scholarly journals Pleistocene soils of the Azov Lowland, Ukraine

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-326
Author(s):  
S. P. Karmazinenko
Keyword(s):  
Soil Formation ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Clay Material ◽  
Color Structure ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Modern Soil ◽  
Heavy Loam ◽  
Dark Colour ◽  
Warm Temperate ◽  
Clay Materials

With the aim to reconstruct the Pleistocene soils in Azov Lowland (geological sections near the villages of Bezimenne and Melekinе Donetsk region), we carried out palaeopedological research. The Paleopedological method was used, which consisted with a detailed analysis of the morphological (color, structure, granulometric composition, humidity, composition, neoplasms, inclusion, transition between horizons, border) and micromorphological (skeleton, plasma, color, aggregation, porosity, organic and clay parts, mineral skeleton, tumors, microstructure) features. Paleopedological studies of Pleistocene soils have allowed to determine the types of these deposits and to follow the dynamics of changes in soil conditions: - warm-temperate with signs and close to subtropical, when formed reddish cinnamon (krb1), reddish brown (krb2), cinnamonish-brown (shb1), reddish cinnamon (shb2), dark-colour (meadow reddish cinnamon) merged (mrb2 + mrb1), reddish cinnamon, brownish, fused saline soils (mr3) Kryzhanivka, Shyrokyno and Martonosha soils, which are distinguished by reddish shades of coloring of the profiles, are the most ferruginous, clay, with a large number of nodules witch concentration of organo-iron-clay material; - moderately-warm transition to subtropical – red-brown saline (lbb2), dark-colour (brownish-cinnamonic) fused (lbb2 + lbb1) heavy loam Lubny soils, with are less clayed, ferruginous and formed in meadow-steppe and steppe conditions (brownish-gray with cinnamonish shades of coloring profiles,the presence of moleholes, complex microaggregation); - moderately variable – humid close to subtropical – cinnamon and cinnamonsaline (zvb1), reddish-cinnamon saline (zvb2), heavy loam Zavadivka soils, which are a transitional variant to temperate climates, although some of the features of the lower Pleistocene soil formation are retained (ferrugination, presence of segregated clusters organo-clay and clay materials, microortshteins); - moderately-warm equally humid – cinnamon-brown (kdb1), ordinary chernozems (kdb2), cinnamonish-gray saline (plb1), chernozem saline (plb2), brown steppe (plc), heavy and medium loam Kaydaky and Pryluky soils, characterized by the grayish shades of coloring of profiles, the presence of moleholes, carbonates, complex microaggregates, pores and are closest to modern soils; - moderately-warm subarid – cinnamonish-brown (vtb2) heavy loam Vytachiv soils formed under the influence of turf (the presence of crust, carbonate, complex microaggregates) and brown-liked (cinnamonish-brown color of the profile,spatial structure of clays) of soil formation processes and have no analogues in modern soil cover; - moderately-continental and more arid (dry) – chernozems saline (dfb2), brown saline (dfc), desert-steppe fulvous (dfc), medium loam Dofinivka soils, with clear features of xeromorphism (low profile power, its carbonate, lack of signs of organo-mineral materials) replacing.

Investigation into the hygrothermal behavior of fired clay materials during the freezing of supercooled water using experiments and numerical simulations

2021 ◽  
pp. 174425912110411
Author(s):  
Kazuma Fukui ◽  
Chiemi Iba ◽  
Madoka Taniguchi ◽  
Kouichi Takahashi ◽  
Daisuke Ogura
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Supercooled Water ◽  
Clay Material ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Cooling Rates ◽  
Freezing Points ◽  
Hygrothermal Behavior ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Clay Materials

In this study, supercooling effects on the hygrothermal behavior of fired clay materials under various experimental conditions, such as water content, cooling rates, and size of specimens were investigated using experimental methods and hygrothermal simulations. We report results of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and temperature distribution changes during a freeze–thaw (FT) experiment using unsaturated specimens. Also, we developed a numerical model of the freezing and thawing processes including the supercooling processes. The DSC results show the freezing of the supercooled water in a fired clay material is considerably faster than that in cement-based materials. It was also found that the dependency of the supercooling effects on the cooling rates seemed to be small. When the water saturation of a material decreases, the rate of the ice saturation increase during the freezing of the supercooled water is decreased while the freezing points of the supercooled water was not changed considerably. The comparison of the results of the FT experiment and hygrothermal simulations show that the combination of the existed hygrothermal model and a modified kinetic equation can reproduce the rapid temperature rise during the freezing of the supercooling water in the FT experiment. Finally, the size effects of specimens on the supercooling phenomenon was discussed based on the experimental and calculation results. The freezing points got higher when a specimen was larger. Due to differences in the ratio of the surface area to the volume, hygrothermal behavior in small specimens and relatively large specimens like that of the DSC and the FT experiment, respectively were markedly different. Water in a relatively large specimen with a small ratio of surface area to volume can achieve the thermodynamic equilibrium in a short period after the freezing starts.

Notes on Site Distribution in the Çumra Area

1970 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. French
Keyword(s):  
Alluvial Plain ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Alluvial Soils ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Site Distribution ◽  
Modern Soil ◽  
History Of ◽  
Konya Basin

Mr. Cohen has proposed, above, the hypothesis that the formation, in the earliest Holocene, of the alluvial soils of the Konya basin, was an influential factor in the appearance of settlement-sites which may have played some role in the history of early domestication of plants and animals. In order that the hypothesis may be fully tested this article presents the basic evidence for a chronological analysis of the high concentration of mounds on or around the alluvial plain of Çumra by means of maps which combine distributions of ancient sites and modern soil conditions.

scholarly journals Ortsteins in the sod-podzolic pseudogleyed soils of the Beskydy Precarpathians

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 277-287
Author(s):  
Zinoviy Pankiv ◽  
Olena Kalynych
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Accumulation Factor ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Modern Soil ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Made In

On the basis of morphological and laboratory-analytical researches it is established that in the profile of sod-podzolic pseudogleyed soils of the Beskydy Precarpathians are formed ortsteins that have clear outer contours, concentric inner structure with alternation of rust-red circles. Two ranges for the formation of ortsteins in the investigation soils were established: in the overiluvial part of the profile and the transition to the rock horizon. Within the НЕgl horizon, the content of ortsteins is 2.8 %, and in the fractional composition, the fraction is from 2.1 to 3.0 mm (37.5 %). The highest content of ortsteins (7.7 %) is characteristic of the Ehgl horizon, within which the fraction from 7.1 to 10.0 mm (27.2 %) prevails. Within the Pigl horizon, large ortsteins of 1.0 to 5.0 cm in size are oval and tubular with a concentric inner structure, and their content is 17.6 %. Ortsteins in the sod-podzolic pseudogleyed soils were formed as a result of alternation of redox conditions with the participation of specific, nonspecific microflora and glesish-eluvial, segregation processes of soil formation. The small ortsteins in the overiluvial part of the profile are the result of modern soil formation, and the large ones within the Pigl horizon are relict and associated with the early stages of soil formation in the Precarpathians. In order to identify the genesis and elemental composition, a plate of tubular ortstein with a diameter of 1.2 cm, which was selected from the Pigl horizon (220–240 cm), was made. In different parts of the plate, differing in colour, four points up to 1 μm in size (two against a light background and two against a dark one) were selected, within which elemental composition was determined by micro-X-ray spectrometry. The measurements were performed on a scanning electron microscope REM-106 (Ukraine) with a resolution of 5 nm and an energy-dispersive X-ray detector. The study of ortstein using a scanning electron microscope revealed that the formation of black rings within the tubular ortstein is due to an increase in the percentage of Manganese in 1.6–3.4, Aluminium in 1.4–2.3 and Calcium in 2.1–5.4 times. The percentage of Ferum in different parts of the ortstein is approximately the same, which determines its rusty-brown colour. Key words: ortsteins, sod-podzolic pseudogleyed soils, Beskydy Precarpathians, the accumulation factor, electron-scanning microscope.

scholarly journals α-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles/Vermiculite Clay Material: Structural, Optical and Photocatalytic Properties

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Valášková ◽  
Jonáš Tokarský ◽  
Jiří Pavlovský ◽  
Tomáš Prostějovský ◽  
Kamila Kočí
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Environmental Remediation ◽  
Photocatalytic Properties ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Clay Material ◽  
Fe2o3 Nanoparticles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Clay Materials ◽  
Vermiculite Clay

Photocatalysis is increasingly becoming a center of interest due to its wide use in environmental remediation. Hematite (α-Fe2O3) is one promising candidate for photocatalytic applications. Clay materials as vermiculite (Ver) can be used as a carrier to accommodate and stabilize photocatalysts. Two different temperatures (500 °C and 700 °C) were used for preparation of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles/vermiculite clay materials. The experimental methods used for determination of structural, optical and photocatalytic properties were X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), N2 adsorption method (BET), diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy (DRS), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) and photocatalytic reduction of CO2, respectively. The data from XRD were confronted with molecular modeling of the material arrangement in the interlayer space of vermiculite structure and the possibility of anchoring the α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles to the surface and edge of vermiculite. Correlations between structural, textural, optical and electrical properties and photocatalytic activity have been studied in detail. The α-Fe2O3 and α-Fe2O3/Ver materials with higher specific surface areas, a smaller crystallite size and structural defects (oxygen vacancies) that a play crucial role in photocatalytic activity, were prepared at a lower calcination temperature of 500 °C.

Soil-Remediating Activity of Agroecosystems and Chernozem Fertility Restoration Using Low-Carbon Technologies

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-76
Author(s):  
O. Demidenko ◽  
V. Velichko
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Restoration ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Information Capacity ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Typical Chernozem ◽  
Soil Medium

Aim. To present theoretical justifi cation of the increase in potential fertility of typical chernozem with system- atic application of zero tillage via the creation of soil conditions, optimal for photosynthesis, and provision of maximal physiological activity of root systems of cultivated crops to restore natural processes of soil formation in the agroecosystems of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory, computational, mathematical and statistical. Results. The analysis of scientifi c literature and our own studies (for over 30 years) have demonstrated that the conditions of minimal tillage ensure the connection between the physiologi- cal rhythms of activity of agricultural crops, the rhythms of humus decomposition and synthesis, the fi xation of carbonic acid by the heterotrophic saprophyte microfl ora and carbonation, restoring soil formation in agroeco- systems. Agricultural crops in the agroecosystems are self-developing, auto-regulated, open systems, capable of overcoming the forces, causing the increase in entropy and forming highly regulated and dynamically stable complexes of different hierarchy. High information capacity and codifi cation of cultivated crops defi nes the direction of the development of soil medium in agroecosystems. When the genetic information capacity of the development of cultivated crops resonates with the information capacity of the soil medium development, there is either the soil formation process or the process of extensive fertility restoration in agroecosystems. Conclusions. The maintenance and application of aboveground by-products of crop production, suffi ciently compensated in terms of nitrogen using mineral fertilizers, as organic fertilizers, and wrapped up into the sur- face layer of chernozem during the zero tillage, simulates the natural course of nitrogen-carbon circulation in agroecosystems of different types. The restoration of the natural soil formation model in the agroecosystems is ensured by the stimulation of physiological activity of cultivated crops in the agroecosystems due to the launch of drain mechanisms of carbon with the increase in СО 2 content in the lowest atmospheric layers dur- ing the vegetation period of crops, which should be the basic model of extensive fertility restoration of typical chernozem.

Features Results of ancient soils paleopedological studying near v. Troyanove on Kyrovogradschyna

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Zhanna Matviyishyna ◽  
Oleksandr Parkhomenko
Keyword(s):  
Soil Formation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Upper Paleolithic ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Buried Soils ◽  
Modern Soil ◽  
Human Habitation ◽  
Siliceous Material

The old (Upper Pleistocene and modern soils inside of ancient settlement near v. Troyanove on Kyrovogradschyna (Ukraine) during complex archeological investigation with archeologist L.L. Zaliznyak. The paleopedological method with wide applying of geoarcheological approach was using for to set soil types, trends of development and changes of climate in time as result of comparing of ancient and modern soils. According to invitation of doctor of historic sincere archeologist prof. L.L. Zaliznyak authors studied Upper Paleolithic soils inside of ancient settlement near v. Troyanove on Kyrovogradschyna. The aim of studying were: to determined types of the buried soils; according possibility to reconstruct human habitation nature conditions of the last; to set trends of climatic changes in time. The publications which have attention to the trend of Holocene soils development; the profiles of ancient and inside of ancient v. Troyanove on Kyrovogradschyna. The aims studying were: to determined types of the buried soils; according possibility to reconstruct human habitation nature condition of the last; to set trends of climatic changes in time. The publications which have attention to the trend of Holocene soils development and profiles of ancient and modern soils were analyzed. The last were studied in the 3-th section, but only in the section 1 and 2 archeological artifacts were found out. In the section 1 siliceous material was laying lower of modern soil in Bug loess above vitachiv soil surface. In the section 2 modern chernozem had thickness 0,8-0,9 m and in lower part had erosion loud withBug loess where archeological material we concentrating in sediments. So, in the 1 section as well as in the 2-th section there were artifacts in the upper part of the Bug loess (about 24000 BP). Losses, that were keeping, according paleopedological (including micromorphological) data signs of formation in the cold or temperate-cold climate of steppe with spreading of rarely forest and bushes in the river valleys and gullies. May be there was the stage of sediments interraption between big loess and modern soil formation. In the section 3 background soil is represented by the Holocene chernozem about 0,9 m thick with clear Pk. Comparing modern and ancient soil (the last with siliceous material) allowed to conclude about grow warm conditions of climate for modern soil formation. In the modern time territory is disposing in the forest-steppe zone of temperate-warm climate, but in the Paleolyte conditions of temperate-cold or cold steppe climate were prevailed. More late investigations allowed to summary red data about nature conditions of habitant living in Kyrovogradschyna in the monography under redaction of L. L. Zaliznyak with coauthors Matviyishyna Zh. and S. Doroshkevich of 2013 “Ancient last of Novomyrgorodschina” (in Ukrainian).

scholarly journals First data on the age and formation conditions of secondary carbonate accumulations in upper pleistocene and holocene soils of Upper Angara region

2019 ◽  
Vol 486 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-732
Author(s):  
V. A. Golubtsov ◽  
A. A. Cherkashina ◽  
V. A. Snytko
Keyword(s):  
Soil Formation ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Buried Soils ◽  
Carbon And Oxygen Isotopes ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Middle Holocene ◽  
Mis 3 ◽  
Modern Soil ◽  
Ams Dating ◽  
Formation Conditions

The first data on the age of secondary carbonate pendants in the soils of the Upper Angara region are given. Based on the study of the conditions of occurrence, morphology, material and isotopic composition, three groups of carbonate kutans were identified. The direct 14C AMS dating of the coating’s microlayers allowed to determineintervals of their formation. Pendants of the first group were formed in the middle Holocene (3.6-3.3 kyr BP). The formation of coatings of the second and third groups took place in the second half of MIS-3 (24.1-23.3 and ~34-35 kyr BP, respectively). The paleoecological conditions reconstructed for the identified stages of the formation of carbonate pendants satisfactorily correlate with the climate changes in the region and the northern hemisphere as a whole, reflecting the influence of temperature and moisture fluctuations on the dynamics of soil formation processes. Comparison of the age of carbonate accumulations with the age of modern and buried soils shows that pedogenic carbonatecoatings in the soils of the Upper Angara region are a relict feature of previous stages of pedogenesis (MIS-3) and the first stages of modern soil formation, which began, apparently, in the middle Holocene. The close ratios of the composition of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in mid-Holocene and Late Kargin (MIS-3) coatings suggest that there is a similarity of pedogenesis conditions in these time intervals, primarily due to the relatively low temperature of pedogenesis and the duration of the seasonally frozen of soils.

scholarly journals THEORETICAL BASICS OF THE SCIENTIFIC TREND OF INFORMATIONAL SOIL SCIENCE

2021 ◽  
pp. 170-183
Author(s):  
Taras Yamelynets
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Information Processes ◽  
Soil Information ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Soil Formation Factors ◽  
Scientific Subject

The definition of informational soil science as a new trend of soil science is proposed, and includes a system of ordering, collecting, storing and analyzing of the soil data at different hierarchical levels, obtaining continuous in space and time information on soil conditions for modeling and balanced use, reproduction and management of soils, resources based on environmental, social, environmental, economic and legal requirements. The subject of informational soil science is all aspects of the functioning of information, namely: (1) the processes of origin, transmission, storage, processing, dissemination of information about the soil, its properties and soil processes; (2) ways to manage information processes; (3) general patterns of influence of information processes on the nature of applied communications in soil science. Traditional and modern methods of analysis of soil information, which form the modern methodological apparatus of informational soil science, are also considered. Peculiarities of formation of thematic databases of soil formation factors, in particular determining geomorphological factor, and use of spatial analytical functions of soil information systems in modeling of influence of a relief on development of erosion processes of a certain territory are considered. Since informational soil science, as an applied trend of soil science, is considered an integrated scientific subject, it also uses the methods and achievements of many applied and humanitarian sciences. It can be argued that in connection with the development of a new direction of organization and analysis of soil data based on automated information systems, new terminology borrowed from computer science, computer theory and programming is widely used in soil science, the vocabulary of concepts in mathematics is significantly expanded. This is an inevitable and necessary for our science process that helps to increase its efficiency in connection with the use of modern achievements of these relatively new disciplines. Keywords: soil information; informatiology; data base; informational soil science.

scholarly journals Changes in geochemical indicators of modern soil formation in Crimea

2013 ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
Olena Yergina
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Modern Soil ◽  
Geochemical Indicators ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Geochemical Factors

In the article calculated and analyzed geochemical indicators that can be used to study the genesis and evolution of soils. The features of the changes in the coefficient eluviation, geochemical factors CIW and CIA, the coefficients of soil salinity of different ages in time, which were formed in the present conditions in Heracleian Peninsula, are studied. Key words: geochemical factors, chronosequence, lithogeochemical indices, the coefficients of weathering.

Use of Soil Surveys for Landscape Architecture

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Keefer
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Building Site ◽  
Aerial Photos ◽  
Site Development ◽  
Survey Report ◽  
Modern Soil

Modern soil survey reports, published since about 1959, have a wealth of information that could be useful for landscape architects. Characteristics of each specific soil are detailed in the text of the soil survey. Distinct kinds of soils for a specific site can be identified from the soil designation on the aerial photographs at the back of the report. Considerable specific information is provided in tables, including data on temperature, precipitation, freeze dates in spring and fall, woodland management and productivity, recreational development capabilities, wildlife habitat potentials, building site development possibilities, sanitary disposal potentials, engineering properties, value of materials for construction, water management limitations, physical and chemical properties of specific soils, and soil and water features. Modern soil survey reports consist of text, tables, soil maps, and often a glossary. These reports are available free to the public and are usually found in county extension services offices, soil conservation district offices, or state agricultural colleges. The text of a soil survey report describes the general nature of the county as to location in the state, climate, physiography, relief and drainage, geology, farming, natural resources, industries, history of settlement, and how the survey was conducted. Soil associations and individual soils are described in detail. Formation of soils is usually discussed in relation to the factors of soil formation. A glossary of terms is often provided for the nonscientific person. The whole county or counties in the report is shown on a soil association map, which is designed to be used to compare the suitability of large areas for general land use. The county is divided into large areas, each of which contains an association of several soils grouped by similar management. Usually from 5 to 15 soil associations are shown with a legend describing each of the specific associations. This type of information could be used for zoning purposes, county management, or other governmental activities. Aerial photos are provided on sheets showing the location of each individual soil in the county. Comprising about half of the soil survey report, this is one of the most useful sections.

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