Evaluation of a Subsidy Program to Increase Bicycle Helmet Use by Children of Low-Income Families

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia C. Parkin ◽  
Xiaohan Hu ◽  
Laura J. Spence ◽  
Katherine E. Kranz ◽  
Linda G. Shortt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Educational Program ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Bicycle Helmet ◽  
Helmet Use ◽  
Average Family ◽  
Intervention Area ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Subsidy Program ◽  
Low Income Families

Objective. We have previously shown that an educational program was not effective in increasing bicycle helmet use in children of low-income families. The objective of this study was to evaluate a combined educational and helmet subsidy program in the same population, while controlling for secular trends. The secondary objective was to complete a third year of surveying children's bicycle helmet use throughout the study community. Design. A prospective, controlled, before-and-after study. Subjects. Bicycling children 5 to 14 years of age from areas of low average family income. Setting. A defined geographic community within a large urban Canadian city. Intervention. In April 1992, students in three schools located in the area of lowest average family income were offered $10 helmets and an educational program; three other low-income areas served as control areas. Main Outcome Measure. Helmet use was determined by direct observation of more than 1800 bicycling children. Results. Nine hundred ten helmets were sold to a school population of 1415 (64%). Reported helmet ownership increased from 10% to 47%. However, observed helmet use in the low-income intervention area was no different from the rate in the three low-income control areas (18% versus 19%). There was no difference in the trend in helmet use during the period of 1990 through 1992 in the intervention area (4% to 18%) compared with the control areas (3% to 19%). Helmet use rates from all income areas have increased from 3.4% in 1990, to 16% in 1991, to 28% in 1992. In 1992, helmet use in the high-income areas was 48% and in the low-income areas was 20%. Conclusions. There has been a trend toward increasing helmet use in all income areas during the 3-year period. Despite encouraging helmet sales and increases in reported helmet ownership, the results of the observational study do not support the efficacy of a helmet subsidy program in increasing helmet use in children residing in areas of low average family income. Strategies to increase helmet use in children of low average family income remain a priority.

Evaluation of a Promotional Strategy to Increase Bicycle Helmet Use by Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 772-777
Author(s):  
Patricia C. Parkin ◽  
Laura J. Spence ◽  
Xiaohan Hu ◽  
Katherine E. Kranz ◽  
Linda G. Shortt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Control Area ◽  
High Income ◽  
Bicycle Helmet ◽  
Helmet Use ◽  
Modest Increase ◽  
Promotional Strategy ◽  
Intervention Area ◽  
Low Income Families

Bicycle-related head injuries are an important cause of death and disability, despite the availability of helmets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a school-based bicycle helmet promotion program in increasing helmet use by children while controlling for secular trends. Two high-income and two low-income schools in an urban Canadian community were selected to receive a bicycle helmet promotion intervention, with the remaining 18 schools serving as controls. Approximately 1800 observations of bicycling children were made at randomly selected observational sites 2 to 5 months after the intervention to assess changes in behavior. Helmet use at all observation sites tripled from 3.4% (1990, preintervention) to 16% (1991, postintervention). In the high-income intervention area, observed helmet use rose dramatically from 4% to 36% in contrast to the more modest increase in the high-income control area from 4% to 15%. In the low-income intervention area, there was a modest increase from 1% to 7%, but it did not differ from the increase in the low-income control area from 3% to 13%. The program was highly successful in children of high-income families but not in children of low-income families. Developing strategies for low-income families remains a priority.

scholarly journals The Association of Knowledge, Attitudes and Access with Park Use before and after a Park-Prescription Intervention for Low-Income Families in the U.S.

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nooshin Razani ◽  
Nancy K. Hills ◽  
Doug Thompson ◽  
George W. Rutherford
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Park Use ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Perceived Access

We conducted secondary data analyses of pooled data from a clinical trial that prescribed park visits to children and their caregivers in a low-income, urban setting. Data were collected at the prescribing visit (baseline) and at one and three months of follow up from 78 families. Family characteristics were identified at baseline; regression models were used to explore changes during follow up in associations of park use with knowledge, attitudes and perceived access to parks. At baseline, park users differed from non-users in demographics, knowledge of park locations, attitudes about the value of park visits, but not affinity for nature. Park users were also more likely than non-users to feel that their neighborhood was safe for children to play in. Changes in knowledge of park locations, nature affinity, and perceived access to parks were each significantly associated with increased park use by families at one and three months after the park prescription. Adjusting for age, gender, race, poverty, and US birth, increases in knowing the location of parks were associated with an increase of 0.27 weekly park visits (95% CI 0.05, 0.49; p = 0.016); increases in feeling a caregiver had money to visit parks were associated with 0.48 more weekly park visits (95% CI 0.28, 0.69; p < 0.001); increases in perceived money for park outings were associated with 0.24 increased park visits per week (95% CI 0.05, 0.42; p = 0.01); each unit increase in nature affinity was associated with 0.34 more weekly park visits (95% CI 0.09, 0.59; p = 0.007). In other words, knowing where to go, valuing nature, and having time, and money contributed to increased likelihood of visiting a park. We discuss in terms of health behavior theory how demographics, knowledge, attitudes and perceived barriers to park use can inform park prescription interventions.

Precarious Childhoods: Childhood Family Income Volatility and Mental Health in Early Adulthood

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 672-699
Author(s):  
Siwei Cheng ◽  
Kyriaki Kosidou ◽  
Bo Burström ◽  
Charlotte Björkenstam ◽  
Anne R Pebley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Mental Wellbeing ◽  
Income Volatility ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The rise of income volatility in western countries has been extensively documented in the literature, but empirical research has just started to examine how childhood exposure to family income volatility affects subsequent wellbeing. This study takes advantage of several nation-wide, population registers from Sweden with linkages within and across generations to examine the intergenerational impact of childhood family income volatility on psychiatric disorders in early adulthood. In addition to the population-average effects, we also examine the heterogeneity in the impact of family income volatility for families at the top, bottom, and middle of the family income distribution. Our results suggest that after controlling for a set of family- and child-level characteristics, childhood family income volatility has a negative effect on mental wellbeing, and this finding is consistent across a range of psychiatric outcomes. Furthermore, we show that while children from low-income families exhibit the greatest likelihood of psychiatric disorder, children from families in the middle of the income distribution experience the greatest negative impact of income volatility.

scholarly journals Obesity and underweight among Brazilian elderly: the Bambuí Health and Aging Study

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 605-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandhi M. Barreto ◽  
Valéria M. A. Passos ◽  
Maria Fernanda F. Lima-Costa
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Cruzi Infection

The coexistence of obesity (body mass index, BMI > or = 30kg/m²) and underweight (BMI <= 20kg/m²) and related factors were investigated among all residents aged 60+ years in Bambuí, Minas Gerais State, using multinomial logistic regression. 1,451 (85.5%) of the town's elderly participated. Mean BMI was 25.0 (SD = 4.9kg/m²) and was higher for women and decreased with age. Prevalence of obesity was 12.5% and was positively associated with female gender, family income, hypertension, and diabetes and inversely related to physical activity. Underweight affected 14.8% of participants, increased with age, and was higher among men and low-income families. It was negatively associated with hypertension and diabetes and directly associated with Trypanosoma cruzi infection and > or = 2 hospitalizations in the previous 12 months. Both obesity and underweight were associated with increased morbidity. The association of underweight with T. cruzi infection, increased hospitalization, and low family income may reflect illness-related weight loss and social deprivation of elderly in this community. Aging in poverty may lead to an increase in nutritional deficiencies and health-related problems among the elderly.

scholarly journals DOES BREASTFEEDING DURATION INFLUENCE FAMILY FOOD INSECURITY?

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. e6-e6
Author(s):  
Peter Wong ◽  
Rosemary Moodie ◽  
David Dai ◽  
Jonathon Maguire ◽  
Catherine Birken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Breastfeeding Duration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
Low Income Families

Abstract BACKGROUND Across all demographics, families without consistent access to adequate food place children at health risk. Consequences may persist beyond early life into adulthood. Public policy positions breastfeeding, the ideal nutrition for infants, as an important solution to reducing family food insecurity (FFI). However, few studies have investigated the association between breastfeeding duration and FFI. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association between total breastfeeding duration and FFI in Canadian urban children. DESIGN/METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted of children aged 0–2 years, from a practice-based child research network. Total breastfeeding duration was collected from parent-reported questionnaires. FFI was measured using 2-item food insecurity and validated 1-item NutriSTEP screens. Multivariable regression analysis was performed adjusting for pre-specified covariates. RESULTS Among 3838 children, the mean total breastfeeding duration was 10.6 months (SD=6.7). Families with food insecurity (14.7%) had increased odds of younger mothers, more males and older and more children. In adjusted model, breastfeeding duration was not associated with FFI (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.98, 1.01). Low-income families were 9 times more likely to be family food insecure than high-income families (p=0.00). CONCLUSION Contrary to public policy, our study found no association between breastfeeding and family food insecurity (FFI). However, other factors may predominate, in particular family income and structure. Given the detrimental impact of FFI, further research is needed to understand the role of infant feeding practices within the larger political, policy and cultural framework.

Social capital and related socio-demographic variation in women of reproductive age: A population-based study

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azam Baheiraei ◽  
Fatemeh Bakouei ◽  
Eesa Mohammadi ◽  
Reza Majdzadeh ◽  
Seyed Mostafa Hosseni
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Social ◽  
Low Income Families

In this population-based cross-sectional study of women of reproductive age in Tehran, Iran, the social capital integrated questionnaire and socio-demographic questionnaire were used. The highest mean scores were related to social cohesion and inclusion dimension (55.72 ± 11.94) and the lowest mean scores to groups and networks dimension (31.78 ± 19.43). Stepwise multiple linear regressions showed the significant association between dimensions of social capital and certain socio-demographic variables, particularly family income. Policy makers should help low-income families by designing effective interventions for improving the status of social capital in this group, because it is considered one of the social determinants of health.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Financial Subsidy Program of Punjab Education Foundation for Increasing Students Enrollment and Retention in Private Schools in Punjab

2020 ◽  
Vol V (I) ◽  
pp. 528-537
Author(s):  
Rashid Iqbal Klasra ◽  
Afshan Huma
Keyword(s):  
Private Schools ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Financial Barriers ◽  
Voucher Program ◽  
Subsidy Program ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Financial Subsidy

This study retrospects the idea of financial assistance program (school voucher program) proposed by Milton Friedman, lately developed by Peacock, Wiseman and Jencks. It examines the current education voucher program of Punjab education foundation designed for students of low-income families. The research aims to see efficacy of Public Private Partnership in school education in Punjab. It analyzes private schools choices for poor students through government financial subsidy program for basic education in Punjab. The financial subsidy program has become pervasive recently. The research was descriptive in nature based on opinions of Program administrators/Directors of Punjab Education foundation, Schools owners, Principals, teachers and parents related to private schools of Punjab education foundation. The results drawn through observation, questionnaires, interviews. checklists indicated that this program increases choices for poor families to enroll their children in schools of their preference because of quality, pedagogical approaches, affordability and geographical location regardless of financial barriers.

scholarly journals The 20 Hours Free Early Childhood Education Programme: A USA Perspective

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Bushouse
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Early Childhood Education ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Education Programme ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Low Income Families

This article provides a comparative perspective on early childhood education (ECE) policy in the USA and New Zealand. The contrast between the two countries is significant. In the USA the federal government funds early childhood education only for the poor and disabled. Some individual states have created their own funding programmes, but again, they primarily target children from low-income families. Only a few provide universal access. By way of contrast, the New Zealand 20 Hours Free programme initiated in 2007 provides 20 hours of free ECE for three- and four-year olds regardless of family income. This article discusses the creation of the programme, starting with its genesis in 2005, and considers what are regarded as “wedge” issues, the controversy over the exclusion of private services and parent/whanau-led services, and the ongoing debate over the restriction on “top-up” fees. In the current global economic crisis, it remains to be seen whether the recently-elected National-led government will continue to fully fund the programme or revert to a subsidy strategy.

scholarly journals The Socio-economic Factors Affecting Plant Home Gardens

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Jawad Atef Al-Dala'een
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
The Family ◽  
Stratified Sample ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Household Gardens ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

The objective of this research is to highlight the socio-economic characteristics of households that practice urban plant production through their household gardens. The questionnaire was a tool used to collect data. Stratified sample was which divided the population into six strata. The first five strata were depending on family income, while the sixth strata was depending on the households in suburban areas. The results showed that the distribution of gardens was affected by the family income, the free space inside household. Most of households showed that the production is used either for family consumption or used as entertainment tool inside household. The educational level affected the care for household gardens. In low income families, the low educational individual used to care for gardens, while the contrary was recorded for higher income layers. In the suburban areas, the care for garden was taken over by all family members.

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