scholarly journals Dialogue of Labor and Motherhood in the Context of Socio-Economic and Territorial Differentiation in the Republic of Tatarstan

REGIONOLOGY ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 801-830
Author(s):  
Chulpan I. Ildarhanova ◽  
Vera A. Gnevasheva ◽  
Asiya F. Validova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Territorial Differentiation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Employment Of Women ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Ideological Attitudes

Introduction. Women’s activity in the labor market, reluctance to interrupt their careers and face the problem of lowering income from work are the factors that impede the increase in birth rates and affect the reproductive behavior of women. Under the influence of ideological attitudes and material factors, women are faced with the need to assume a huge share of family responsibilities and maintain a balance between work and family. The objective of this study is to analyze women’s satisfaction with and demand for the existing state support in the Republic of Tatarstan targeted at creating conditions for combining household work and paid jobs. Materials and Methods. The study was based on the results of the applied sociological study ‘Labor activity in the structure of reproductive and parental strategies of a modern woman in the Republic of Tatarstan’. The method of comparative analysis of the microdata obtained was used to assess the extent to which of women with children are satisfied with their position in the context of the conflict of family and employment in the situation of the existing family and demographic policies in the opposition of ‘city – village’. Results. The study has confirmed the hypothesis about a significant role of the system of preschool institutions in making it possible for women to achieve a balance between paid work and motherhood, while the degree of success depends on the type of settlement. New approaches to supporting families with children have been proposed. According to the authors, the main components of state policies to ensure the balance of life and work for women with children should include the practice of flexible forms of employment, making it possible to combine participation in the labor market with motherhood, as well as access to quality childcare services. Discussion and Conclusion. The results obtained made it possible to conclude that, regardless of the type of settlement, the financial position of households and the housing conditions, as well as the state of health, to a greater extent prevent women in the Republic of Tatarstan from having the desired number of children. The materials of the article may be useful to the authorities when developing programs to optimize the regional process of regulating employment of women.

scholarly journals Towards gender equality in the labour markets of Canada, USA and Russia: an overview of progress in achievement of international commitments

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-50
Author(s):  
Maria Yu. Beletskaya ◽  
Elena A. Zotova
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Policy Action ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Employment Of Women

In 2019, the International Labour Organization (ILO), together with the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), prepared and presented to the G20 leaders a report entitled “Women at work in G20 countries: Progress and policy action”. According to the report, Canada, the United States and Russia show the lowest results among the G20 countries in reaching the goal of reducing the gender gap in labour force participation by 25 percent by 2025. This is largely due to the relatively high levels of gender equality that have already been achieved in these countries. The article analyzes the policy of Canada, the USA and Russia towards women at work in four directions: 1) measures taken by national Governments, in cooperation with social partners, to increase women’s participation in the labour force and to overcome cultural and behavioural barriers to the employment of women; 2) measures to increase women’s ability to earn decent wages, including through lifelong learning, upgrading qualifications and skills development; 3) measures to reduce the proportion of women employed in the informal sector and in low-paid jobs; 4) measures to protect women in labour market in order to encourage men and women to combine work and family and share family responsibilities equitably.

SMALL FAMILY BUSINESS SURVIVAL: STRATEGIES FOR COPING WITH OVERLAPPING FAMILY AND BUSINESS DEMANDS

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (03) ◽  
pp. 209-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
LINDA S. NIEHM ◽  
NANCY J. MILLER ◽  
MACK C. SHELLEY ◽  
MARGARET A. FITZGERALD
Keyword(s):  
Family Business ◽  
Family Firms ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Business Managers ◽  
Community Size ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Small Family ◽  
Family Demands

This study identified 14 adjustment strategies employed by household and business managers to cope with overlapping work and family demands using data from 1997 and 2000 versions of the National Family Business Survey (NFBS). Significant differences were found between surviving small family firms by managerial role (single or dual) regarding gross income, gender, number of children under age 18, community size and trade sector. Both surviving and non-surviving enterprises tended to bring household work to the business field when times were hectic and demanding, and took care of family responsibilities while at the business. However, in non-surviving businesses, business managers reported a greater tendency to bring work home, demonstrating that work entered the family field more frequently than in surviving businesses. Managers of surviving businesses were more likely to make financial adjustments by hiring temporary help for the business or home, and less likely to ask others to help in the business without pay. Significant differences were also noted regarding the use of non-financial adjustments; managers of surviving family businesses were able to shift away from business work to spend time on family aspects, and to spend less time sleeping to help the business.

Work Trajectories of High-Resource Multi-Child Mothers

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
Zlata Dorofeeva
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
High Resource ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Depth Interviews

The period of maternity leave for multi-child mothers is generally longer than for mothers with a smaller number of children, and securing a job after taking a break, in conjunction with an increased volume of family responsibilities, is more difficult. When high-resource multi-child mothers return to the labor market, they expect not only a “motherhood penalty”, but also with a high probability a “penalty” for being overeducated. Their solution for the conflict between “motherhood” and “work” most often involves either a complete refusal to be employed, or finding more flexible options in the field of non-typical work, which are often less demanding in terms of qualification level and consequently result in lower income. Based on a series of in-depth interviews conducted by the author in Moscow and Voronezh with high-resource multi-child parents, including a list of questions about the working trajectories of women and also a number of questions about life practices, it is shown that the reverse side of the full or partial departure from the labor market of multi-child mothers is intensive parenting and setting a high standard for children’s education, including a scrupulous selection of educational institutions and a large amount of additional classes. Thus, the complete or partial loss of high-resource women as workers for the labor market is accompanied by a forthcoming significant non-economic effect, since society receives active translators of human capital to a new generation.

THE STUDY OF THE FEATURES OF THE REGIONAL LABOR MARKET IN THE FORMATION OF THE LABOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
O. Kaurova ◽  
E. Gureeva ◽  
D. Mityuhin ◽  
V. Gavrilova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Management System ◽  
Labor Management ◽  
Regional Labor Market ◽  
Regional Labor ◽  
Management And Development ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Labor Resources ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Market Infrastructure

This article is devoted to the problems of management and development of the labor market of the Republic of Buryatia. This article discusses the concepts of “labor resources”, “labor management system”. The main components of the labor management system in the region are considered. Systematized methods of labor management. The problems of the formation of new approaches to the management of labor resources in the Republic of Buryatia are highlighted. The features of the labor market infrastructure of the Republic of Buryatia are determined. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the labor resources of the Republic of Buryatia, an analysis of the number of employees by type of economic activity and by form of ownership, an analysis of the distribution of cash incomes of the population of the Republic of Buryatia was carried out. Based on the analysis, a balance of labor resources was compiled, on the basis of which the main conclusions were made about the state of the labor market of the Republic of Buryatia, specific measures were developed to improve the infrastructure of the labor market of the republic.

scholarly journals THE EXPERIENCE OF WORK-LIFE BALANCE FACED BY MOTHERS WITH PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-93
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Quality Care ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Professional Life ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
Unequal Distribution

The article presents the results of the sociological study “Parents between the need to work and family responsibilities” (in baze on 1047 questionnaires with mothers with preschool children and 20 in-depth sociological interviews), conducted by the Center for Demographic Research of NIER. The purpose of the study consisted in analyzing the particularities of reconciling the family life and the professional life of mothers with preschool children, in highlighting the difficulties they face in reintegrating into the labour market after child care leave and in determining the factors that contributes to facilitating the process of balancing family and professional life. The results of the study revealed that families face difficulties in establishing and maintaining a balance between many and sometimes contradictory demands of family and professional life. The interviewed mothers highlighted a high level of motivation to be employed, but the defining reason for returning to the labor market is the need to earn money. Depending on the professional and family orientations, mothers with preschool children can be divided into three categories: mothers who want to combine the work with raising children (65%), mothers who intend to make a career but do not forget about children (21.3%) and mothers who prefer to be housewifes and take care of children (13.7%). Although the support of the husband moderates the relationship between family and professional responsibilities, the results of the study have shown that there is a tendency for women to take full responsibility of the household and child care. The lack of quality care and education services for preschool children, the absence of flexible work programs but also the unequal distribution of family responsibilities contribute to making the work-family life balance a predominant problem.

Women, Work, and Family

2017 ◽  
pp. 394-424
Author(s):  
Francine D. Blau ◽  
Anne E. Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Family Structure ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Workplace Culture ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
The Impact

This chapter focuses on women, work, and family, with a particular focus on differences by educational attainment. First, we review long-term trends regarding family structure, participation in the labor market, and time spent in household production, including time with children. In looking at family, we focus on mothers with children. Next we examine key challenges faced by mothers as they seek to combine motherhood and paid work: workforce interruptions associated with childbearing, the impact of home and family responsibilities, and constraints posed by workplace culture. We also consider the role that gendered norms play in shaping outcomes for mothers. We conclude by discussing policies that have the potential to increase gender equality in the workplace and mitigate the considerable conflicts faced by many women as they seek to balance work and family.

scholarly journals The Transformation of The Serbian Labour Market from a Gender Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-604
Author(s):  
Sunčica Stanković
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Starting Position ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic

Abstract In conditions of great social changes that have affected the entire world since the beginning of 1980, there is the emergence of new social risks such as difficult labour market entry, stable employment problem, the problem of outdated qualifications, affecting both women and men. In the competitive race for employment, differences between men and women in the market are conditioned by their starting position. The position of women is required by expectations which exist in regard to their gender role. Women are additionally burdened by establishing a balance between work and family responsibilities, especially childcare and with caring for elderly family members.Men are more often employed in areas that are better paid and socially valued, while women are mainly employed in the service sector. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the quality of labour force in the Republic of Serbia and changes in the gender wage gap during the observed period. The main indicators of gender inequality show significant differences in the status of women compared to men in the labour market. Analysis of labour market trends over the past decade has illustrated that the position of women is constantly deteriorating.

scholarly journals Employer’s human resources policy impact on labor market

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-590
Author(s):  
Yury A. Shatunov ◽  
Ekaterina A. Ilyina ◽  
Georgy L. Belov ◽  
Alexander A. Kirillov
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Policy Impact ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Different Levels

This article aims to reveal trends and tools of human resources practices that significantly impact the labor market in the Republic of Chuvash. We used comparative patterns and analyses and generalizations and interpretation of the results of a sociological study. Official statistics of recent years, materials and analytical studies of online recruitment portals, results of a sociological research in companies and offices of the republic were used. The study revealed misalignment of development programs of different levels for industries, regions, municipalities, companies and private agencies; a formal approach to compiling or eliminating HR-related sections in programs in general. One third of the companies surveyed do not have development strategies and almost the same number have only formal planning.  The HR policy of most agencies and companies surveyed is a combination of their passive and responsive policies.

Changing Roles of Women: Examining the Reciprocal Effects of Female Academics’ Job and Family Roles in Public Universities in Ghana

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
Eric Anane ◽  
Juliana Audria Dankwa
Keyword(s):  
Public Universities ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
University Management ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Large Classes ◽  
Changing Roles ◽  
Employment Of Women ◽  
To Come ◽  
Teaching Learning

AbstractThe role of women in society seems to be predefined in terms of cultural and physiological lines. Some people think the woman is not capable of taking up some executive positions, because they are weak and too feeble to handle certain kinds of work. However, the last decade has seen huge progress in the employment of women in the formal sector. This study therefore explores the factors that affect the work and family life of female lecturers. Data was generated from the administration of questionnaires on 105 women lecturers, who were conveniently selected from two public universities in the central region of Ghana. Our findings from the study indicated that factors such as teaching large classes, lack of teaching/learning materials, family responsibilities and pressure and demanding Deans and Heads of Departments, affected female lecturers’ job performance. The results also suggest that females academics involved in the study were least bothered about issues on their promotion and personal goals. We recommended that University management would have to come to terms with the requirements of managing tension among women to make the environment potentiating and favourable so as to keep adroit women in higher education.

scholarly journals Kulturowe role płci i dzietność w Polsce i Norwegii

2015 ◽  
pp. 61-88
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kocot-Górecka
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Gender Revolution

Changing gender roles are increasingly considered as a driving factor of both fertility decline in European countries and its recovery in some of these countries. The fertility decline is attributed to the first stage of the gender revolution when increasing women’s labour force participation is accompanied by some progress in gender equality in the public sphere while in the family life a gender asymmetry remains. During the second stage of the gender revolution the progress towards new roles of men and women in the private sphere takes place – they both are considered as economic providers and careers and share work and family responsibilities (e.g. McDonald 2000b, Goldscheider, Bernhardt, Lappegård 2015, Esping-Andersen, Billari 2015). The article compares on-going changes in gender roles in Poland and Norway, two countries which are at different stages of this process, and their interplay with fertility (mean number of children and intensions about the second and third child). Attitudes towards gender equality are studied by taking into account views on this issue on one side and sharing care and housework on the other. Data come from the first round of the Generations and Gender Survey. The study has been performed for respondents aged 20–44, living together with a partner and children under 14 years of age. The descriptive analyses showed that Poles are not only less advanced in gender role changes in two gender dimensions studied: their views on gender roles are more traditional than Norwegian ones, women’s share in family duties is higher contrary to men who contribute less to family responsibilities than women and men in Norway. There is also a higher variation of views and practices among Poles. In Poland and Norway, egalitarian men participate more in family duties than those who declare traditional views, while egalitarian women are less burdened by home work and care. However, in Norway there is remarkably more egalitarian women with low and medium share of domestic duties in parallel to more numerous egalitarian men who take a great share of family responsibilities. More egalitarian respondents have fewer children than the traditional ones in both countries. However, the mean number of children among this group of respondents in Norway is higher than in Poland. Moreover, women in both countries are less inclined to declare intensions to have a second or third child when they participate more in care and domestic duties. This relationship has been found for men in Norway as well.

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