scholarly journals МОРФОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СЕЛЕЗІНКИ ТЕПЛОКРОВНИХ ТВАРИН

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-406
Author(s):  
O. F. Dunaievska
Keyword(s):  
Relative Weight ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Contractile Apparatus ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Lymphoid Nodules ◽  
Red Pulp

<p> </p><p>The spleen is an important multifunctional organ, one of parts of the peripheral immune system and hematopoiesis. It is sensitive to biotic, abiotic, and environmental factors. Determination of morphological features and morphometric parameters are important for the development of organ test-systems. The major indicators are the relative weight of the spleen and its main structural components. These criteria could be used in the therapy, prevention, pathology, the study of influence of factors of different origins, for received from farm animals environmentally friendly and safe products. Our research was carried out by light microscopy with the production of permanent histological preparations. The formalin and Сarnoy liquid were used as fixatives. Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin, eosin, and azure by methods of Van Gieson and Brachet. Spleen has the same structure and principle consists of a support-contractile apparatus and pulp in birds and mammals. Each animal species had its own characteristic of morphological features. The relative weight of spleen was the greatest in horses (0.48±0,01 %) and the lowest was in pigeons (0.02±0.01 %). Support-contractile apparatus was better developed in horses (13.64±1.13 %) and sheep (12.08±0.42 %), and the lesser in chickens (3.02±0.95 %) and rabbits (5.87±0.69 %). The proportion of trabecular system prevailed on the proportion of capsules in all studied animals, except rabbits. The birds had no radial trabeculae, in rabbits they are insignificant. The number of capsular trabecular are lesser than the pulps in horses, pigs, and sheep. Large pulps` trabeculae are united together, forming trabecular tree, while parenchyma is formed by the white and red pulp. The main structural components of the white pulp are the lymphoid nodules and lymphoid sheath near the vessels. The lymphoid nodules have zonal structure in mammals, whereas they are absent in birds. The relative area of lymphoid nodules in animals dominates under the area of lymphoid sheaths near the vessels; this difference was more than twice in horses (5.01±0.63 and 2.41±0.17 %), rabbits (11.95±2.67 and 5.73±1.40 %). In all the studied mammals the light center had the largest relative area in rabbits (2.08±0.49 %), and the lowest was registered in horses (0.98±0.11 %). The marginal zone occupies the largest relative area in sheep (6.52±0.98 %), the least – in horses (2.02±0.12 %). The mantle zone and zone near the vessels were better developed in rabbits (3.36±0.76 and 2.41±0.84 %); the red pulp was better developed in chickens (78.30±1.98 %), pigs (78.87±2.36 %) and horses (78.94±4.39 %), while sheep had the lesser developed red pulp (69.99±1.0 %).</p>

scholarly journals Comparative morphology of the spleen of birds of the families phasianidae and columbidae

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 164-170
Author(s):  
L. Horalskyi ◽  
◽  
N. Kolesnik ◽  
I. Sokulskyi ◽  
I. Horalska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal System ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Morphometric Features ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Lymphoid Nodules ◽  
Red Pulp

Morphological study of the phylogenetic direction allows to determine the ecological conditionality in the nature of the development of related forms and deepens their characteristics. The work aimed to study the spleen of birds of the Phasianidae family (chicken, quail) and Columbidae (pigeon). The histological preparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Their morphometry was performed for establishing the features of the morphological structure of the organ. The microscopic structure of the spleen in birds of the pheasant and pigeon classes was characterized by the presence of the same components: stroma and parenchyma. The musculoskeletal system consisted of trabeculae and capsules. The pulp was divided into white and red. However, each species of bird had its own histological and morphometric features. The pulpal trabeculae were found only in chickens. The capsular trabeculae were also present in quails and pigeons. A characteristic feature of the pigeon's spleen is the association of the connecting trabeculae with the vascular ones, in which a large number of vessels were located. The lymphoid tissue of the spleen of birds was predominantly structured. However, in the pigeon's spleen, there was also unformed lymphoid tissue of varying size of various shapes. The white pulp of birds consisted of lymphoid nodules and periarterial lymphoid sheaths. Additionally, ellipsoids were found in the white pulp of the hens' spleen, and they were almost non-existent in pigeons. In pigeons, lymphoid nodules were mainly located in the subcapsular zone of the spleen and often formed conglomerated structures by merging 3–6 nodules. The musculoskeletal system is best developed in pigeons (9 %). The relative area of white pulp is the largest in chickens (18.6 %), red pulp – in quail (82 %).In this work, we have taken the first step in elucidating the features of the morphology of the spleen of birds of different classes, for detailed analysis, our further research will focus on the study of morphophysiology of the spleen of birds in age and breed aspects.

scholarly journals Structural changes of the spleen in experimental obesity

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
T.V. Harapko
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Age ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Intact Group ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Calorie Diet ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
High Calorie Diet ◽  
High Calorie ◽  
Red Pulp

The paper presents and analyzes data from an experimental study conducted on white rats in females and males of reproductive age. Obesity is one of the leading causes of premature death worldwide. The purpose of the research is to establish the morphometric and histological changes of the rat spleen parenchyma in experimental obesity and after the abolition of the high-calorie diet (HCD). We conducted a study on 70 white rats of reproductive age (2.5-6.5 months) weighing 120-280 g. High-calorie diet was achieved due to the fact that food was added sodium glutamate at a dose of 67 mg/kg of body weight of the rat. Controls were 10 white rats that received a standard vivarium diet instead of a high-calorie diet. Statistical processing of digital data was performed using Excel software and STATISTICA 6.0 using the parametric methods. Eight weeks after HCD, there was a significant decrease in the relative area of white pulp in the spleen parenchyma of white rats in males and females by 16.2% and 17.4%, respectively, and an increase in the relative area of red pulp by 5.6% and 6.2%, respectively. There is an immuno-inducing effect with enhanced proliferation of activated lymphocytes and their subsequent differentiation into plasma cells. Eight weeks after the abolition of HCD, the relative area of white pulp in the spleen parenchyma of white rats in males and females was 16.8% and 16.9% less than the parameters of the intact group of animals. Accordingly, the relative area of the red pulp by 5.8% and 6.1% exceeds the parameters of the intact group of animals. The area of the lymph nodes and the size of their reproductive centers decrease. The number of monocytes, macrophages and plasmocytes increases in the organ parenchyma. Hemosiderin residues occur both in the cytoplasm of macrophages and in intercellular spaces. Arteries with thickened wall, full-blooded, veins enlarged and full-blooded. The venous sinuses of the red pulp are dilated to contain hemosiderin residues. Thus, the depletion of lymphoid tissue with progression of mainly white pulp atrophy has been established. In the conditions of the eight-week abrogation of the HCD, no reverse changes in the structure of the parenchyma of the spleen were detected.

scholarly journals Імуногістохімічна характеристика субпопуляцій лімфоцитів селезінки голубів та курей

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 282-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. F. Dunaievska
Keyword(s):  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Cd4 Cells ◽  
Cd8 Cells ◽  
Splenic Cells ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Lymphoid Nodules ◽  
Red Pulp ◽  
Conditional Unit

<p>The article is devoted to the study of immunohistochemical features of the spleen of birds based on the detection and morphometric calculation of clusters of the T- and B-lymphocytes. For the research, the selection of the spleen is performed at the stage of morphofunctional maturity in clinically healthy sexually mature birds of both sexes in the ratio 1: 1: blue pigeons (age 10-14 months), chickens of domestic breeds of Poltava clay (age 19-20 weeks). The slices of material are fixed in 10-12% chilled solution of neutral formalin, embedded in paraffin. Histological sections made on a microtome MS-2 and have a thickness not exceeding 5 micrometres.  The mouse monoclonal antibodies of the Danish firm DAKO are used to detect and study subpopulations of lymphocytes. Morphometric studies are performed under light microscopy (Microscope Biolam-Lomo and Micros MC-50). The microphotography of histological preparations was carried out with CAM V 200 video camera. It is mounted on a  microscope  Micros  MC-50. Subpopulations of lymphocytes  CD4 +, CD8 +, СD19 +, СD20 + were detected in the red and white pulp of the spleen of pigeons and chickens, they are situated singly and diffusely, more often formed chains or aggregations. The CD4 + cells in pigeons and chickens are dominated in lymphoid sheaths near the vessels, amounted the 56.63 ± 4.03 pieces per conditional unit of area and 85.71 ± 6.09 pieces per conditional unit of area respectively. The populations of CD8 + cells are also predominated in lymphoid sheaths near the vessels, but their number was smaller than the CD4+ population by 1.81 times in chickens and by 2.36 times in pigeons. In the red pulp, CD4 + cells are occupied 7.67% of the total population of the splenic cells in chickens and 5.99% in pigeons. The CD8 + cell in the red pulp are less concentrated: 2,8% and 4,45% respectively. The index of immunoregulation of the spleen of chickens was 1.85, and the pigeons – 2.0. B-lymphocytes (cluster CD19 +, CD20 +) are concentrated in the B-dependent zone of the spleen – the lymphoid nodules. Most of the CD20 + cells are in lymphoid nodules of chickens (77.27%), in pigeons this indicator is 61.66%. Cells of CD19 + in lymphoid nodes are occupied approximately the same relative square of pigeons and chickens from their total amount in the pulp –  74.14% and 76.60%. The total number of T-lymphocytes (the population of CD4 +, CD8 +) are prevailed almost by two times in chickens, B-lymphocytes (populations CD19 +, CD20 +) in pigeons – by 1,6 times. In the spleen of pigeons and chickens are developed both humoral and cellular immune protection.</p>

scholarly journals Ascorbic acid biosynthesis: a precursor study on plants

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anderson D. Barata-Soares ◽  
Maria Luiza P. A. Gomez ◽  
Carlos Henrique de Mesquita ◽  
Franco M. Lajolo
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
The Other ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Ripening Stages ◽  
Main Pathway ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Red Pulp

Since the first isolation of ascorbic acid (AsA) in 1928, few papers have been published regarding the biosynthesis of AsA in plants, especially in fruits. It took as long as 1998, before Wheeler, Jones and Smirnoff, based on a study with Arabidopsis leaves, proposed what can be considered the main pathway of biosynthesis of AsA, in which L-galactose (L-GAL) is a key precursor. This paper reports the effectiveness of some precursors (cold or radiolabeled) in the biosynthesis of AsA in different plants: green sweet pepper, white-pulp guava, red-pulp guava, papaya and strawberry at two ripening stages (mature green and ripe for papaya and mature green and half red for strawberry) and broccoli. The 'Smirnoff-Wheeler' pathway was functioning and active in all sources studied, as demonstrated by the increase in AsA contents and incorporation of labeled precursors into AsA. In papaya, the AsA content in the ripe fruit was higher than in the mature green, indicating the synthesis of AsA during ripening. On the other hand, the AsA content in the mature green strawberry was similar to that of the half red fruits. Our data demonstrate that L-GAL and L-Galactono-1,4-lactone (L-GL) are effective precursors for the biosynthesis of AsA in fruits and also provided additional evidence for the participation of D-mannose (D-MAN) and D-glucose-1P in the biosynthesis of AsA in plants.

scholarly journals Splenic Mechanisms of Thrombocytopenia

Blood ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 130 (Suppl_1) ◽  
pp. SCI-33-SCI-33
Author(s):  
John W. Semple
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Reticuloendothelial System ◽  
Lymphoid Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Venous Circulation ◽  
Destructive Processes ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Red Pulp

The spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ in the body and contains up to 25 percent of the body's lymphocyte populations. It is not only responsible for initiating immune responses against a multitude of infectious antigens within its white pulp, it also has the exquisite ability to filter the blood and remove, for example, senescent erythrocytes and platelets. This natural process is carried out within the red pulp of the spleen which is composed monocyte-rich connective tissue cords of Billroth intertwined with sinus cavities lined by parallel-oriented endothelial cells that have interendothelial slits which allow for the mechanical sorting of "old" cells. This occurs because of the inability of the senescent cells to properly migrate through the endothelial fenestrae into the venous circulation allowing them to be identified by cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and quickly destroyed by phagocytosis. This process also allows for the efficient recycling of iron from destroyed erythrocyte hemoglobin molecules. There are a wide variety of clinical conditions that can significantly alter the ability of the RES to destroy blood cells including hereditary blood cell defects, inflammation, cancer and abnormal immune responses. This lecture will focus on the central role that the spleen plays in not only generating immune responses against platelets but also in primarily causing the destruction of both senescent and antibody-opsonized platelets leading to thrombocytopenia. It will discuss the soluble and cellular mechanisms of splenic sequestration, destruction and the ability of the spleen to modulate anti-platelet immunity. Mechanisms involving complement activation, Fc Receptor-mediated phagocytosis, antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity and platelet self-destruction will be addressed. It will compare the spleen's platelet destructive capabilities with other organs, particularly the liver and will detail how immune responses generated in the white pulp can modulate platelet destructive processes in the red pulp. Disclosures Semple: Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Rigel: Consultancy, Honoraria; UCB: Consultancy, Honoraria.

scholarly journals OCCURRENCE OF INSECT PESTS IN FRUITS OF Caryocar brasiliense (CARYOCARACEAE) IN THE NORTH OF MINAS GERAIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-639
Author(s):  
RENAN ALVES SANTOS ◽  
VINÍCIUS ORLANDI BARBOSA LIMA ◽  
TATIANNE GIZELLE MARQUES SILVA
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Regional Economics ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
The North ◽  
Mother Plants ◽  
Morphological Variables ◽  
Caryocar Brasiliense ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Insect Attack

ABSTRACT Caryocar brasiliense Camb. is a typical species from the Cerrado that represents a relevant income for the population where the fruit is produced. The ocorrence of insect pests provokes damage in the fruit and making its commercialization unfeasible. Then, this study aimed to identify the pest insect the fruit and the pit; to compare the morphological features of the fruit and pit and the damage caused by insects among mother plants and their origins and correlate the fruit and pit morphological features with the damage caused by the insects. Three different origins were evaluated, 12 mother plants by origin and ten fruit by mother plant. All the fruit were opened, checked for the insect damage and the fruit and pit morphological variables were determined. The insects that caused damage to the pequi embryo were identified as Carmenta sp. (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) and Amblycerus sp (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The probability analysis showed significant effect on the mother plants and origins for the percentage of fruit and pit attacked where the location of Laje Velha obtained the lowest rates of the insect attack. The fruit and pit of the Fruta de Leite were bigger and heavier than the others, while the correlations among the predation rate and the other morphological variables of the fruit and pit were not significant. Amblycerus sp. and Carmenta sp. may be considered potential pests of pequi, with the risk of compromising the pequizeiro populations and the regional economics.

Splenomegaly and other disorders of the spleen

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Bunch
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Lymphoid Organ ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Upper Abdomen ◽  
Red Pulp

The spleen is a predominantly lymphoid organ, normally about the size of a clenched fist located beneath the diaphragm in the left upper abdomen. It has a dual role as a filter for the circulation, and a primary lymphoid organ in its own right. About three-quarters of its volume is a matrix of capillaries and sinuses (the red pulp), through which blood is able to percolate slowly and come into contact with fixed macrophages, which are able to remove senescent or damaged red cells, or other particulate matter such as bacteria. The lymphoid tissue is organized into scattered follicles (the white pulp), which have a particularly important role in initiating primary humoral immune responses and antibody (IgM) synthesis. The spleen commonly enlarges when either its filtration function is increased—as in haemolysis—or it is stimulated by infection or inflammation. It may also be involved in myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative neoplasias. This chapter covers hypersplenism, splenectomy, hyposplenism, overwhelming post-splenectomy infection (OPSI), and other infections in hyposplenic patients.

Architecture and Cellular Composition of the Spleen in the Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica)

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma El-Zahraa A. Mustafa ◽  
Sara M.M. El-Desoky
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Coturnix Japonica ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Cellular Composition ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Red Pulp

AbstractThe spleen is considered a key player in birds’ immunity. The stroma and the parenchyma of the spleen of the adult quail were demonstrated histologically, histochemically, and ultrastructurally. A thin capsule and the absence of trabeculae were the most characteristics of spleen stroma. The demarcation between white pulp and red pulp was not observed in the quail. White pulp formed from the periarterial lymphatic sheath and the periellipsoidal lymphatic sheath, both of which were surrounded by arteriole and ellipsoid, respectively. Ellipsoids appeared more numerous and were characterized by cuboidal lining of the epithelium and supporting cells. Red pulp consisted of sinuses and cords. White pulp and red pulp of the quail spleen contained various cells, such as red blood cells, macrophages, heterophils with characteristic granules, lymphocytes of different sizes, dendritic cells, plasma cells, and telocytes. In addition, closed circulation and open circulation established the blood flow on the spleen.

REACTION OF THE LYMPHOID SPLENIC TISSUE IN WHITE MICE ON AMYLOIDOGENESIS

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Liliya Yu. Ilyina ◽  
Vadim A. Kozlov ◽  
Sergey P. Sapozhnikov ◽  
Ruslan A. Geraev
Keyword(s):  
Splenic Tissue ◽  
Case Group ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Paraffin Sections ◽  
Morphological Pattern ◽  
Experimental Amyloidosis ◽  
Field Of Vision ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Red Pulp

The reaction of lymphoid splenic tissue of mice on albumin model of systemic amyloidosis (case group, N = 5) was studied and compared to a similar indicator of intact mice (N = 5). Paraffin sections of the spleen, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Congo red, were microscoped in a regredient LED white light on "Lumam-4" microscope. The absolute area of lymphatic follicles (LFs), their diameters and the area of amyloid lesion were measured on microphotos obtained with the help of video-eyepiece Levenhuk C800 NG 8M in LevenhukLite program. The obtained data were used for calculating the indicators: the relative areas of amyloid lesion (SrelA)), the red (SrelKB) and the white (SrelBP) pulp, the red/white pulp index, LFs' ovalityindex. The number of LFs was counted in the field of vision at magnification of 100. The obtained data were processed using the methods of descriptive and variative statistics and presented in the form of M±m, where M is the mean, m is the standard deviation. Differences of the means were determined using z test. The morphological pattern of the spleen in intact mice corresponded to the histological norm. The wet mass of the spleen in intact animals was 0.75±0.01 g, no signs of amyloidosis were found. In the case group, the wet mass of the spleen increased to 2.2±0.06 g (p=0.000), SrelA was 33.85± 3.39%. The average number of LFs in the field of vision did not change. The diameters by the large and small axes differed by 18% in intact animals and by 6.6% in experimental ones (p=0.000). Respectively, the area of LFs decreased by 11.2% and the ovality index increased by 10.3% (p = 0.0066) in experimental mice. SrelKB and SrelBPdid not change during the formation of amyloidosis. But the Red/White Pulp Index increased by 59.2% (p=0.008). Simulation of amyloidosis in experimental animals was accompanied by a significant increase in the area of the red pulp and by a reduction in the area of white pulp. Thus, the calculated relative morphometric indicators are more informative than the directly measured initial data; the wet mass of the spleen during experimental amyloidosis formation significantly increases; the lymphoid tissue of the spleen readily responds to amyloidogenesis by the change in the ratio of the red and white pulp, as well as by the change in the shape and the area of the lymph follicles.

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