Quick-scan estimating model of Higher Heating Value of oil palm empty fruit bunches based on ash from proximate analysis data

The use of energy from biomass is becoming more common worldwide. This energy source has several benefits that promote its acceptance; it is bio-renewable, non-toxic and biodegradable. To predict its behavior as a fuel during thermal treatment, its characterization is necessary. The experimental determination of ultimate analysis data requires special instrumentation, while proximate analysis data can be obtained easily by using common equipment but, the required time is high. In this work, a methodology is applied based on thermogravimetric analysis, curves deconvolution and empirical correlations for characterizing different regional agro-industrial wastes to determine the high heating value, the contents of moisture, volatiles matter, fixed carbon, ash, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. The obtained results are similar to those using standard techniques, showing the accuracy of proposed method and its wide application range. This methodology allows to determine the main parameters required for industrial operation in only in one step, saving time.

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Preliminary Study of Microwave Irradiation Towards Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Biomass

Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) ◽

10.47253/jtrss.v4i2.622 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 133-137

Author(s):

Muhammad Iqbal Ahmad ◽

Mohd Sukhairi Mat Rasat ◽

Shahril Nizam Mohamed Soid ◽

Mazlan Mohamed ◽

Zairi Ismael Rizman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microwave Irradiation ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Power Input ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Preliminary Study ◽

Oxidative Atmosphere

In this study, torrefaction via microwave irradiation was introduced towards oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) samples. The samples of 10 g was fed into the quartz type crucible inside the microwave with the power input limit to 385 W. Continous nitrogen up to 50 ml/min were induced and promoted the non oxidative atmosphere in the closed crucible. This proved the increased of energy properties as high 23.6 MJ/kg for torrefied samples comparable to raw 14.8 MJ/kg. On the result of proximate analysis, fixed carbon shows the increase trends whereby the volatile matter decreased. Torrefaction has been found to improve the energy properties of oil palm EFB biomass as a fuel.

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Biomass Pellets from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OP-EFB)

ICONIET PROCEEDING ◽

10.33555/iconiet.v2i1.12 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 65-68

Author(s):

Rahman Farhan Aditya

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Raw Material ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Binder Ratio ◽

Binder Concentration

Oil Palm growths in Indonesia are getting higher every year. Oil palm plantationproduced various waste, including oil palm empty fruit bunches (OP-EFB). 95 % Indonesia energy demand still provided by the fossil fuel and only 5 % provided by renewable energy, which provide opportunity of OP-EFB biomass pellets to be utilized as alternative resource. The research of biomass still low, especially research of OP-EFB biomass pellets. Therefore, the research objectives were to determine the production process of OP-EFB and to define the most effective binder and binder ratio for the biomass pellets. This research experiments consist of shredding, chopping, drying, grinding, and sieving as raw material pretreatment. Also, varying the binder and binder concentration of the mixture between raw materials was the part of this thesis research. The binders used in this thesis research are PVAC paste and tapioca based paste with 4 variations of concentration. The analyses of the biomass pellets characteristic are density,compressive strength, proximate analysis (moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon), calorific value, combustion rate, and gas chromatographic & mass spectroscopy (GCMS). The result shows that OP-EFB biomass pellets are qualified to be considered as biomass pellets. The most effective OP-EFB biomass pellets is biomass pellets with 10% tapioca binder concentration.

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Torrefaction of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Pellets under Mild-to-Severe Temperature Conditions through Thermogravimetric Analysis

10.20944/preprints201803.0032.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Bemgba Bevan Nyakuma ◽

Arshad Ahmad ◽

Anwar Johari ◽

Tuan Amran Tuan Abdullah ◽

Olagoke Oladokun

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Energy Recovery ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Energy Yield ◽

Severity Factor ◽

Degradation Behaviour ◽

Heating Value ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Recovery Potential ◽

Lignocellulosic Wastes

Malaysia generates significant quantities of lignocellulosic wastes through the production of crude palm oil (CPO). Over the years, the accumulation of the oil palm wastes (OPW) have become an environmental burden. These problems can be addressed by pretreatment and valorisation of OPW in bioenergy as envisioned in the National Biomass Strategy (NBS-2020). However, current strategies for the OPW valorisation are inefficient and unsustainable resulting in increased environmental challenges. Therefore, this paper proposes the pelletization and torrefaction of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). Furthermore, the thermal degradation behaviour and potential product yields from OPEFB pellet torrefaction will be examined. The results revealed that the mass yield (MY) decreased from 67.89% to 33.11%, whereas energy yield (EY) decreased from 88.29% to 49.18% as the torrefaction temperature increased from 250 °C to 350 °C. However, the energy density (DE) increased from 1.30 to 1.49 due to the increase in higher heating value (HHV) from 22.85 MJ/kg to 26.10 MJ/kg. Likewise, the severity factor (SF) increased from 5.89 to 8.84 with increasing torrefaction temperature. The results also revealed that effect of temperature on the torrefaction parameters; MY, EY, DE, and HHV are slightly reduced after 300 °C. Overall, the findings demonstrate that torrefaction improved the fuel properties and energy recovery potential of the OPEFB pellets.

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Lower Heating Value Estimation of Coal Gangue through Proximate Analysis Data Based on GB/T 212-2008

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2699 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 726-731 ◽

pp. 2699-2703

Author(s):

Xiu Teng Wang ◽

Bin Lu ◽

Ling Xu ◽

Chen Yi Li ◽

Ling Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Power ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Analysis Data ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Coal Gangue ◽

Important Indicator ◽

Heating Value ◽

Lower Heating Value ◽

Value Estimation ◽

Lower Heating

The calorific value of coal gangue is an important indicator to assess its quality for comprehensive utilizations. Although the heating values can be measured experimentally with a Bomb calorimeter, an easier and faster approach within an acceptable tolerance is in great demand. Herein, we use an alternative approach to estimate the heating value based on proximate analysis data, which are measured under the instruction of GB/T 212-2008. The lower heating values of coal gangue samples we collected range from 2307 to 8309 kJ/kg, which are key information for the use of coal gangue in principle. We conclude that the sample with calorific value of 8309 kJ/kg can be used as formal fossil fuel; another sample of 5799 kJ/kg can be used for thermal power generation, while the other four are not worth for fuel.

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Peningkatan Kualitas Pelet Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit melalui Torefaksi Menggunakan Reaktor Counter-Flow Multi Baffle (COMB)

Jurnal Rekayasa Proses ◽

10.22146/jrekpros.56817 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 169

Author(s):

Wahyu Hidayat ◽

Irma Thya Rani ◽

Tri Yulianto ◽

Indra Gumay Febryano ◽

Dewi Agustina Iryani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Residence Time ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Power Plants ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Economic Value ◽

Chemical Oxidation ◽

Small Scale ◽

Counter Flow ◽

Heating Value ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) empty fruit bunches (EFB) have not been utilized optimally. Currently, it is considered as a resource with low economic value. This biomass can be converted into bioenergy through a torrefaction process. Torrefaction is a mild pyrolysis at temperatures ranging between 200 and 300 °C, and it is generally performed under an inert atmosphere. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of torrefaction using Counter-Flow Multi Baffle (COMB) on the properties of oil palm EFB pellets. Torrefaction was conducted at 280 °C temperature with a residence time of 4 minutes. The results showed a decrease in the equilibrium moisture content and an increase in hydrophobicity after torrefaction using the COMB reactor. The change in the hygroscopic property could make the oil palm EFB pellet more stable against chemical oxidation and microbial degradation, hence self-heating and auto-ignition during storage could be prevented. The heating value of biomass increased after torrefaction. Torrefaction with the COMB reactor resulted in a heating value of 17.90 MJ/kg, which is comparable with the results of oxidative torrefaction (with longer residence time) of 18.28 MJ/kg. The results suggested that torrefaction using the COMB reactor could provide a great improvement in the quality of the bioenergetic properties of oil palm EFB pellets. However, the high ash content of the EFB pellets implied that the EFB pellets suitable for a small-scale application, but not yet for cofiring in power plants or as a feedstock for gasification.Keywords: Counter-Flow Multi Baffle; oil palm empty fruit bunches; renewable; torrefactionA B S T R A KTandan kosong kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis) belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal. Saat ini bahan tersebut masih dianggap sebagai sumber daya bernilai ekonomi rendah. Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dapat dikonversi menjadi bioenergi melalui proses torefaksi. Torefaksi merupakan proses pirolisis ringan pada suhu berkisar antara 200 dan 300 °C dan umumnya dilakukan di bawah kondisi inert. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh torefaksi dengan reaktor Counter-Flow Multi Baffle (COMB) terhadap sifat-sifat pelet TKKS. Torefaksi dilakukan pada suhu 280 °C dengan waktu tinggal 4 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa torefaksi menyebabkan penurunan kadar air kesetimbangan dan menjadi hidrofobik setelah torefaksi dengan reaktor COMB. Perbaikan sifat higroskopis dapat membuat pelet TKKS lebih stabil terhadap oksidasi kimia dan degradasi mikroba, sehingga pemanasan sendiri dan pembakaran spontan selama penyimpanan dapat dicegah. Nilai kalor biomassa meningkat setelah torefaksi. Torefaksi dengan reaktor COMB menghasilkan nilai kalor 17,90 MJ/kg, yang sebanding dengan hasil torefaksi oksidatif dengan waktu tinggal lebih lama, sebesar 18,28 MJ/kg. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa torefaksi dengan reaktor COMB dapat meningkatkan kualitas energi pelet TKKS. Tetapi pelet TKKS masih memiliki kadar abu yang tinggi sehingga biomassa hasil torefaksi belum sesuai untuk cofiring di pembangkit listrik atau sebagai bahan baku untuk gasifikasi.Kata kunci: Counter-Flow Multi Baffle; tandan kosong kelapa sawit; terbarukan; torefaksi

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Quality Improvement on Briquettes Made of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) Using of Brown Algae Adhesive

Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan ◽

10.23955/rkl.v15i1.15429 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 38-44

Author(s):

Ana Dewita ◽

M. Faisal ◽

Asri Gani

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Brown Algae ◽

Thermal Characteristics ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Ash Content ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches

The charcoal produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches pyrolysis can be utilized as environmentally friendly alternative fuel briquettes. This research aimed at improving the quality of these EFB briquettes using brown algae adhesive (alginate). The adhesive was added at 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Proximate analysis was then performed on EFB and the brown algae. The best quality briquettes were obtained by adding brown algae adhesive at 2.5% concentrate, which resulted in a calorific value of 21,405 J/g. Other characteristics such as moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon were found to be 7.4%, 4.9%, 79%, and 8.7%, respectively. In addition, the thermal characteristics such as density, flash point, and burning time were found at 0.96 g/cm3, 5.1 second, and 300 minutes, respectively.

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Spanish biofuels heating value estimation. Part II: Proximate analysis data

Fuel ◽

10.1016/j.fuel.2013.08.049 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 117 ◽

pp. 1139-1147 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Roberto García ◽

Consuelo Pizarro ◽

Antonio G. Lavín ◽

Julio L. Bueno

Keyword(s):

Analysis Data ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Heating Value ◽

Value Estimation

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Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Torrefied Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Briquettes

Chemistry & Chemical Technology ◽

10.23939/chcht10.03.325 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 325-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bemgba Nyakuma ◽

◽

Arshad Ahmad ◽

Anwar Johari ◽

Tuan Abdullah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Decomposition ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Decomposition Kinetics ◽

Thermal Decomposition Kinetics ◽

Kinetic Properties ◽

Tg Analysis ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Thermal Lag ◽

Profile Characteristics ◽

Kinetics Of

The study is aimed at investigating the thermal behavior and decomposition kinetics of torrefied oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) briquettes using a thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and the Coats-Redfern model. The results revealed that thermal decomposition kinetics of OPEFB and torrefied OPEFB briquettes is significantly influenced by the severity of torrefaction temperature. Furthermore, the temperature profile characteristics; Tonset, Tpeak, and Tend increased consistently due to the thermal lag observed during TG analysis. In addition, the torrefied OPEFB briquettes were observed to possess superior thermal and kinetic properties over the untorrefied OPEFB briquettes. It can be inferred that torrefaction improves the fuel properties of pelletized OPEFB for potential utilization in bioenergy conversion systems.

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Evaluasi Prediksi Higher Heating Value (HHV) Biomassa Berdasarkan Analisis Proksimat

Risalah Fisika ◽

10.35895/rf.v4i1.166 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Made Dirgantara ◽

Karelius Karelius ◽

Marselin Devi Ariyanti, Sry Ayu K. Tamba

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Natural Gas ◽

Key Words ◽

Critical Analysis ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Heating Value ◽

Bomb Calorimeter ◽

Hhv Prediction

Abstrak – Biomassa merupakan salah satu energi terbarukan yang sangat mudah ditemui, ramah lingkungan dan cukup ekonomis. Keberadaan biomassa dapat dimaanfaatkan sebagai pengganti bahan bakar fosil, baik itu minyak bumi, gas alam maupun batu bara. Analisi diperlukan sebagai dasar biomassa sebagai energi seperti proksimat dan kalor. Analisis terpenting untuk menilai biomassa sebagai bahan bakar adalah nilai kalori atau higher heating value (HHV). HHV secara eksperimen diukur menggunakan bomb calorimeter, namun pengukuran ini kurang efektif, karena memerlukan waktu serta biaya yang tinggi. Penelitian mengenai prediksi HHV berdasarkan analisis proksimat telah dilakukan sehingga dapat mempermudah dan menghemat biaya yang diperlukan peneliti. Dalam makalah ini dibahas evaluasi persamaan untuk memprediksi HHV berdasarkan analisis proksimat pada biomassa berdasarkan data dari penelitian sebelumnya. Prediksi nilai HHV menggunakan lima persamaan yang dievaluasi dengan 25 data proksimat biomassa dari penelitian sebelumnya, kemudian dibandingkan berdasarkan nilai error untuk mendapatkan prediksi terbaik. Hasil analisis menunjukan, persamaan A terbaik di 7 biomassa, B di 6 biomassa, C di 6 biomassa, D di 5 biomassa dan E di 1 biomassa.Kata kunci: bahan bakar, biomassa, higher heating value, nilai error, proksimat Abstract – Biomass is a renewable energy that is very easy to find, environmentally friendly, and quite economical. The existence of biomass can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels, both oil, natural gas, and coal. Analyzes are needed as a basis for biomass as energy such as proximate and heat. The most critical analysis to assess biomass as fuel is the calorific value or higher heating value (HHV). HHV is experimentally measured using a bomb calorimeter, but this measurement is less effective because it requires time and high costs. Research on the prediction of HHV based on proximate analysis has been carried out so that it can simplify and save costs needed by researchers. In this paper, the evaluation of equations is discussed to predict HHV based on proximate analysis on biomass-based on data from previous studies. HHV prediction values using five equations were evaluated with 25 proximate biomass data from previous studies, then compared based on error value to get the best predictions. The analysis shows that Equation A predicts best in 7 biomass, B in 6 biomass, C in 6 biomass, D in 5 biomass, and E in 1 biomass. Key words: fuel, biomass, higher heating value, error value, proximate

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