, and salt, and subsidies on healthy nutrition.

Constitutional Limitations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Burris ◽  
Micah L. Berman ◽  
Matthew Penn, and ◽  
Tara Ramanathan Holiday
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Reproductive Rights ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
Health It ◽  
State Action ◽  
Substantive Due Process ◽  
State Action Doctrine ◽  
Due Process Rights

This chapter describes “due process,” a Constitutional restriction on governmental actions that impact individuals, in the context of public health. It outlines the doctrines of procedural and substantive due process, including the legal tests that courts apply to decide whether individuals’ due process rights have been violated. It uses examples from Supreme Court cases that have defined due process in the context of public health, including those that struggle to define the scope of reproductive rights. It also examines two cases where public health principles were raised as a justification for governmental action: one about involuntary sterilization and one about Ebola. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the “state action doctrine” that defines which public health actors may be challenged on due process grounds.

scholarly journals To stop or not to stop ‘culture’: determining the essential behavior of the government, church and public in fighting against COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalmacito A Cordero
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Health It ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Church

Abstract Culture is a way of life. A recent correspondence emphasizes that it is a contributory factor in combatting the COVID-19 pandemic, and this must be considered by each government around the world. However, I argue that various elements in culture do not need to stop or else it will create public outrage. I therefore propose a win–win solution for both parties with the inclusion of the church that can serve as a framework for the sake of public health. It is primarily based on a kind of behavior that is needed to be embodied by the involved groups—‘supportive’ government, ‘creative’ church and an ‘adaptive’ public. These essential behaviors of all groups are possible to embody for a successful implementation of public health.

scholarly journals Targeting Viral Surface Proteins through Structure-Based Design

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1320
Author(s):  
Yogesh B Narkhede ◽  
Karen J Gonzalez ◽  
Eva-Maria Strauch
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Viral Fusion ◽  
Health It ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Viral Surface

The emergence of novel viral infections of zoonotic origin and mutations of existing human pathogenic viruses represent a serious concern for public health. It warrants the establishment of better interventions and protective therapies to combat the virus and prevent its spread. Surface glycoproteins catalyzing the fusion of viral particles and host cells have proven to be an excellent target for antivirals as well as vaccines. This review focuses on recent advances for computational structure-based design of antivirals and vaccines targeting viral fusion machinery to control seasonal and emerging respiratory viruses.

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