scholarly journals The species-area-energy relationship in orchids

Lankesteriana ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iva Schödelbauerová ◽  
Pavel Kindlmann ◽  
David Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Species Area ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Species Area Relationship ◽  
The Tropics

Area, energy available and latitude are the main factors influencing species richness: (1) species richness increases with area – the species-area relationship (SAR); (2) according to the species-energy rela- tionship (SER) the energy available to an assemblage (i.e. that which it can turn into biomass) at a particular spatial resolution influences the species richness; (3) there are more species per unit area in the tropics than in the temperate regions. To test the relative importance of area, energy available and latitude on species richness, we have collected data on species richness of orchids for various areas in the world and calculated the mean Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as a measure of energy availability in these areas. We show that area considered is always very important, and that latitude is more important than ener- gy available. 

Questioning Israel's Great Biodiversity—Relative to Whom? A Comment on Roll et al., 2009

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoni Gavish
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspot ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspots ◽  
Species Area ◽  
C Value ◽  
Species Area Relationship ◽  
Z Value ◽  
Global Biodiversity

Each evolutionary-independent province has its own mainland species area relationship (SPAR). When using the power law SPAR (S = cAz), separate mainland SPARs are parallel in a log-log space (similar z value), yet they differ in species density per unit area (c value). This implies that there are two main SPAR-based strategies to identify biodiversity hotspots. The first treats all mainland SPARs of all provinces as if they form one global SPAR. This is the strategy employed by Roll et al. (2009) when questioning Israel's high biodiversity. They concluded that Israel is not a global biodiversity hotspot. Their results may arise from the fact that Israel's province, the Palaearctic, is relatively poor. Therefore, countries from richer provinces, whose mainland SPAR lies above the Palaearctic SPAR, are identified as global hotspots. The second strategy is to construct different mainland SPARs for each province and identify the provincial hotspots. In this manuscript I ask whether Israel's biodiversity is high relative to other countries within its province. For six different taxa, I analyzed data for Palaearctic countries. For each taxon, I conducted a linear regression of species richness against the country's area, both log transformed. The studentized residuals were used to explore Israel's rank relative to all other Palaearctic countries. I found that Israel lies above the 95th percentile for reptiles and mammals and above the 90th percentile for birds. Therefore, within the Palaearctic province, Israel is indeed a biodiversity hotspot.

Hot-Spot Facts and Artifacts-Questioning Israel's Great Biodiversity

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uri Roll ◽  
Lewi Stone ◽  
Shai Meiri
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Prediction Intervals ◽  
Predicting Factors ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Species Area ◽  
Expected Values ◽  
Species Area Relationship

Israel's biological diversity has been praised as being particularly rich in relation to its size; however this assumption was never tested when taking into account the empirical form of the species-area relationship. Here we compared the species richness of different countries to see if the Israeli diversity is exceptionally rich when area is accurately accounted for. We compared richness of amphibians, birds, mammals, reptiles, flowering plants, conifers and cycads, and ferns in all the world's countries. We further tested the effects of mean latitude, altitude span, and insularity on species richness both for all world countries and just for Mediterranean countries. For all taxa and in all tests, Israel lies within the prediction intervals of the models. Out of 42 tests, Israel's residuals lie in the upper decile of positive residuals once: for reptiles, when compared to all world countries, taking all predicting factors into account. Using only countries larger than 1000 km2, Israel was placed as top residual when compared to other Mediterranean countries for mammals and reptiles. We therefore conclude that Israel's species richness does not significantly exceed the expected values for a country its size. This is true when comparing it to either world or just Mediterranean countries. Adding more predicting factors does not change this fact.

Organisation de la richesse et de la composition floristiques d'îles de la Méditerranée occidentale (sud-est de la France)

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Médail ◽  
Éric Vidal
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Habitat Diversity ◽  
Mediterranean Islands ◽  
Plant Dispersal ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Continental Islands ◽  
Species Area ◽  
Species Area Relationship

The effects of physiographic variables (area, isolation, elevation, and substrate) and habitat diversity on plant species richness and composition have been investigated on some Mediterranean islands (southeastern France). The number of species - area relationship is significant but there are more diverse vegetation patterns on smallest islands (area smaller than 3.5 ha and, ultimately, 0.2 ha). Although the species composition is positively correlated to the distance from the continent, the effect of isolation is not so obvious because of the small distance of these continental islands from the continent. Some islands nearest to shore show very different plant species composition, suggesting a nonselective plant dispersal through some narrow stretches of sea. Habitat diversity represents one of the major explanatory factors of the species richness; nevertheless, it is not possible to settle between the two hypotheses effect of habitat diversity versus effect of area per se because of the correlation between the two factors. Key words: Mediterranean islands, insular biogeography, number of species - area relationship, isolation, habitat diversity, islets.

scholarly journals Wood ant assemblages of Formica rufa group on lake islands and in mainland woodland in Central Finland

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jouni Sorvari
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Occurrence Probability ◽  
Island Size ◽  
Formica Rufa ◽  
Wood Ants ◽  
Formica Rufa Group ◽  
Species Area ◽  
Island Community ◽  
Species Area Relationship ◽  
Formica Lugubris

Associations of island size and isolation on the occurrence and species richness of five wood ant species of the Formica rufa group (F. rufa, F. aquilonia, F. lugubris, F. polyctena and F. pratensis) was tested in the Lake Konnevesi archipelago in Central Finland. In addition, the species composition was compared to that of mainland forests of the same region. Island isolation had no associations with the wood ant occurrence in this archipelago, but for most species, increasing island size was positively associated with the occurrence probability. According to the findings among the five species, Formica lugubris is the best adapted for insular living. There was a positive species–area relationship as the species richness of wood ants increased with an increasing island size. The island community of wood ants was dominated by colonies of the monogynous (single queen) species whereas the mainland community was dominated by those of polygynous (multiple queen) species.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Relationship between Animal Diversity and the Remote Sensing Vegetation Parameters: The Case of Xinjiang, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9897
Author(s):  
Jinhui Wu ◽  
Haoxin Li ◽  
Huawei Wan ◽  
Yongcai Wang ◽  
Chenxi Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Bird Diversity ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Sensing Data ◽  
Animal Diversity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

An explicit analysis of the impact for the richness of species of the vegetation phenological characteristics calculated from various remote sensing data is critical and essential for biodiversity conversion and restoration. This study collected long-term the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Leaf Area Index (LAI), the Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR), and the Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC), and calculated the six vegetation phenological characteristic parameters: the mean of the growing season, the mean of the mature season, the mean of the withered season, the annual difference value, the annual cumulative value, and the annual standard deviation in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The relationships between the vegetation phenological characteristics and the species richness of birds and mammals were analyzed in spatial distribution. The main findings include: (1) The correlation between bird diversity and vegetation factors is greater than that of mammals. (2) For remote sensing data, FAPAR is the most important vegetation parameter for both birds and mammals. (3) For vegetation phenological characteristics, the annual cumulative value of the LAI is the most crucial vegetation phenological parameter for influencing bird diversity distribution, and the annual difference value of the NDVI is the most significant driving factor for mammal diversity distribution.

Fabric-Evoked Prickle in Worsted Spun Single Jersey Fabrics Part II: The Role of Fiber Length, Yarn Count, and Fabric Cover Factor

1997 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 354-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. S. Naylor ◽  
D. G. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Length ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Cover Factor ◽  
Spun Yarn ◽  
Yarn Count ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Single Jersey

Fabric-evoked prickle is studied in a range of jersey knitted wool fabrics made from worsted spun yarn. The existing predictive model of relative prickliness based on earlier studies of wools with diameter characteristics is extended and can quantitatively account for changes in mean fiber length, yarn count, and fabric cover factor. For all these variables, relative prickle sensation can be predicted from the density of coarse fiber ends per unit area of fabric. It is thus possible to compare the relative importance of these variables. Within the commercial range, the mean fiber diameter of a wool remains the most important factor affecting fabric-evoked prickle.

scholarly journals Correlation/causation in ecology: towards mechanistic explanations for the Species-Area Relationship

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andersonn Prestes
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Causal Explanations ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Factors ◽  
Mechanistic Explanations ◽  
Species Area ◽  
Species Area Relationship ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Recurrent Patterns

There is a common intuition in biology that strict laws are very difficult to be found. Still, there are recurrent patterns in nature, suggesting broad generalizations and understanding of phenomena. The problem is that many generalizations in biology, especially in the form of correlations, might be decoupled from causality, weakening their power of explanation. Here, I bring an example on the Species-Area Relationship (SAR). The SAR is a well-known generalization in biology. The recurrent pattern states a positive relationship between area size and species richness. Understanding the mechanisms why there is a correlation between area and diversity remains a major challenge. I suggest an explicitly focus on mechanistic explanations for the SAR. I propose to use the integration, comparison and interpretation of other (associated or secondary) natural patterns in the searching for causal explanations. Area per se might not account for causality in species diversification or absolute species richness in larger regions. Biotic and abiotic factors of a given area might be studied in order to discover the causal underpinnings of the SAR.

Species and Generic Gamma-Scale Diversity in Shallow-Water Marine Amphipoda with Particular Reference to the Mediterranean

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Amphipod Species ◽  
Species Area ◽  
Species Area Relationship ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Shallow Seas

Major hotspots of amphipod species richness and of species and generic endemicity can be recognized in shallow seas. Recognition of ‘hotspots’ for amphipods must take account of the species-area relationship but not of latitude. The richness and endemicity of amphipods in the Mediterranean Sea is shown to be high when compared with other shallow seas This indicates a long in situ evolutionary history and is therefore not compatible with the hypothesis that the Mediterranean fauna was extirpated in the late Miocene.

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