scholarly journals Vygotskian (but only partly Vygotsky’s) understanding of special education

Educação ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaro Toomela
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Special Form ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Neuropsychological Rehabilitation ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
Stage Development ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Level Of Analysis

In this article general principles of special education are discussed from the Vygotskian perspective. First it is suggested that for understanding of special education in particular and the psyche and its development in general, structuralsystemic epistemology should be applied. To understand special education, psyche and its development should be understood at different levels of analysis. In this paper first life is defined in order to define psyche as a special form of life. Psyche, at the next more specific level of analysis is distinguished into complementary parts, that of individual and its environment. Environment is defined next and theoretically distinguished into four kinds. On this theoretical background, pedagogy and special education are defined. Special education should be based on thorough understanding of the learner at different levels of analysis: according to general stages of development, according to within-stage development, and at the level of the structure of cognition. Two principal targets of the special education and three basic strategies of neuropsychological rehabilitation and special education are distinguished. *** A compreensão Vygotskyana (mas só em parte de Vygotsky) da educação especial ***Neste artigo, os princípios gerais da educação especial são discutidos a partir da perspectiva Vygotskyana. Em primeiro lugar, sugere-se que, para a compreensão da educação especial em particular e da psique e seu desenvolvimento em geral, a epistemologia estrutural-sistêmica deve ser aplicada. Para entender a educação especial, a psique e seu desenvolvimento devem ser entendidos em diferentes níveis de análise. Neste artigo, a primeira vida é definida com o intuito de definir a psique como uma forma especial de vida. A psique, no nível seguinte e mais específico da análise, é diferenciada em partes complementares, do indivíduo e de seu ambiente. O ambiente é definido em seguida, e distinguido teoricamente em quatro tipos. Nesta base teórica, a pedagogia e a educação especial são definidas. A educação especial deve basear-se na compreensão completa do aprendiz em diferentes níveis de análise: de acordo com estágios gerais de desenvolvimento, de acordo com o desenvolvimento durante o estágio, e no nível da estrutura do conhecimento. Destacam-se dois alvos principais da educação especial e três estratégias básicas de reabilitação neuropsicológica e educação especial.Palavras-chave: Educação especial; Vygotsky; Luria; Estratégias; Epistemologia estrutural-sistêmica.

Peace: A Conceptual Survey

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul F. Diehl
Keyword(s):  
System Level ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Political Relationships ◽  
The World ◽  
Positive Peace ◽  
Theory Research ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Elusive Concept ◽  
Level Of Analysis ◽  
Associated Data

Peace is an elusive concept with many different meanings. Traditionally, it has been equated with the absence of war or violence, but such “negative peace” has limited value as it lumps wildly disparate situations together, such as rivalries (India–Pakistan) and close political relationships (e.g., European Union). Nevertheless, this conception remains the predominant approach in theory, research, teaching, and policy discourse. “Positive peace” definitions are much broader and encompass aspects that go beyond war and violence, but there is far less consensus on those elements. Conceptions include, among others, human rights, justice, judicial independence, and communication components. Best developed are notions of “quality peace,” which incorporate the absence of violence but also require things such as gender equality in order for societies to qualify as peaceful. Many of these, however, lack associated data and operational indicators. Research on positive peace is also comparatively underdeveloped. Peace can also be represented as binary (present or not) or as a continuum (the degree to which peace is present). Peace can be applied at different levels of analysis. At the system level, it refers to the aggregate or global conditions in the world at a given time. At the dyadic or k‑adic level, it refers to the state of peace in relationships between two or more states. Finally, internal peace deals with conditions inside individual states, and the relationships between governments, groups, and individuals. Aspects of peace vary according to the level of analysis, and peace at one level might not be mirrored at other levels.

L. Levels of Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 155-158
Author(s):  
Mauro Caprioli ◽  
Claire Dupuy
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Citizens Attitudes ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Level Of Analysis

This chapter studies levels of analysis. Research in the social sciences may be interested in subjects located at different levels of analysis. The level of analysis indicates the position at which social and political phenomena are analysed within a gradual order of abstraction or aggregation that is constructed analytically. Its definition and boundaries vary across social science disciplines. In general, the micro level refers to the individual level and focuses on citizens’ attitudes or politicians’ and diplomats’ behaviour. Analyses at the meso level focus on groups and organizations, like political parties, social movements, and public administrations. The macro level corresponds to structures that are national, social, economic, cultural, or institutional — for example, countries and national or supranational political regimes. The explanandum (what research aims to account for), the explanans (the explanations), the unit of analysis, and data collection can be located at different levels. The chapter then considers two main errors commonly associated with aggregation and levels of analysis: ecological and atomistic fallacies.

Bridging Micro and Macro Approaches on Civil Wars and Political Violence

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1343-1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laia Balcells ◽  
Patricia Justino
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Conflict Processes ◽  
New Research ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Level Of Analysis

This article reflects on the importance of linking micro and macro levels of analysis in order to advance our current understanding of civil wars and political violence processes and discusses the contributions of the articles in this special issue. We first identify the main problems in research on political violence that is focused on a single level of analysis and describe the challenges faced by research that attempts to establish connections between different levels. We then introduce the different articles in the special issue, with an emphasis on the micro–macro-level linkages they develop and highlighting their commonalities. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of a new research agenda for the study of civil wars and political violence that bridges social, economic, and political dynamics occurring at the local level and conflict processes taking place in the macro arena.

scholarly journals Why evolutionary psychology should abandon modularity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pietraszewski ◽  
Annie E. Wertz
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
The Future ◽  
Massive Modularity ◽  
Ill Posed ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Level Of Analysis

A debate surrounding modularity—the notion that the mind may be exclusively composed of distinct systems or modules—has held philosophers and psychologists captive for nearly forty years. Concern about this thesis—which has come to be known as the massive modularity debate—serves as the primary grounds for skepticism of evolutionary psychology’s claims about the mind. Here we will suggest that the entirety of this debate, and the very notion of massive modularity itself, is ill-posed and confused. In particular, it is based on a confusion about the level of analysis (or reduction) at which one is approaching the mind. Here, we will provide a framework for clarifying at what level of analysis one is approaching the mind, and explain how a systemic failure to distinguish between different levels of analysis has led to profound misunderstandings of not only evolutionary psychology, but also of the entire cognitivist enterprise of approaching the mind at the level of mechanism. We will furthermore suggest that confusions between different levels of analysis are endemic throughout the psychological sciences—extending well beyond issues of modularity and evolutionary psychology. Therefore, researchers in all areas should take preventative measures to avoid this confusion in the future.

System, State, or Individual: Gaming Levels of Analysis in International Relations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Asal ◽  
Inga Miller ◽  
Charmaine N Willis
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
System State ◽  
International Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Abstract Students often struggle to grasp how examining international phenomena at the systemic, state, or international level of analysis can yield different understandings or perspectives. To help students understand the dynamics at the different levels of analysis, we suggest the use of several short games that make students be “lab rats in their own experiments.” In this article, we discuss the mechanics of three short games we play with our students. We offer our qualitative impressions of the impact of these games on the understanding of the students.

scholarly journals Integrative Analysis of Molecular and Physiological Data to Quantify Biological Aging

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 32-32
Author(s):  
Daniel Belsky
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Integrative Analysis ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Biological Aging ◽  
Biological Organization ◽  
Molecular Changes ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Abstract Development of reliable and valid measurements to quantify biological aging is a critical frontier geroscience. Originating in accumulations of molecular changes, biological aging undermines resilience within cellular networks and organ systems, driving disease, disability, and mortality. Measurements of biological aging have been proposed at several molecular and physiological levels of analysis. But agreement between measures implemented at different levels of analysis is low. The timing at which aging processes manifest at different levels of biological organization may vary, with the result that signs of aging manifest in one level of analysis are not yet observable in another. And different aging processes may be most apparent in different molecular levels of analysis. In midlife humans, aging-related changes are manifest at multiple molecular and physiological levels, making this population ideal for development of measurements that integrate information across levels of analysis to more precisely quantify the state and pace of biological aging.

scholarly journals The Effects of Corruption in Entrepreneurial Ecosystems on Entrepreneurial Intentions

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Ceresia ◽  
Mendola
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ecosystem ◽  
Psychological Mechanism ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Although researchers have identified corruption as a factor capable of affecting the entrepreneurial ecosystem at the national level of analysis, scholars have reported conflicting results regarding the exact nature of the relationship between corruption and entrepreneurial intentions. This paper formulates some propositions about the complex relationship between corruption and entrepreneurship at different levels of analysis and it suggests and explores the socio-cultural consequences of such domains’ interactions. Finally, the slippery-slope effect will be discussed as an intra-individual psychological mechanism that could explain why even morally-engaged people might replicate corrupt behaviors. The limitations of this work, and its implications for future researchers and for government policies will be analyzed.

scholarly journals Why Evolutionary Psychology Should Abandon Modularity

2021 ◽  
pp. 174569162199711
Author(s):  
David Pietraszewski ◽  
Annie E. Wertz
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
The Future ◽  
Massive Modularity ◽  
Ill Posed ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Level Of Analysis

A debate surrounding modularity—the notion that the mind may be exclusively composed of distinct systems or modules—has held philosophers and psychologists captive for nearly 40 years. Concern about this thesis—which has come to be known as the massive modularity debate—serves as the primary grounds for skepticism of evolutionary psychology’s claims about the mind. In this article we argue that the entirety of this debate, and the very notion of massive modularity itself, is ill-posed and confused. In particular, it is based on a confusion about the level of analysis (or reduction) at which one is approaching the mind. Here we provide a framework for clarifying at what level of analysis one is approaching the mind and explain how a systemic failure to distinguish between different levels of analysis has led to profound misunderstandings of not only evolutionary psychology but also of the entire cognitivist enterprise of approaching the mind at the level of the mechanism. We furthermore suggest that confusions between different levels of analysis are endemic throughout the psychological sciences—extending well beyond issues of modularity and evolutionary psychology. Therefore, researchers in all areas should take preventive measures to avoid this confusion in the future.

Microbrook, Mesobrook, Macrobrook

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Jilke ◽  
Asmus Leth Olsen ◽  
William Resh ◽  
Saba Siddiki
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Explicit Characterization ◽  
Methodological Perspective ◽  
Level Of Analysis ◽  
Effective Problem

Abstract This article assesses the field of public administration from a conceptual and methodological perspective. We urge public administration scholars to resolve the ambiguities that mire our scholarship due to the inadequate treatment of levels of analysis in our research. Overall, we encourage methodological accountability through a more explicit characterization of one’s research by the level of analysis to which it relates. We argue that this particular form of accountability is critical for effective problem solving for advancing theory and practice.

scholarly journals High-growth firms and scale-ups: a review and research agenda

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-111
Author(s):  
Guilherme Fowler A. Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Growth Firms ◽  
Different Levels

Purpose This paper aims to conduct an extensive review and advances a framework for the literature of high-growth firms (HGFs) and scale-ups. Design/methodology/approach This paper takes the form of a literature review. Findings The author makes three specific contributions. First, he presents a broad review of high growth in firms, shedding light on the different levels of analysis. Second, he advances a characterization of scale-up companies to enable a better basis for discussion. Finally, he identifies gaps in the existing literature and suggest paths for future research. Originality/value The interest in HGFs and those referred to as scale-ups has increased considerably in recent years. Despite this trend, existing studies still have conceptual divergences and a gap separating theoretical inputs from the actual experiences of entrepreneurs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document