scholarly journals The Firm “F. Schwabe” in the Context of Russian Industrialization in the Second Half of the XIX – early XX century

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-48
Author(s):  
Anatoly V. Sludnyh
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Optical Devices ◽  
Foreign Banks ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Small Shop ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Production Capacities ◽  
Post Industrial

Introduction. The relevance of the stated topic is due to the significance of the problem of the formation of entrepreneurship as an important social component of industrial and post-industrial society. Many modern contradictory processes of post-industrial globalized society have analogs in the modernization of the second half of the XIX – early XX century. Materials and Methods. The modernization paradigm was chosen as the main strategy of the study, and this choice contributed to the identification of socio-political, socio-economic and socio-cultural influences on the formation of entrepreneurship in Russia. The history of the formation of the Schwabe company – from a small shop selling imported optics to a large enterprise – was considered in the context of the processes of industrialization in the optical industry as a whole. The technique of combining macro and micro-historical research was used. Results. The history of the formation of the company F. Schwabe reflected the peculiarities of the development of industrial society in Russia: the uneven course of the industrial revolution, dependence on imports, and technological backwardness were combined with high rates of development, the use of various mechanisms for expanding influence in the industry: publishing catalogs, opening new stores and branches throughout the Russian Empire, attracting capital from shareholders and investments from foreign banks, cooperation with educational institutions, the Boundary Office as consumers of optical devices, free packaging and delivery of goods to consumers, participation in Russian and international industrial exhibitions. Discussion and Conclusions. The Russian bourgeoisie has become an important socio-organizing factor in the development of the optical industry. Its vital activity played a significant role in the formation of industrial society. It is safe to say that the firm F. Schwabe was at the forefront of Russia’s modernization at the turn of the century. Working in a new promising sector of the economy – the production and sale of optical devices – the owners of the company actively conquered the market. The history of the Schwabe company is presented in the study not only as the evolution of production capacities and technologies, but also as the history of entrepreneurial experience, socio-cultural activities of the bourgeoisie, the continuity of entrepreneurial traditions and bourgeois values.

scholarly journals The Role of Values in Social Change: An Analysis from The Qur’ānic Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anis Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
Means Of Production

In the post-industrial revolution world, social change is often studied and understood in the context of change in means of production, mobility, urbanization and change in the constitution of workforce. Role of ethical values is generally confined to personal conduct and manners. Industrial society is supposed to have its own work ethics which may or may not agree with personal ethics and morality. Ethics and morality are generally considered, in the Western thought, as a social construct. Therefore, with the change in means of production or political system, values and morality are also expected to be re-adjusted in order to cope with the changed environment. Sometimes a totally new set of values emerges as a consequence of the change in economic, political, or legal set up. The present research tries to understand the meaning and place of these values in a global socio-cultural framework. Relying essentially on the divine principles of the Qur'ān it makes an effort to understand relevance of these universal and ultimate principles with human conduct and behavior in society.  It indicates that essentially it is the core values, principles, or norms which guide human beings in their interpersonal, social, economic and political matters. Islam being a major civilizing force, culture, and the way of life, provides values which guide both in individual and social matters. The values given by the Qur’ān and the Sunnah are not monopoly of the Muslim. These values are universal and are relevant in a technological society.

scholarly journals An Agro-Based Society after Post-Industrial Society: From a Perspective of Economic Growth Paradigm

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 455
Author(s):  
Hongyun Han ◽  
Sheng Xia
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Global Environmental Change ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
Degraded Ecosystems ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Post Industrial

Since the Industrial Revolution, a new era has arisen called the Anthropocene, in which human actions have become the main driver of global environmental change outside the stable environmental state of the Holocene. During the Holocene, environmental change occurred naturally, and the Earth’s regulatory capacity maintained the conditions that enabled human development. Resource overexploitation of the industrial “Anthropocene”, under the principle of profit maximization, has led to planetary ecological crises, such as overloaded carbon sinks and climate changes, vanishing species, degraded ecosystems, and insufficient natural resources. Agro-based society, in which almost all demands of humans can be supported by agriculture, is characterized by life production. The substitution of Agro-based society for a post-industrial society is an evolutionary result of social movement, it is an internal requirement of a sustainable society for breaking through the resource constraint of economic growth. The core feature of agriculture is to use organisms as production objects and rely on life processes to achieve production goals. The substitution of Agro-based society for a post-industrial society is the precondition for a sustainable carbon cycle, breaking through the resource limits of the industrial “Anthropocene”, alleviating the environmental pressure of economic development, and promoting society from increasing disorderly entropy to orderly decreasing entropy. Meanwhile, technological advancements and growing environmental awareness of society make it feasible for the substitution of an agro-based society for a post-industrial society.

WHAT VALUE "HISTORY"?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1064-1064
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Social Goals ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Economic View ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Value History ◽  
Post Industrial

For those of us who enjoy history, the publication of Bremner's two volumes on the history of children and youth in America' provides enormous satisfaction and pleasure. And yet the skeptic of Santayana says, "But how does that help solve our current problems in social policy?" Featherstone in a review of these volumes gives at least one answer. In the coming post-industrial society the major tension, he says, will be between the present dominant economic view and what others believe will be the greater emphasis on social goals. The history of children and the family "is more deeply rooted in American life than entrepreneurial, economic values. In the coming battles over national priorities and a new social policy, children and their families may be more important as symbols of social values than ever." Reading the history of children may guide us more surely toward these social goals.

The Place of Ethics in Business: Shifting Paradigms?

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon M. Shepard ◽  
Jon Shepard ◽  
James C. Wimbush ◽  
Carroll U. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Invisible Hand ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Western World ◽  
Efficient Markets ◽  
Business Activity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post Industrial

Abstract:This article uses concepts from sociology, history, and philosophy to explore the shifting relationship between moral values and business in the Western world. We examine the historical roots and intellectual underpinnings of two major business-society paradigms in ideal-type terms. In pre-industrial Western society, we argue that business activity was linked to society’s values of morality (the moral unity paradigm)—for good or for ill. With the rise of industrialism, we contend that business was freed from moral constraints by the alleged “invisible hand” of efficient markets (the amoral theory of business). Armed with this understanding of the intellectual history of the moral unity and amoral business-society paradigms, we suggest that some variant of the moral unity paradigm may be recurring in post-industrial society.

Social types and sociological analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-23
Author(s):  
Charles Turner
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Literature And Science ◽  
Sociological Analysis ◽  
History Of Sociology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post Industrial

Social types, or types of persons, occupy a curious place in the history of sociology. There has never been any agreement on how they should be used, or what their import is. Yet the problems surrounding their use are instructive, symptomatic of key ambivalences at the heart of the sociological enterprise. These include a tension between theories of social order that privilege the division of labour and those that focus on large-scale cultural complexes; a tension between the analysis of society in terms of social groups and an acknowledgement of modern individualism; sociology’s location somewhere between literature and science; and sociology’s awkward response to the claim – made by both Catholic conservatives and Marxists – that modern industrial and post-industrial society cannot be a society of estates. These ambivalences may help to explain why the attempts to use social types for the purpose of cultural diagnosis – from the interesting portrait of arbitrarily selected positions in the division of labour to more ambitious guesswork about modern culture’s dominant ‘characters’ – have been unconvincing.

scholarly journals The Role of Immigrants in the ‘Take-Offs’ of Eastern European ‘Manchesters’. Comparative Case Studies of Three Cities: Lodz, Tampere and Ivanovo

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-299
Author(s):  
Kamil Kowalski ◽  
Rafał Matera ◽  
Mariusz E. Sokołowicz
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Institutional Conditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dynamic Growth ◽  
Comparative Case Studies ◽  
The Russian Empire

Abstract In this article, we identify the institutional offers for emigrants and evaluate the role of immigrants during the industrial revolution in the nineteenth-century history of three cities (once labelled ‘Manchesters’) from different parts of the Russian Empire. The dynamic growth of these cities was based on the textile industry but also depended largely on newcomers and highly mobile and entrepreneurial citizens. We show the key institutional factors that accelerated the immigrants’ mobility to these Eastern European ‘Manchesters’ and made their role in urban development crucial. We claim the textile industry and institutional conditions for newcomers were prerequisites, but the entrepreneurship of a large number of immigrants proved crucial in these cities.

scholarly journals THE EVOLUTION OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABOUR RELATIONS: CON- CEPTUAL PROVISIONS

1970 ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
N.Yu. Anisimova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Relations ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Industrial And Labor Relations ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
Industrial Revolutions

The article considers various theoretical and methodological concepts of the evolution of industrial and labor relations as the basis for the socio-economic development of society. From the point of view of the history of industrial revolutions, theories of socio-economic formations and information (post-industrial) society, the essential characteristics of industrial and labor relations and the stages of their transformation were revealed. It is shown that the systematic formation of industrial and labor relations began in close relationship with social and labor relations during the period of industrialization of the economy. It is justified that, most conceptually, the further periodization of their development is represented by a civilizational approach, according to which the change of paradigms is carried out not at the expense of social, but at the expense of scientific and technical revolutions. The global digitalization of labor processes has led to the individualization of industrial and labor relations, their intellectualization, and the transition to remote forms of personnel work. The contradictions of the conceptual provisions of industrial and labor relations revealed during the study lead to the need for further theoretical and methodological justification of their internal content.

Projects: A Very Short Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Davies
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Erie Canal ◽  
Moon Landing ◽  
Post Industrial

What is a project? How is it organized? Projects: A Very Short Introduction looks at how projects have developed since the industrial revolution to create the human-built world in which we live, work, and play. Considering some of our greatest endeavours—such as the Erie Canal, Apollo Moon landing, and Chinese eco-city projects—it identifies how projects are organized and managed to design and produce large and complex systems, cope with fast changing conditions, and deal with the immense uncertainties required to create breakthrough innovations in products and services. It concludes by considering how projects could be organized to address the challenges facing the post-industrial society of the 21st century.

The Idea of Progress in the Context of Modern Discourse

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3-1) ◽  
pp. 176-187
Author(s):  
Maria Kondratyeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Divine Intervention ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
The World ◽  
Post Industrial

The article explores the idea of social progress in the context of the history of human society. The author considers the concept of progress in interrelation with the three revolutions. The first revolution was an agrarian one, which established the dominant religious consciousness and dependence on the divine intervention. Accordingly, the idea of progress as opposed to the perfection of God was not dominant. The world of nature is born, develops, and dies. This approach prevailed for about seven thousand years: from the first civilizations to the XV - XVIII centuries. According to the Judeo-Christian tradition, after the fall, the world fell away from God. This understanding corresponds to the primordial approach and is also opposite to the idea of progress. In the Renaissance, the secularization of consciousness and culture begins. Culture and values are formed on the basis of religious Judeo-Christian values, but a man becomes the bearer and guarantor of these values. The ideas of humanism and worshipping of a human being as the main creator are reflected in philosophy, art, and painting. In accordance with this approach, the idea of progress is born. The idea of progress is fully formed and takes possession of the masses in the age of Enlightenment. During this period, the industrial revolution is taking place. In European culture, the primacy of rationality, machine labor and equality is asserted. But at the same time, the industrial revolution entailed many social crises that are still relevant today. The United States and Europe were gradually able to overcome the challenges of the industrial revolution and create a system of “capitalism with a human face”, while partially imposing their system on other countries where production is cheaper. Therefore, the problems of the so-called “wild capitalism” still take place in the third world countries. By the middle of the XX century, science became the leading factor in manufacturing. Society is changing from industrial to post-industrial. The article focuses on the problems and opportunities of the modern post-industrial society with all the accumulated baggage of the previous stages of development. Humanity has achieved great technological success, and the scientific and technological revolution has brought material benefits to society. But at the same time, the consumer society creates many problems. What is progress in the context of modern discourse? The answer to this question is the purpose of this article.

Labor and Attitude To It: Before and After Modernity

2021 ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Shipilov
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Agrarian Society ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
Working Efficiency ◽  
General Reduction

The article examines  the problem of the changing nature of labor and attitudes towards it. The relevance of this topic continues to grow due to current trends in socio-economic development. The author draws attention to the fact that only in the industrial society, which was formed in Europe of the XIX century as result of the industrial revolution, labor was seen as the ability, need and duty of a person, as something that did and makes him a person. The positive value status of labor persists to some extent even today, but the industrial society has ceased to exist due to the overflow of labor force from industry to service. This overflow happened because of the increase in working efficiency. In the postindustrial society the process of a general reduction in labor in favor of leisure is unfolding as the value of the latter increases and the value of the former decreases. In this regard, it is useful to remember that in the agrarian society, as well as in the era of Antiquity and the Middle Ages labor was viewed as an anti-value and was the occupation of the lower classes and estates. The attitude towards labor in the post-industrial era approaches the attitude of the pre-industrial period, turning from positive to negative, while leisure becomes self-valuable and self-sufficient. Thus, one can agree with the opinion that the civilization of labor is being replaced today by the civilization of leisure.

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