IMPACT OF HYDROGEN ON THE ENVIRONMENT

2019 ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
J. Nowotny ◽  
T. N. Veziroglu
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Solar Hydrogen ◽  
Direct Combustion ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Impact

The present work considers the impact of hydrogen fuel on the environment within the cycles of its generation and combustion. Hydrogen has been portrayed by the media as a fuel that is environmentally clean because its combustion results in the formation of harmless water. However, hydrogen first must be generated. The effect of hydrogen generation on the environment depends on the production process and the related byproducts. Hydrogen available on the market at present is mainly generated by using steam reforming of natural gas, which is a fossil fuel. Its byproduct is CO2, which is a greenhouse gas and its emission results in global warming and climate change. Therefore, hydrogen generated from fossil fuels is contributing to global warming to the similar extent as direct combustion of the fossil fuels. On the other hand hydrogen obtained from renewable energy, such solar energy, is environmentally clean during the cycles of its generation and combustion. Consequently, the introduction of hydrogen economy must be accompanied by the development of hydrogen that is environmentally friendly. The present work considers several aspects related to the generation and utilisation of hydrogen obtained by steam reforming and solar energy conversion (solar-hydrogen).

Metal-complex chromophores for solar hydrogen generation

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Jun Yuan ◽  
Zhen-Tao Yu ◽  
Da-Qin Chen ◽  
Zhi-Gang Zou
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Metal Complex ◽  
Metal Complexes ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Solar Hydrogen ◽  
Solar Energy Harvesting ◽  
Exciting Area

Photoactive metal-complexes with applications in solar energy harvesting have been receiving profound research interest. We present in this exciting area the recent development of metal-complex chromophores as sensitizers and supramolecular photocatalysts to facilitate the conversion of solar energy into chemical hydrogen fuel.

scholarly journals Environmental Payback of Renovation Strategies in a Northern Climate—the Impact of Nuclear Power and Fossil Fuels in the Electricity Supply

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Ramírez-Villegas ◽  
Ola Eriksson ◽  
Thomas Olofsson
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study is to assess how the use of fossil and nuclear power in different renovation scenarios affects the environmental impacts of a multi-family dwelling in Sweden, and how changes in the electricity production with different energy carriers affect the environmental impact. In line with the Paris Agreement, the European Union has set an agenda to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by means of energy efficiency in buildings. It is estimated that by the year 2050, 80% of Europe’s population will be living in buildings that already exist. This means it is important for the European Union to renovate buildings to improve energy efficiency. In this study, eight renovation scenarios, using six different Northern European electricity mixes, were analyzed using the standard of the European Committee for Standardization for life cycle assessment of buildings. This study covers all life cycle steps from cradle to grave. The renovation scenarios include combinations of photovoltaics, geothermal heat pumps, heat recovery ventilation, and improvement of the building envelope. The results show that while in some electricity mixes a reduction in the global warming potential can be achieved, it can be at the expense of an increase in radioactive waste production, and, in mixes with a high share of fossil fuels, the global warming potential of the scenarios increases with time, compared with that of the original building. It also shows that in most electricity mixes, scenarios that reduce the active heat demand of the building end up in reducing both the global warming potential and radioactive waste, making them less sensitive to changes in the energy system.

scholarly journals Environmental Impact Assessment of Food Waste Management Using Two Composting Techniques

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisha Al-Rumaihi ◽  
Gordon McKay ◽  
Hamish R. Mackey ◽  
Tareq Al-Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Impact Category ◽  
Windrow Composting ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Impact

Food waste is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and therefore global warming. As such, the management of food waste can play a fundamental role in the reduction of preventable emissions associated with food waste. In this study, life cycle assessment (LCA) has been used to evaluate and compare the environmental impact associated with two composting techniques for treating food waste using SimaPro software; windrow composting and the hybrid anaerobic digestion (AD) method. The study, based on a 1 tonne of food waste as a functional unit for a case study in the State of Qatar, concludes that anaerobic digestion combined composting presents a smaller environmental burden than windrow composting. The majority of the emissions generated are due to the use of fossil fuels during transportation, which correspond to approximately 60% of the total impact, followed by the impact of composting with 40% of the impact especially in terms of global warming potential. Environmental assessment impacts were the highest in windrow composting for the acidification impact category (9.39 × 10 − 1 kg SO2 eq). While for AD combined composting the impact was highest for the human toxicity impact category (3.47 × 10 kg 1,4 − DB eq).

Semi-Closed Gas Turbine Cycles: An Ecological Solution

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Laganelli ◽  
C. Rodgers ◽  
W. E. Lear ◽  
P. L. Meitner
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Anthropogenic Heat ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Closed Cycle ◽  
The Impact

The impact on global warming of transportation and the infrastructure that supports it has been investigated over several decades. Anthropogenic heat and the generation of greenhouse gases from burning of fossil fuels and are major contributors to the warming process. An approach to mitigate these effects is discussed that considers semi-closed cycle gas turbine engines as a practical approach to slowing the release of greenhouse gases. Semi-closed cycle gas turbine engines have an inherent capability to reduce all regulated emissions while maintaining high efficiency, which in turn reduces CO2 emissions. With emerging technology development that includes higher component efficiencies, high temperature material development, improved control devices, and advanced combustor designs, aided by computational fluid dynamics, semi-closed cycle engines appear to have the potential to mitigate global warming with little economic or infrastructural impact. A specific semi-closed engine type is described, the high pressure recuperated turbine engine (HPRTE), along with the inherent mechanisms for control of NOx, CO, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulates. Results from a breadboard demonstration of the HPRTE are discussed, as well as emerging technologies which benefit this type of engine.

scholarly journals Impact of Toronto’s Avenues & Mid-rise Building Guidelines on Solar Energy Generation Potential

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Garic
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Building Performance ◽  
Built Form ◽  
Solar Access ◽  
The Impact

As cities grow, strategies for how and where to accommodate growth are increasingly important. Similarly, renewable energy is gaining importance as a means of reducing our dependency on fossil fuels and other non-renewables, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and pollution, and creating energy resiliency at a local level. The purpose of this Major Research Project is to determine the impact the Mid-Rise Building Performance Standards, from the City of Toronto’s 2010 Avenues and Mid-Rise Building Study, have on solar access and to quantify the potential of energy generation using solar photovoltaic systems along the Avenues in Toronto. What impact do the Performance Standards have on solar access to mid-rise buildings along the Avenues? The research concludes that low-podium built form provides the most benefit for the study area – Eglinton Avenue West, at Bathurst Street: the porous street-wall built-form, as outlined in the Mid-Rise Building Performance Standards, provides the highest solar energy generation and energy savings potential.

scholarly journals Impact of Toronto’s Avenues & Mid-rise Building Guidelines on Solar Energy Generation Potential

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Garic
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Building Performance ◽  
Built Form ◽  
Solar Access ◽  
The Impact

As cities grow, strategies for how and where to accommodate growth are increasingly important. Similarly, renewable energy is gaining importance as a means of reducing our dependency on fossil fuels and other non-renewables, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and pollution, and creating energy resiliency at a local level. The purpose of this Major Research Project is to determine the impact the Mid-Rise Building Performance Standards, from the City of Toronto’s 2010 Avenues and Mid-Rise Building Study, have on solar access and to quantify the potential of energy generation using solar photovoltaic systems along the Avenues in Toronto. What impact do the Performance Standards have on solar access to mid-rise buildings along the Avenues? The research concludes that low-podium built form provides the most benefit for the study area – Eglinton Avenue West, at Bathurst Street: the porous street-wall built-form, as outlined in the Mid-Rise Building Performance Standards, provides the highest solar energy generation and energy savings potential.

scholarly journals Global Warming Problem and Impact of Power Electronics

2013 ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Dipti Mayee Majhi ◽  
D. Hota ◽  
L. Nanda
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Electronics ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Global Energy Consumption ◽  
Emission Of Greenhouse Gases

Global energy consumption is increasing at a dramatic rate due to the increase in the world’s population and the quest for improvement of living standards. Most of our energy comes from fossil fuels which cause the problem of global warming due to the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). As a result, there are many harmful effects such as rise in sea level, drought in tropical regions near the equator, an increase in hurricanes, tornadoes and floods, and the spread of disease. Renewable energy is the energy generated from natural resources such as solar heat and light, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat, which are replenished naturally. This paper highlights in particular the impact of power electronics in solving or mitigating the global warming problem and supporting the generation of renewable energy.

Small-Scale, Green-Powered Hydrogen Generation System

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Arruda ◽  
David Browne ◽  
Chris Thongkham ◽  
Mansour Zenouzi
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Thermal Design ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Average Consumer

One of the major road blocks in the transition from the current oil economy to the future hydrogen fuel economy is the availability of low cost hydrogen fuel for the average consumer. Currently, the price per kilogram of hydrogen fuel is higher than the cost of an equivalent measure of gasoline and its availability is limited to large metropolitan areas. Both of these factors prevent hydrogen from being an attractive alternative to gasoline for most consumers. The goal of this project, in a senior thermal design course, is to design and construct a low-cost hydrogen generation system for residential hydrogen fuel production and storage. The system will be powered by renewable sources of energy; namely a micro-scale wind turbine and a solar panel. The power generated will be used to power a small-scale PEM electrolyzer to produce hydrogen gas that will then be stored at low pressure in a safe, metal hydride storage tank. This relatively low cost system will provide the average consumer with the ability to safely produce hydrogen fuel for use in residential fuel cells or fuel cell-powered vehicles, making hydrogen fuel an attractive alternative to fossil fuels.

Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Several Potential Chemical Commodities Following Different Pathways - A Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 764 ◽  
pp. 1-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibram Ganesh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Value Added ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Methanol Production

This article reviews the literature related to the direct uses of CO2and its conversion into various value added chemicals including high energy density liquid fuels such as methanol. The increase in the direct uses of CO2and its conversion into potential chemical commodities is very important as it directly contributes to the mitigation of CO2related global warming problem. The method being followed at present in several countries to reduce the CO2associated global warming is capturing of CO2at its major outlets using monoethanolamine based solution absorption technique followed by storing it in safe places such as, oceans, depleted coal seams, etc., (i.e., carbon dioxide capturing and storing in safe places, CCS process). This is called as CO2sequestration. Although, the CCS process is the most understood and immediate option to mitigate the global warming problem, it is considerably expensive and has become a burden for those countries, which are practicing this process. The other alternative and most beneficial way of mitigating this global warming problem is to convert the captured CO2into certain value added bulk chemicals instead of disposing it. Conversion of CO2into methanol has been identified as one of such cost effective ways of mitigating global warming problem. Further, if H2is produced from exclusively water using only solar energy instead of any fossil fuel based energy, and is used to convert CO2into methanol there are three major benefits: i) it contributes greatly to the global warming mitigation problem, ii) it greatly saves fossil fuels as methanol production from CO2could be an excellent sustainable and renewable energy resource, and iii) as on today, there is no better process than this to store energy in a more convenient and highly usable form of high energy density liquid fuel. Not only methanol, several other potential chemicals and value added chemical intermediates can be produced from CO2. In this article, i) synthesis of several commodity chemicals including poly and cyclic-carbonates, sodium carbonate and dimethyl carbonate, carbamates, urea, vicinal diamines, 2-arylsuccinic acids, dimethyl ether, methanol, various hydrocarbons, acetic acid, formaldehyde, formic acid, lower alkanes, etc., from CO2, ii) the several direct uses of CO2, and iii) the importance of producing methanol from CO2using exclusively solar energy are presented, discussed and summarized by citing all the relevant and important references.

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