scholarly journals Prehistory and prerequisites of the creation of the Mari national theatre (1907–1919)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-343
Author(s):  
Erik A. Yuzykayn
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Native People ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
National Theatre ◽  
The People ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Education And Development

Introduction. Alongside with other cultural initiatives, the development of the theatre movement as a forerunner of the creation of the Mari national theatre was the result of the development of Mari cultural nationalism in the early twentieth century. The purpose of this article is to consider the facts of the prehistory of the creation of the Mari national theatre, which was set up in November 1919, and the factors that influenced the development of the theatre movement among Mari people. Materials and Methods. To achieve the goals, the author reviewed the first Mari periodicals, research and publications on the history of the Mari theatre and the development of the national movement, and the protocols of the Mari congresses. The systematic analysis of sources for the reviewed period, an attempt to restore events in chronological order allows us to formulate the most objective answers to the research problems. Results and Discussions. One of the key factors that influenced the development of the Mari theatre movement and interest to the theatre was the movement for the national and cultural education and development of the Mari people, initiated by Mari cultural nationalists that gradually developed since the beginning of the twentieth century. Prehistory of the creation of the Mari national theatre in November 1919 goes back about ten years and it is linked with the publication of the first periodical in the Mari language “Marla calendar”, development of literary creativity in the Mari language, and the first amateur initiatives to stage performances. The climax of this prehistory was the decisions made by the first Mari forums on theatre issues, and the rapid development of interest to the theatre among the people in 1917–1919. Along with this factor, the cultural and social specific features of Mari played an important role: a theatrical tradition in the festive and ritual spheres and the low level of literacy of the people in this period. Conclusion. The processes of development of modern Mari national culture, began with the publication of “Marla calendars”, were crucial for the entire Mari people. The ideological contradictions that appeared with the development of Soviet power among the Mari intelligentsia did not immediately begin to influence the work of the first Mari playwrights. The supporters of different ideological movements were the colleagues for many years. Although they had disagreements, they acted in a single direction in the development of their native people, in particular in support of the theatre movement. Newspaper publications and increased dramatic creativity clearly indicate that the Mari activists intuitively, and sometimes purposefully, fuelled interest in theatrical creativity, promoted and, thus, preceded the appearance of their own national professional theatre.

scholarly journals Printing Cosmopolitanism, Challenging Orthodoxies: Cao Đài Journals in Twentieth Century Vietnam

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-209
Author(s):  
Jeremy Jammes
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Moral Reform ◽  
Archival Studies ◽  
Southern Vietnam ◽  
Universal Values ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Set Up

Abstract In the first part of the twentieth century, some members of the French- or Chinese-educated but indigenous religious, economic, and political elite in southern Vietnam (Cochin-China) intensively engaged in spirit-medium practices. Many of them set up or joined the new Cao Đài religion and its spirit-medium séances. Integrating in their pantheon religious figures from Buddhism, Daoism, Confucianism, and even Catholicism, Cao Đài leaders deliberately challenged the orthodoxies at that time, tactically undermining the local religious elites, but also proposing a universal theological redemption and moral reform through the publication of their new set of spirit medium messages. Very quickly after the creation of Caodaism in 1926, various groups branched off, borrowing and adapting this reformed and orthodox posture within the Cao Đài community itself. While the Cao Đài canon may be well-known to scholars, Cao Đài community journals have yet to be examined in detail, although they often served as incubators for the Cao Đài quest for orthodoxy and a modern path to salvation. Based on archival studies and field research trips to the relevant areas, this paper aims to show how collective and individual actors of these Cao Đài groups have mobilised institutional, rhetorical, ideological, media-based, and other resources to assure and legitimise their authority. Simultaneously, we will see how the Cao Đài religion emerged from very unique kinds of “redemptive societies,” combining both Western and Eastern esotericism to articulate new Asian expressions of orthodoxy, universal values, and cosmopolitanism.

scholarly journals The legitimization of the endo-ethnonym “Mari” in the first quarter of the XX century

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodion I. Chuzaev
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Original Language ◽  
Language Of Science ◽  
The People ◽  
Ethnic History ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
Historical Fact ◽  
Single Use

Introduction. Mari people formed in the IX–XI centuries AD and settled due to historical circumstances mostly within the Volga-Kama region. For many centuries it had two ethnonyms: Cheremis and Mari. In the first quarter of the XX century the representatives of the Mari people selected one ethnonym in favor of another one, which was authentic and complimentary; it turned out to be a very complex historical fact. Materials and methods. The use of a systematic analysis of the sources of the studied period, an attempt to restore events in chronological dynamics, studying the events of the Mari ethnic history in the context of all-Russian history allows us to formulate the most objective answers to the research problems. Results and discussion. One of the earliest precursors to the solution of the ethnonymic alternative was “Marla Calendar” yearbook, the first publication to receive official recognition, where the self-name of the people took its rightful place on the cover of the printed edition. The turning point in using of the ethnonym was the First All-Russian Congress of the Mari People in July 1917. The materials of the Congress, both in the original language and in translation into Russian, do not contain a single use of the term Cheremis. February Regional Congress of Mari (1918) made a historic decision to abandon the existing name Cheremis people and replace it with the self-name of the people, Mari. Conclusion. The historical process of legitimization of the ethnonym Mari developed according to a certain pattern: “the position of a broad ethno-social base → a small number of the intelligentsia capable of formulating ideas → the agenda and resolutions of the national movement → legal acts, official record keeping, the language of science …”.

scholarly journals Integrated Structure and Specific Solutions for Sustainable Development of Islands’ Special Economic Zone: A Practice in Phu-Quoc Island, Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Dao Manh Tien ◽  
Pham Van Thanh ◽  
Dao Manh Tri ◽  
Dang Thi Huong ◽  
Dao Huong Giang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Special Economic Zone ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
The People ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Economic Zone ◽  
Flexible Application ◽  
Sd Model

A success achievement for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requires four key elements: Suitable Sustainable Development (SD) model; Feasible policies; Mobilizing resources; and Consensus of the people. Establishment of a simple, common, easy-to-use process or an approach to the building of an SD model would be key importance. This could make it easier for countries or small regions where expertise resource is limited. This paper addresses two main objectives: 1) demonstrate the importance of systematic analyses and the creation of a Practical SD Structure (PSDS) at the first stage of an SD study; and 2) perform complete research at a selected pilot area, using it as the practical basis to establish component models for individual aspects of SD. This work selects Phu Quoc Special Economic Zone as a case study. It approaches three strategic goals for SD to build a comprehensive process from setting up a procedure for the creation of a visualized PSDS, identifying targets for SD, challenges, key partners, to ultimately providing analyses and practical solutions for SD issues. The results demonstrate that while only the SDGs are relatively homogeneous in different study areas, implementing partners may have similarities, so the identification of challenges, priorities, determination of tasks and responsibilities in interactions between partners is highly variable; The SD model for each specific area always requires systematic analysis. It must be based on practical conditions and pursuing feasibility. The results provide practical solutions, directly applicable to the study area. However, the approach of the work and structure of the models allow flexible application for others.

Counter-Reformation Sanctity: The Bollandists' Vita of Blessed Hemma of Gurk

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-434
Author(s):  
Edmund Kern
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The People ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Lives Of The Saints ◽  
The Church

It is now commonplace for historians of religion to treat the creation of saints as a political process that included such issues as doctrinal orthodoxy, church authority and popular practices and beliefs. The early twentieth-century Bollandist scholar of sanctity, Hippolyte Delehaye sj, touched on these when he considered the problems facing the critical, but devout, hagiographer in his history, The work of the Bollandists:To question the lawfulness of the cult of a saint, or to raise doubts as to the authenticity of his relics, were issues which could not in most cases remain theoretical, but which demanded practical measures, and in the application of these more than usual tact was required. How was it to be made clear to the faithful that the authority of the Church was not responsible for certain vagaries? How were devotions which had taken root in the heart of the people to be suppressed without causing serious disturbances? On the other hand how were they to be upheld, in the face of the conviction that they were without foundation?… Of course the faithful have never been taught that the lives of the saints are to be believed in the same measure as the Gospel, but it is a fact that they incline to this belief. Hence was it not dangerous, from the standpoint of faith, to destroy certain pious illusions?

scholarly journals A Short Overview of Astronomical Education Carried Out by the International Astronomical Union (IAU)

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 1017-1019
Author(s):  
Syuzo Isobe
Keyword(s):  
Doctoral Students ◽  
International Astronomical Union ◽  
Astronomy Education ◽  
Short Overview ◽  
The People ◽  
International Astronomical ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Education And Development

The IAU is a union of professional astronomers who produce new astronomical results and who make the frontiers of astronomy expand. However, the IAU cannot stand by itself but needs the support of governments as well as the people. This is one reason why the IAU set up Commission 46 – originally called “Teaching of Astronomy” and renamed “Astronomy Education and Development” with much wider mandate in 2000 – to cover astronomy education from the level of beginners to that of post-doctoral students.

scholarly journals The Repertoire and Interpretative Dynamics of Shakespeare’s Dramaturgy in the Twentieth-Century Lithuanian Theatre

Menotyra ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramunė Marcinkevičiūtė
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Independent State ◽  
National Theatre ◽  
The Creation ◽  
New Beginnings ◽  
The 1960S

The repertoire and interpretative dynamics of Shakespeare’s dramaturgy in the twentieth-century Lithuanian theatre have shown that despite the fact that the first premiere on a professional theatre stage in Lithuanian took place only in 1924 (Othello), the main European tendencies of the playwright’s directorial narrative (from Romantic rhetoric and retrospectivism to deconstruction or postcolonial practices) were repeated over the course of the century. The author of the article observes that the general turn towards Shakespeare by many Lithuanian theatre artists, not just one director or repertory theatre, reflects and connects various phenomena of major social changes and new beginnings: the creation of an independent state and a professional national theatre in the interwar period; the creation of a more modern theatre and a more relaxed society during the thaw of the 1960s in the wake of the Stalinist regime and its terror; the transformation of the role of theatre in society in the 1990s following the restoration of the country’s independence; the challenges brought about by the new century and the changing generations of artists. This hypothetical parallel between changes in history and in the theatrical discourses distinguishes Shakespeare as a prominent factor of theatre development and puts the Lithuanian professional theatre in the context of the traditions of European Shakespearean theatre repertory choices formed throughout the centuries.

Development of the Jewish religious movement "Khabad" in Ukraine in the 20's of the twentieth century

2001 ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
O. V. Kozerod
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Important Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Problems

The development of the Jewish religious movement "Khabad" and its organizations in the first quarter of the twentieth century - one of the important research problems, which is still practically not considered in the domestic Judaica. At the same time, this problem is relevant in connection with the fact that the religious movement "Khabad" during the twentieth century became the most widespread and influential area of Judaism in Ukraine and throughout the world.

Indian Genocide – A Study Through The Works of Elizabeth Cook-Lynn

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Poonam Chourey
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
Native People ◽  
The South ◽  
The People ◽  
Freedom Fighters ◽  
Purpose Of Business ◽  
Wounded Knee ◽  
Shed Light

The research expounded the turmoil, uproar, anguish, pain, and agony faced by native Indians and Native Americans in the South Dakota region.  To explain the grief, pain and lamentation, this research studies the works of Elizabeth Cook-Lyn.  She laments for the people who died and also survived in the Wounded Knee Massacre.  The people at that time went through huge exploitation and tolerated the cruelty of American Federal government. This research brings out the unchangeable scenario of the Native Americans and Native Indians.  Mr. Padmanaban shed light on the works of Elizabeth Cook-Lynn who was activist.  Mr. Padmanaban is very influenced with Elizabeth Cook-Lynn’s thoughts and works. She hails from Sioux Community, a Native American.  She was an outstanding and exceptional scholar.  She experienced the agony and pain faced by the native people.  The researcher, Mr. Padmanaban is concerned the sufferings, agony, pain faced by the South Dakota people at that time.  The researcher also is acknowledging the Indian freedom fighters who got India independence after over 200 years of sufferings.  The foreign nationals entered our country with the sole purpose of business.  Slowly and steadily the took over the reign of the country and ruled us for years, made all of us suffer a lot.

The Role of Evaluative Tools in the Creation of the Memorial Media Portrait of Jacques Chirac (1932—2019)

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
E. N. Mikhailova ◽  
V. A. Telegina
Keyword(s):  
Print Media ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Political Orientations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Entire Text

The article is devoted to the study of evaluative tools used in modern French media in order to form the media image of a representative of the political elite. The techniques used in the creation of a memorial media portrait of Jacques Chirac (1932—2019), President of France from 1995 to 2007 are considered. The research material was the most prestigious French print media of various political orientations, published in late September — early October 2019 in connection with the death of the ex-President of the French Republic. The relevance of the research topic is dictated by the close attention of modern linguistics to axiological phenomena, differently presented in different types of discursive practices. The novelty of the study is due to the appeal to the analysis of the complex of evaluation tools used in the French print media when characterizing the former leader of the state during the nation’s farewell period. The estimated potential of the title of the article and its influence on the formation of the estimated vector of the entire text of the publication are shown. A systematic analysis of the assessment expression means, reflected in the memorial media portrait of the politician, is given. The factors that influenced the peculiarities of their use in this type of media portrait are revealed.

The War of US against ISIS in Psychological Warfare and Internet as the New Frontline

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Urtak Hamiti
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Barack Obama ◽  
Good News ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Media Center ◽  
The People ◽  
Psychological Warfare ◽  
The Media ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Hearts And Minds

Barbaric, savage, horrific-these were terms to define the decision of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) to murder its captured Jordanian pilot by burning him alive inspired a thesaurus of horror and revulsion. The men who did it, the perpetrators were described by the media as mad men, thugs, monsters. To most of the people, the act itself seemed inexplicable and without sense. However, behind the choreographed and videotaped violence lies a calculated horrible cold logic. Although, ISIS is often portrait as a mighty force on the ground in Syria and Iraq, facts state that they control mainly communications between various provinces in both countries, and, as most guerrilla armies, are militarily weak by conventional measure. ISIS has little or almost none defense against the bombing campaign that is facing now, while US has formed a coalition that is confronting them on the ground as well, after President Barack Obama published the “New Security Doctrine” which includes degrading and finally destroying ISIS. ISIS, however, have proven to be very organized in promoting dramatic acts of violence against their enemies and promoting them two achieve two goals: use terror tactics as a psychological weapon against all those facing them and all those that are to face them in combat. Secondly, through usage of social network platforms to promote killings and executions, the aim of ISIS is to encourage recruits from out of Syria and Iraq, and elsewhere, to join them in their cause. Online operations of ISIS fall under a production group called the Al Hayat Media Center. The Center was created to seduce Westerners into joining the ranks of ISIS and also to distribute propaganda through social and media platforms. It is difficult to assess the success of this operation, but solid sources provided by US military and intelligence estimate that at least 300 Americans are fighting in the ranks of ISIS (at least two Americans have been killed fighting for ISIS in Iraq/Syria region) while the number of Europeans is in thousands. The US Response to this psychological kind of warfare came when President Barack Obama established the Center for Strategic Counterterrorism Communications (CSCC) aiming to combat terrorist propaganda. The main strategy of CSCC is not directly to confront ISIS operatives, but rather than that to deal with the people they are trying to recruit. Now, with almost entire international public opinion on their side, it is time for US to more actively respond to ISIS especially in the manner of psychological warfare since it is obvious that operations of “winning hearts and minds” of people in Iraq and Syria are not enough compared to ruthless tactics of ISIS which “winning hearts and minds” by brute force, terror, and vivid violent images. The online propaganda war is a new component to conflicts of 21st century that allows enemies to reach one another’s home fronts directly. ISIS might seem not so strong on the ground but it has captured one fundamental flaw of the media of 21st century-the one that bad news is always good news and that televised violence will always have an audience. ISIS has proclaimed that its goal is to create a caliphate of 21st century but its psychological warfare and propaganda is inspiring individuals throughout the West to commit horrible terrorist crimes. Could this be another mind game set up by ISIS, it remains to be seen. However one thing is for certain, US and its allies must tackle ISIS not only by planes and other military means, but also by a strategy that would eliminate its influence in spreading their propaganda.

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