Labor and Attitude To It: Before and After Modernity

2021 ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Shipilov
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Agrarian Society ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
Working Efficiency ◽  
General Reduction

The article examines  the problem of the changing nature of labor and attitudes towards it. The relevance of this topic continues to grow due to current trends in socio-economic development. The author draws attention to the fact that only in the industrial society, which was formed in Europe of the XIX century as result of the industrial revolution, labor was seen as the ability, need and duty of a person, as something that did and makes him a person. The positive value status of labor persists to some extent even today, but the industrial society has ceased to exist due to the overflow of labor force from industry to service. This overflow happened because of the increase in working efficiency. In the postindustrial society the process of a general reduction in labor in favor of leisure is unfolding as the value of the latter increases and the value of the former decreases. In this regard, it is useful to remember that in the agrarian society, as well as in the era of Antiquity and the Middle Ages labor was viewed as an anti-value and was the occupation of the lower classes and estates. The attitude towards labor in the post-industrial era approaches the attitude of the pre-industrial period, turning from positive to negative, while leisure becomes self-valuable and self-sufficient. Thus, one can agree with the opinion that the civilization of labor is being replaced today by the civilization of leisure.

scholarly journals The Role of Values in Social Change: An Analysis from The Qur’ānic Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anis Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
Means Of Production

In the post-industrial revolution world, social change is often studied and understood in the context of change in means of production, mobility, urbanization and change in the constitution of workforce. Role of ethical values is generally confined to personal conduct and manners. Industrial society is supposed to have its own work ethics which may or may not agree with personal ethics and morality. Ethics and morality are generally considered, in the Western thought, as a social construct. Therefore, with the change in means of production or political system, values and morality are also expected to be re-adjusted in order to cope with the changed environment. Sometimes a totally new set of values emerges as a consequence of the change in economic, political, or legal set up. The present research tries to understand the meaning and place of these values in a global socio-cultural framework. Relying essentially on the divine principles of the Qur'ān it makes an effort to understand relevance of these universal and ultimate principles with human conduct and behavior in society.  It indicates that essentially it is the core values, principles, or norms which guide human beings in their interpersonal, social, economic and political matters. Islam being a major civilizing force, culture, and the way of life, provides values which guide both in individual and social matters. The values given by the Qur’ān and the Sunnah are not monopoly of the Muslim. These values are universal and are relevant in a technological society.

scholarly journals An Agro-Based Society after Post-Industrial Society: From a Perspective of Economic Growth Paradigm

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 455
Author(s):  
Hongyun Han ◽  
Sheng Xia
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Global Environmental Change ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
Degraded Ecosystems ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Post Industrial

Since the Industrial Revolution, a new era has arisen called the Anthropocene, in which human actions have become the main driver of global environmental change outside the stable environmental state of the Holocene. During the Holocene, environmental change occurred naturally, and the Earth’s regulatory capacity maintained the conditions that enabled human development. Resource overexploitation of the industrial “Anthropocene”, under the principle of profit maximization, has led to planetary ecological crises, such as overloaded carbon sinks and climate changes, vanishing species, degraded ecosystems, and insufficient natural resources. Agro-based society, in which almost all demands of humans can be supported by agriculture, is characterized by life production. The substitution of Agro-based society for a post-industrial society is an evolutionary result of social movement, it is an internal requirement of a sustainable society for breaking through the resource constraint of economic growth. The core feature of agriculture is to use organisms as production objects and rely on life processes to achieve production goals. The substitution of Agro-based society for a post-industrial society is the precondition for a sustainable carbon cycle, breaking through the resource limits of the industrial “Anthropocene”, alleviating the environmental pressure of economic development, and promoting society from increasing disorderly entropy to orderly decreasing entropy. Meanwhile, technological advancements and growing environmental awareness of society make it feasible for the substitution of an agro-based society for a post-industrial society.

scholarly journals The Pressure on Higher Education Performance and the Process of Lifelong Learning

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alka Obadić ◽  
Anna-Marija Jakšić
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Lifelong Learning ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Training System ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Central Resource ◽  
Education Performance ◽  
Post Industrial

Knowledge has become the central resource in the economy of the "information" or "post-industrial" society. Therefore, analysis in the article elaborates European higher education system and the relationship between educational attainment and the employment rate in EU countries and their position in world leading markets. Enclosed, the study analyses the progress and current trends of lifelong learning (LLL) performance in EU and Croatia. The research analyses five EU benchmarks for education and training system set by the European Council, and their implications’ on labour market performance. Some synthesis of previous studies is also used. The methodological approach uses the worldwide UN Education Index, the European Commission data on higher education, Eurostat LFS data, and Cedefop data of Vocational Training.

Projects: A Very Short Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Davies
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Erie Canal ◽  
Moon Landing ◽  
Post Industrial

What is a project? How is it organized? Projects: A Very Short Introduction looks at how projects have developed since the industrial revolution to create the human-built world in which we live, work, and play. Considering some of our greatest endeavours—such as the Erie Canal, Apollo Moon landing, and Chinese eco-city projects—it identifies how projects are organized and managed to design and produce large and complex systems, cope with fast changing conditions, and deal with the immense uncertainties required to create breakthrough innovations in products and services. It concludes by considering how projects could be organized to address the challenges facing the post-industrial society of the 21st century.

The Idea of Progress in the Context of Modern Discourse

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3-1) ◽  
pp. 176-187
Author(s):  
Maria Kondratyeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Divine Intervention ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
The World ◽  
Post Industrial

The article explores the idea of social progress in the context of the history of human society. The author considers the concept of progress in interrelation with the three revolutions. The first revolution was an agrarian one, which established the dominant religious consciousness and dependence on the divine intervention. Accordingly, the idea of progress as opposed to the perfection of God was not dominant. The world of nature is born, develops, and dies. This approach prevailed for about seven thousand years: from the first civilizations to the XV - XVIII centuries. According to the Judeo-Christian tradition, after the fall, the world fell away from God. This understanding corresponds to the primordial approach and is also opposite to the idea of progress. In the Renaissance, the secularization of consciousness and culture begins. Culture and values are formed on the basis of religious Judeo-Christian values, but a man becomes the bearer and guarantor of these values. The ideas of humanism and worshipping of a human being as the main creator are reflected in philosophy, art, and painting. In accordance with this approach, the idea of progress is born. The idea of progress is fully formed and takes possession of the masses in the age of Enlightenment. During this period, the industrial revolution is taking place. In European culture, the primacy of rationality, machine labor and equality is asserted. But at the same time, the industrial revolution entailed many social crises that are still relevant today. The United States and Europe were gradually able to overcome the challenges of the industrial revolution and create a system of “capitalism with a human face”, while partially imposing their system on other countries where production is cheaper. Therefore, the problems of the so-called “wild capitalism” still take place in the third world countries. By the middle of the XX century, science became the leading factor in manufacturing. Society is changing from industrial to post-industrial. The article focuses on the problems and opportunities of the modern post-industrial society with all the accumulated baggage of the previous stages of development. Humanity has achieved great technological success, and the scientific and technological revolution has brought material benefits to society. But at the same time, the consumer society creates many problems. What is progress in the context of modern discourse? The answer to this question is the purpose of this article.

scholarly journals A construção da ciência da informação na pós-modernidade: dialética histórica

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Alexander Wiilian Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Vannevar Bush ◽  
Societal Changes ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Post Industrial

Trabalho bibliográfico, de natureza exploratória que procurou verificar os eventos ocorridos com a informação e a sociedade no final do século XIX e no decorrer do século XX, destacando o retrospecto histórico da constituição da Ciência da Informação, abordando a sua importância no contexto da sociedade pós-indústria. Analisam-se os valores agregados à informação, enfatizando-se a relevância dos trabalhos realizados por Paul Otlet e Vannevar Bush. A seguir, procede-se uma pesquisa sobre o desenvolvimento histórico da Ciência da Informação, orientado por uma linha cronológica dos eventos ocorridos na sociedade e na informação, que proporcionaram a construção da Ciência da Informação. AbstractThis bibliographical, exploratory research seeks to reflect access to information and societal changes at the end of the XIX century and throughout the XX century, highlighting an historical retrospective of Information Science constitution and its importance in the context of a post-industrial society. An analysis of the importance given to information, emphasizing the relevance of Paul Otlet and Vannevar Bush works is done. Following, the study continues with a chronological overview of Information Science historical development pointing out its impact on society and information, and demonstrates the importance of information in today’s computerized world.

scholarly journals Response of oriental xerophytes to the occidental industrial revolution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Manafzadeh ◽  
Yannick M. Staedler ◽  
Hamid Moazzeni ◽  
David Masson ◽  
Jürg Schönenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Climatic Change ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Stomata Density ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Herbarium Collections ◽  
Great Acceleration ◽  
Post Industrial

AbstractSince the Industrial Revolution, human activities have contributed substantially to climate change, by adding CO2to the atmosphere, especially since the mid-20thcentury (the “Great Acceleration”). Climatic change does not have the same impact on different regions of the Earth, neither in the recorded past, nor in models of the future. Therefore, to anticipate on these changes, we need to understand and be able to predict the possible responses of the different regional vegetations of the world to these changes, and most significantly to increased drought conditions. The aim of this study is to understand the response of the xerophytes of the immense oriental Irano-Turanian bioregion to post-industrial global warming and to compare it with the response of the xerophytes of the neighbouring occidental Mediterranean bioregion. We measured stomata index and stomata density from 83 herbarium sheets (coll. 1821-2014) from species of the non-succulent xerophyte,Haplophyllum. We tested for differences before and after the “Great Acceleration” in both bioregions. SI decreased in the occidental species (significant only for abaxial leaf side), whereas SI significantly increased in the oriental species (both sides). We suggest that changes in both occidental and oriental species are linked to atmospheric CO2due to the different constraints that act on their growth. In light-limited occidental species, atmospheric CO2caused the stomata index decrease, whereas in the predominantly water-limited oriental species, increased drought stress and temperature (climatic change) caused stomata index increase. In conclusion, we propose that whereas atmospheric CO2directly caused a decrease in stomata index in occidental xerophytes, it indirectly caused an increase in stomata index in oriental xerophytesviaclimate change (increase in aridity, drought stress, and temperature). This study highlights the considerable potential of research based on historical herbarium collections to answer ecological questions, especially regarding climatic change.

Information Technologies and Social Change

2018 ◽  
pp. 4715-4722
Author(s):  
Muhammet Ali Köroğlu ◽  
Cemile Zehra Köroğlu
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Information Science ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Industrial Economy ◽  
Agricultural Revolution ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
Globalized World

There are turning points in human history changed the destiny of humanity: Representing the transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture, Agricultural Revolution or the Neolithic Revolution. French Revolution that took place in 18th century and the Industrial Revolution providing the transition from the agricultural economy to industrial economy. From 19th century, Information Revolution, the whole world has experienced the effects of it in varying degrees. Information Science and technologies have become areas that their communities give the greatest importance for them and they make maximum investments to them in the globalized world conditions. As Daniel Bell describes, Industrial society left its place to Post-industrial society which is an Information society in a sense.

Chinese Society: An Historical Survey

1957 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl A. Wittfogel
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Institutional Setting ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
Agrarian Society ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
Basic Features

Traditional China was an agrarian society which experienced a significant development of handicraft and commerce. In this respect, China was similar to medieval Europe and to certain pre-Hellenistic civilizations of the northern and western Mediterranean. However, while these Western agrarian civilizations ultimately lost their societal identity, Chinese society perpetuated its basic features for millennia. And while medieval Europe saw a commercial and industrial revolution that led to the rise of an industrial society, traditional China never underwent such changes.Obviously, when characterizing societal structures, it is not enough to speak of agriculture, handicraft, and trade in general. We must consider their ecological and institutional setting and the specific human relations involved in their operation.

scholarly journals The Future: 10 Challenges for Sustainability

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy L. Caradonna
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Sustainable Society ◽  
Cooperative Effort ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Sustainability Movement ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Many ◽  
Post Industrial

Growing concerns about climate-change pollutants, the widening gap between the rich and the poor, resource shortages, and the world’s gamut of ecological problems have placed new pressures on sustainists. Creating a sustainable society that thrives within its biophysical limits is no longer seen as a distant and utopian objective; it’s now an urgent matter that, if neglected or mismanaged, will bring devastating consequences for the planet and the human economy that lives off of it. The increased political attention, institutional support, and financial commitment to the cause of sustainability means heightened expectations for immediate, tangible results. The public doesn’t want idle chatter; it wants workable solutions to very real problems. Can sustainists seize the moment and lead the transition to the sustainable future? The quest to create a sustainable society faces a host of obstacles, and many pressing questions remain unanswered: How can the entrenched political and corporate interests that perpetuate unsustainability be overcome? How can society willingly transform itself? Where will the money and political will come from to coordinate the transition? Will this sustainable society be “industrialized” or “post-industrial,” “globalized” or “localized”? Will the changes be top–down, bottom–up, or both? By charting the growth and development of sustainability since 1700, this book has not meant to imply that ecotopia is an inevitable end point. Even optimists concede that it’s quite possible that the task is too tall, that industrial society could drive itself straight into the ground, that collapse is a real threat, and that the Industrial Revolution was the first phase of humanity’s protracted extinction event. If sustainability does succeed in undoing the many harms that have caused our ecological predicament, it will only do so with the broad support of the public and through a cooperative effort to adapt and transform. At the risk of bombast, it will have to change the course of human history, and that’s no easy task. This book ends with a discussion of 10 challenges faced by the sustainability movement.

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