scholarly journals Philosophical geography: establishment, development, formation of scientific foundations

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-470
Author(s):  
Oksana V. Braslavska ◽  
Iurii O. Kyselov ◽  
Roman M. Rudyi ◽  
Oktiabryna O. Kyseliova ◽  
Iryna O. Udovenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Johann Gottfried Herder ◽  
Philosophical Foundations ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Further Development

Science, at all stages of its development has always been in close connection with philosophical thought. Such synthesis is characteristic for any branch of science, including geography. This is related to the spatial content of geographical science, since the category of space itself is philosophical. At the boundary of geography and philosophy there are different scientific disciplines, each of which has its own specificity (geosophy, geophilosophy, etc.). This article deals with philosophical geography in general as the most neutral interpretation of the sphere of knowledge and thought about the deep essence of the terrestrialspace and its landscapes.The purpose of the article is to substantiate the stage of development of philosophical ideas in geography. The works of ancient and medieval authors on natural philosophy, geographical and cosmographic works demonstrate attempts to comprehend the essence of the terrestrial space, to find its rational justification, either in the context of generalization and systematization of known factual material (e.g., Eratosthenes’ sphragides), or for the purpose of filling in knowedge gaps, Crates globe), or when trying to explore the sacral space, which was favoured over Earth, which was treated as a secondary object (e.g., cosmographic study by AlKhwarizmi).The 17th - 19th centuries include the New European stage in the evolution of philosophical ideas in geography. It was then that Oecumene spread to almost all the land of the Earth. By this time, the classical geographic works by B.Varenius, A. von Humboldt and C. Ritter were appearing, whose philosophical content is related either to the conceptual and terminological aspect (as in A. von Humboldt concerning the concept of “landscape”), or with the reliance on a philosophical system (in particular, dialectical idealism) on the basis of geographical research (as by C.Ritter). The concept of geographical determinism of Charles Louis de Montesquieu was also philosophical as was the Genetic Approach in Ethnography by Johann Gottfried Herder. An important prerequisite for the further development of philosophical geography was the emergence of methodological trends of geographical studies in the second half of the 19th century, such as anthropogeography of C. Ritter, F. Ratzel, E. Reclus and chorogeography, perfected by A. Hettner on the basis of the philosophical ideas of I. Kant. Anthropogeographic search indicated the possibility for combining the natural and human in one research object, and the holographic concept acquired the character of a paradigm because of its coverage of the entire set ofobjects on the Earth’s surface which are amenable to spatial analysis. In the second half of the 19th century, geography experienced a methodological crisis related to the differentiation of science and, as a consequence, the threat of its loss of research object. Along with anthropogeography, a synthetic trend arose, which in the first half of the 20th century enabled this methodological crisis to be overcome, the emergence of V. Dokuchaev’s doctrines about the nature zones, L. Berg - about the landscape, A. Grigoriev - about the “physical and geographical” shell, P. Teilhard de Chardin, and V. Vernadsky - about the noosphere.The main feature of the modern stage of the development of philosophical geography is the most harmonious combination of concrete scientific and philosophical foundations, which objectively reflects the dialectical nature of the relation between science and philosophy. Organic continuation of philosophical and geographical exploration is exemplified by modern research in geo-psychohistory, geography of culture, geosophy and a number of other scientific disciplines.

scholarly journals The Thread of the Virtual Movement from Wölfflin to Lynn

Dimensions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-96
Author(s):  
Fabio Colonnese
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Design Tools ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Peter Eisenman ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Physical Forces ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract All buildings move under the effect of physical forces of the earth. It is unperceivable, but they move. Some of them are also designed to move to perform their functions. However, most of them look absolutely still. Nevertheless, architects, critics, and historians of architecture often borrowed terms from scientific disciplines to describe a building or parts of it as if it is actually moving. Since antiquity, artistic literature has been full of »dynamized« descriptions of artwork virtually set in motion to enhance the narrative quality of the communication, but in architecture this happens only from the end of the 18th century onward. Since the end of the 19th century, a sequence of scholars and architects Heinrich Wölfflin, Colin Rowe, Peter Eisenman, and Greg Lynn have been developing a series of analytical and design tools that were used to introduce (or to query) time and motion in architecture, whose different forms are here presented, classified, and discussed.

scholarly journals Nesonim Dugi otok

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Vlado Skračić
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Historical Maps ◽  
Place Names ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century

Dugi otok is the only large inhabited Adriatic island both with a name composed of two words, with a Croatian name and with a noun island (Croat. otok) in it. Almost all of the linguists and historians agree that the island was first mentioned by Constantine the Porphyrogenitus (10th cent.) as Pizych, which can nowadays be recognised in place names Čuh and Čuh Polje on Dugi otok near Proversa. By the disappearance of that settlement the name was forgotten, but none of the names of newly founded settlements did not became the nesonym, as frequently occurred elsewhere in Croatian nesonymy. In the archival documents and historical maps the island is usually identified by the Romance compound word: geographical term insula/isola + determinant Magna, Maiori, Grossa, Grande, Longa. The island was named Dugi only in the latter half of the 19th century. Neither the nesonym Dugi otok, the ethnic Dugootočanin nor the ktetic dugootočki are used outside the official usage.

L'Etat et les femmes en Belgique (fin XIXe - début du XXe siècle) : Propositions pour un modèle d'analyse

Res Publica ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-158
Author(s):  
Pascale Delfosse
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The 19Th Century

Throughout the 19th. century and at the beginning of the 20th various European states, including those of Britain, Germany, France and Belgium, undertook fairly similar measures affecting women. These had a bearing on their civic status, political rights and rights at work.The aim of this study is to seek a pattern of these farms of intervention. Though the case of Belgium is used to illustrate this proposed pattern, it can be held valid for other European countries, despite slight differences in their application or the fact that these steps took place at varying dates according to the precise stage of development of the countries concerned.

Antroponimija potkalničkoga Prigorja

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Krunoslav Puškar
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Family Names ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The One ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century

This thesis deals with the analysis and description of the historical and contemporary anthroponymy of the Kalnik area of the Prigorje region on the basis of both archival and field research carried out throughout a longer period of time. Since there has not been any extensive onomastic reasearch in the very area to date, our goal was to determine the influence of linguistic and extralinguistic changes in the reaserched onomastic categories. The introduction of this thesis provides the geographical, sociohistorical, demographical and linguistic context of the researched area, whereas the subsequent chapters provide a list and analysis of confirmed first names, personal and family nicknames, as well as family names of the reaserched area. First names were researched during nine time periods with a duration of five years, beginning from 1802 and ending in 2014. Because of a wide researched area, we limited our research on the anthroponymic repertoire of the city of Križevci, in which 3020 first names (1579 male and 1441 female names) were confirmed. In the 19th century, during five analysed time periods, 1519 first names were confirmed, out of which 814 male and 705 female names, which were mostly simple based on their structure (91.64%). Concerning the provenance of the first names, we established that almost all names were either Christian names or translated Christian names and that national names occur very rarely and sporadically, only in the second half of the 19th century. By comparison, in the 20th and 21st century, during the last four time periods, 1501 first names have been confirmed, out of which 765 were male and 736 female names. Concerning their structure, they turned out to be mostly compound first names in the 1946- 1950 time period (55.69%), whereas in the 2010-2014 time period they turned out to be predominantly single (97.02%). Concerning their provenance, in the 1946-1950 time period 48.39% of male and 57.58% of female national names were confirmed, whereas in the last time period male national names amount to 4.05%, and female national names to only 1.27%. Personal nicknames are a special anthroponymic category which has not been researched in the Kalnik area. Having limited our field research on 13 places throughout the area, we confirmed 288 real personal nicknames, 245 male and 43 female nicknames, of mostly simple structure (95.14%), which are still mostly used in oral and informal communication. The motivation behind the nicknames has faithfully shown us the extralinguistic reality of the researched area. The most frequent motivational group of nicknames is the one of unknown motivation (23.96%), while the other confirmed groups are nicknames motivated by a first name (12,15%), a physical characteristic of the owner (12.15%), another characteristic of the owner (11,81%), a specific word used by the owner (8.33%), an animal (6.94%), a family name (6.60%), an occupation (6.25%), an ethnonym or toponym (4.51%), a family or social role (2.78%), a professional designation (1.38%), food (1.04%), a name for a plant (1.04%), a subject (0.69%), and another nickname (0.35%). The high frequency of nicknames of unknown motivation shows us the importance of future research of this anthroponymic category because, due to the passage of time, it is difficult to determine the real motivation of every nickname. We came to the same conclusion during our research of family nicknames, another specific anthroponymic category, still quite present in the Kalnik area. Having limited our field research on 12 places throughout the wide researched area, we managed to confirm 173 real family nicknames, whose designated motivational groups provided us with important sociolinguistic pieces of information. Concerning their structure, the majority of family nicknames turned out to be simple (N = 129), whereas concerning their motivation, the majority of family nicknames were of unknown motivation (N = 33). Other motivational groups were the following: a first name (N = 27), an occupation (N = 27), a family name (N = 25), a personal nickname (N = 22), a certain characteristic (N = 13), an ethnonym (N = 10), a toponym (N = 6), a certain subject (N = 6), and an animal (N = 4). All these mentioned different anthroponymic categories (first names, personal and family nicknames) can be confirmed profusely in the last anthroponymic category researched and analysed in this thesis – family names. Having employed the criterion of their minimum continuity of 100 years in the researched area, we have managed to confirm 1360 family names with centuries old continuity, since the 14th century to this very day. With this criterion we also managed to reduce a significant number of over 3000 family names with mostly no continuity, as well as to confirm those last names which had left their trace in the researched area. Of course, not all family names confirmed by this criterion are necessarily connected to the researched area, but are only detected in it. Out of 1360 confirmed family names, we succeeded in determining 189 family names which occur exclusively or mostly in the researched area, 100 family names which do not occur in contemporary anthroponymy of the area, and 97 family names which could also become extinguished in near future. Concerning their structure, the majority of all family names occur without a suffix (N = 681). All the confirmed family names were analysed according to their structure and motivation and listed in our Lexicon of family names at the end of this very thesis.

Brief outline of the history of world epidemics-pandemics Part II. Cholera nineteenth

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
O.E. Fedorenko ◽  
К.V. Коlyadenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cholera Vibrio ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
History Of ◽  
Imminent Death ◽  
Active Communication ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The 19Th Century

An epidemic of any infectious disease is an invisible ruthless enemy that cannot be defeated by military, political, economic or ideological means. Humanity always reacts to such threats quite nervously and subconsciously tries to mythologize them, at least a little, in order to somehow psychologically protect itself from the real fear of imminent death. Since there is no rational defense against such a threat, people for the most part react in an irrational manner.The 19th century, almost the same as the previous centuries, «started» in epidemiological terms almost from the very beginning of its calendar. Only in contrast to the previous 18th century, the main and dominant danger was posed by another infectious pathology — cholera.In the history of medicine, over the 19th century, as many as six outbreaks of cholera epidemics were recorded since 1817. The first of them began in East Bengal and lasted 8 years (1817—1824), gradually, covering almost all India and big regions of the Middle East. It was worsened by the traditional travels of both Hindu and Muslim pilgrims to «holy places» who spread Vibrio cholerae on foot and through active communication with local residents.One of the significant reasons why cholera epidemic continued with minimal interruptions for almost the entire nineteenth century was an insufficient level of scientific knowledge in microbiology and the resulting ignorance of the causative agent of cholera — vibrio and its properties.Another factor was a complete lack of understanding by society of the need to observe at least the simplest sanitary standards in everyday life. And there was also misunderstanding among the leadership which tried to limit the next outbreak of cholera mainly by administrative measures without adequate explanations of their essence and necessity to the population.

Struve Geodetic Arc – the Decade in the World Heritage List

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saulius Urbanas ◽  
Eimuntas Kazimieras Parseliunas ◽  
Povilas Viskontas ◽  
Ruta Puziene ◽  
Arunas Buga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Practice Experience ◽  
The Earth ◽  
World Heritage List ◽  
The World ◽  
Scientific Project ◽  
The 19Th Century

Unique scientific project unifying scientitsts of present modern countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Russia was carried out in the first half of the 19th century. Results obtained for the mentioned period were very accurate especialy considering the size of the project and instruments used for the measurements. Network of triangulation of 2820 km lenght running from Danube mouth till Arctic Ocean also called Struve Geodetic Arc was built and measured in 1816–1852. That was the longest and most accurate measured meridian arc in 19th century which measurements data were used during the century for computing and improving parameters of the Earth elipsoid. Geodetic points of Struve Geodetic Arc were listed to the World Heritage List in 2005. Three points located in Meškonys, Paliepiukai and Gireišiai were commemorated in Lithuania. The Coordinating Committee of Struve Geodetic Arc was created for colaboration, spreading information for wider public, exchange of the best practice for preservation of Struve Geodetic Arc points. Practice, experience and problems related to the World Heritage List objects preservation are presented and analyzed in this publication.

What is and what is not art psychology?

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 114-117
Author(s):  
Ayse Okvuran
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Psychoanalytic Theory ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
The 19Th Century

Similar to other scientific disciplines, art psychology, beginning at the end of the 19th century until the present day, can also be considered a science. The ancient concepts of mimesis and catharsis, for example, are extremely important and have been used in art psychology extensively. The emotions, thoughts, dreams and emotional fulfillment created by the artist are shared by the recipient of the artwork. Based on psychoanalytic theory, Sigmund Freud was able to explain Leonardo and Dostoevsky through their works and personalities. In this study, the content of art psychology, psychology theories on which art psychology is based and psychological processes related to artist-art work-recipient were investigated. In this research, a descriptive research model was used and the related resources and approaches were aimed to be determined. In the study, based on the existing sources an attempt was made to answer the question of what the field of art psychology is and is not.Keywords: Art psychology, psychology theories.

Souterrains in Scotland

Antiquity ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 27 (108) ◽  
pp. 219-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The 19Th Century

During the 19th century students of Scottish archaeology were fascinated by souterrains or earth-houses. In 1877 Joseph Anderson declared that ‘no class of structural remains has been more fully illustrated’, and his statement is supported by an abundance of papers and reports published in the first twelve volumes (1851-78) of the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. As the century drew to its close the earth-house gradually lost its hold on archaeological imagination. There were occasional papers and a few notable discoveries, but on the Whole the first half of the 20th century was a period of stagnation in this not unrewarding field. French scholars peered with organized enthusiasm into their souterrains-refuges, but in Scotland it was the close season for earth-houses. A little of the old interest has lately revived, and this may be an opportune moment to consider some of the more obvious problems that surround these curious structures.

scholarly journals La competencia de los cónsules en los actos de jurisdicción voluntaria mercantiles : historia, tradición, actualidad y conveniente reforma

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Alonso Furelos
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Public Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Foreign Country ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Private Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century

Cónsules y Consulado son una Institución histórica. Nace en Roma, en la República, donde se consolida y extingue y es de Derecho Público Romano. En la Baja Edad Media surge como derecho privado, en las Repúblicas Italianas de donde llega a España, para defender los intereses jurídicos de los comerciantes que van a «disponer» de un derecho «especial» privado que éstos aplican dentro de una «jurisdicción especial privilegiada mercantil» que tutela jurídicamente «sus» asuntos sean jurisdicción contenciosa o voluntaria. En el S. xix, esta figura deviene pública para defender los intereses comerciales del Estado, en el país extranjero donde se hallan sus Consulados. En 1868 en España desaparece la jurisdicción mercantil cuyo cometido es asumido por la jurisdicción ordinaria en su orden civil. Desde entonces Cónsules y Consulados son una figura de derecho público, dependientes del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores para la defensa de los intereses comerciales españoles, en el país en que se hallan. La LEC 1881 les confía por tradición funciones mercantiles en la jurisdicción voluntaria que hoy estando aún «vigentes» son simples «recuerdos obsoletos» de otras épocas ya superadas. La cercana reforma de la jurisdicción voluntaria puede ser un pretexto para confiar a Cónsules y Personal Diplomático de nuestras Embajadas la competencia en «casi todos sus asuntos» cuando se solicite su intervención por españoles que están en esos países.Consuls and Consulate are a historic institution of Roman Public law, with origins in Rome during the Republic, where it was consolidated and then extinguished. In the Low Middle Ages it arose as private right, and arrived in Spain from the Italian Republics, to defend the juridical interests of the merchants who would exercise a «special» private law which they would apply within a «special privileged mercantile jurisdiction «which would govern juridically «their» matters, whether of contentious or voluntary jurisdiction. In the 19th century, this institution became public in order to defend the commercial interests of the State, in the foreign country where its Consulates were situated. In 1868 The Mercantile Jurisdiction disappeared its jurisdiction was subsumed into that of the Ordinary Civil Jurisdiction of the Court. Since then, Consuls and Consulates are an institution of public law and are servants of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to defend of the commercial interests of Spaniards, in the country where they are located. The LEC 1881 entrusted them the voluntary jurisdiction in mercantile matters, that today are still «in force» but exist in fact simply as «obsolete memories» of a bygone era. The approaching reform of this voluntary jurisdiction may be a pretext to entrust to our consuls and diplomatic personnel of our embassies, competence «in almost all matters» when they are requested by Spaniards who are located in those countries.

scholarly journals Seeing the History of the Earth in the Cliffs at Møn: The Interaction between Landscape Painting and Geology in Denmark in the First Half of the 19th Century

Romantik ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gry Hedin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Landscape Painting ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Scientific Advances ◽  
The Way

During the first part of the nineteenth century, geologists developed a history of the earth so different from that accepted in previous centuries that it encouraged a rethinking of the relationship between man and nature. In this article I will argue that painters followed these changes closely and that some of them let the narratives and images of geology inform the way they depicted nature. In arguing my point, I will focus on images and descriptions of the chalk cliffs on the Danish island of Møn by both geologists and painters. I will follow the scientific advances in geology by referring to the texts and images of Søren Abildgaard, Henrich Steffens, Johan Georg Forchhammer, and Christopher Puggaard, and discuss how their changing theories correspond with paintings of the cliffs by four artists: Christopher Wilhelm Eckersberg, Frederik Sødring, Louis Gurlitt, and Peter Christian Skovgaard.

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