scholarly journals Shame – a forgotten emotion: psychopathology, neurobiology, and therapy of shame in eating disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-203
Author(s):  
Magdalena Wayda-Zalewska ◽  
◽  
Katarzyna Ładniak-Grońska ◽  
Barbara Kostecka ◽  
Anna Walenda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses ◽  
Shame And Guilt ◽  
And Coping

The paper focuses on shame in the context of eating disorders. As a common emotion occurring in various spheres of human life, shame is of particular importance in the understanding and treatment of eating disorders as it is one of the key factors in their development and sustenance. There is scientific evidence that individuals with eating disorders experience higher levels of shame and guilt compared to those with other clinical diagnoses, which distinguishes eating disorders from other psychopathologies. Therefore, we present the mechanisms underlying the emotion of shame and its relationship with eating disorders, along with selected therapeutic strategies for overcoming shame. This paper also presents the research on neural correlates of shame and their relationship with the development and sustenance of a disturbed body image, which is one of the key psychopathological aspects of eating disorders. We also discuss the role of work on the patient’s shame in successful therapeutic processes, as well as the possible use of neuroscience in understanding and treating patients experiencing this emotion. Furthermore, we attempted to explain the concept of shame and its possible classification in the context of selected psychological theories. The paper also refers to the concepts of healthy and toxic shame, which are strongly associated with developing a specific type of personality and coping strategies in social relationships, and which influence self-esteem.

scholarly journals CONSTITUTIONAL LEGAL REFORMS: OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE FACTORS

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Сурен Авакьян ◽  
Suryen Avakyan
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
Constitutional Reforms

This article analyzes objective and subjective factors, which influence on appearance of constitutions and on current constitutional legal reforms. The author makes a conclusion that such development often features a significant role in ensuring action of constitutional norms of processes in sub-constitutional regulation. Key factors in appearance of new constitutions and constitutional reforms overall are economic and especially political crisis. Objective factors of importance of constitutional legal reforms may totally depend on subjective circumstances. The author also discusses the idea of “live constitution”, which becomes more actual in Russian Federation together with the role of Russian Constitutional Court in ensuring this idea. The author makes a general conclusion: constitutional reforms are not being in possession of objective approaches, based on necessary development of constitutional aspects of economy, social relationships and political organization of state, but depend heavily from subjective reluctance to implement constitutional reforms.

scholarly journals Social Health, Social Pressure, and Social Immunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-147
Author(s):  
Alexandra Pilyushenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Social Pressure ◽  
Social Health ◽  
Social Immunity ◽  
Sociocultural Environment ◽  
Spiritual Foundations

The article addresses the problem of social health as a basic factor of positive sociocultural environment in the context of globalization. The research objective was to define the content of social health as a balance of such categories as social immunity and social pressure. The study relied on the methodology of philosophical analysis, dialectical method, and system approach. The phenomenon of social health was described as part of the system of dynamic and multidimensional social relations. The article featured the role of sociocultural environment of one's life and attitudes of spiritual and moral nature that make up one's social health formation. Social pressure is an attributive characteristic of social life, which is getting increasingly complex in all areas of human life. The article also introduces the term of social immunity as a set of spiritual foundations of one's activity that provides one with productive social relationships. Social immunity depends on one's age, lifestyle, and sociocultural environment. The author also analyzed various prosocial deviant forms of behavior. The decisive factor of social health formation is that social immunity should correspond with the current social pressure.

The Role of Alexithymia and Coping Strategies in Eating Disorders: a Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Fiorenza Marchiol ◽  
Barbara Penolazzi ◽  
Corrado Cavallero ◽  
Gian Luigi Luxardi
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
And Coping

Assessing Attitudes Toward Dying and Death: Psychometric Considerations

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Neimeyer ◽  
Richard P. Moser ◽  
Joachim Wittkowski
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Awareness ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Death Attitudes ◽  
Repertory Grids ◽  
Behavioral Observations ◽  
Hastened Death ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Made In

In the 50 years of research in death attitudes, clear gains have been made in the measurement of death concerns and competencies, leading to the development and validation of several scales whose more extensive use could improve the conceptual yield of research in this area. In this article, we review these promising instruments, focusing on nine general questionnaires for measuring death anxiety, fear, threat, depression, and acceptance, and four specialized measures of death self-efficacy and coping, readiness for death, and desire for hastened death. We also offer an orientation to non-questionnaire based techniques for the assessment of death attitudes (e.g., narrative measures, repertory grids, behavioral observations, death personifications and drawings), and close with a note on international developments that hold promise for improved cultural awareness of the role of death attitudes in human life.

scholarly journals Social modulation of ageing: mechanisms, ecology, evolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1823) ◽  
pp. 20190738
Author(s):  
Tyler P. Quigley ◽  
Gro V. Amdam
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Old People ◽  
Model Animal ◽  
Disease Free ◽  
New Strategies

Human life expectancy increases, but the disease-free part of lifespan (healthspan) and the quality of life in old people may not show the same development. The situation poses considerable challenges to healthcare systems and economies, and calls for new strategies to increase healthspan and for sustainable future approaches to elder care. This call has motivated innovative research on the role of social relationships during ageing. Correlative data from clinical surveys indicate that social contact promotes healthy ageing, and it is time to reveal the causal mechanisms through experimental research. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a prolific model animal, but insects with more developed social behaviour can be equally instrumental for this research. Here, we discuss the role of social contact in ageing, and identify lines of study where diverse insect models can help uncover the mechanisms that are involved. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?’

scholarly journals Eating Disorders and Gastrointestinal Diseases

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Santonicola ◽  
Mario Gagliardi ◽  
Michele Pier Luca Guarino ◽  
Monica Siniscalchi ◽  
Carolina Ciacci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Binge Eating Disorders ◽  
Gi Symptoms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Somatic Comorbidities

Eating disorders (ED) are frequently associated with a wide range of psychiatric or somatic comorbidities. The most relevant ED are anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorders (BED). Patients with ED exhibit both upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Evidence of alterations throughout the GI tract in ED will be analyzed given the role of the GI tract in food intake and its regulation. It remains a matter of debate whether GI disorders are inherent manifestations of ED or the results of malnutrition occurring from ED. Moreover, recent clinical studies have highlighted the growing role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of ED, making it possible to hypothesize a modulation of intestinal microbiota as a co-adjuvant to standard therapy. The aim of this review is to analyze the link between ED and GI diseases and to present, where known, the potential key factors underlying these conditions. Conclusions: The presence of GI disorders should be investigated in patients with ED. Screening for ED should also be encouraged in individuals seeking treatment for unexplained GI complaints to better address therapeutic issues that surround these difficult medical conditions.

A systematic review of family and social relationships: implications for sex trafficking recruitment and victimisation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia Puigvert ◽  
Elena Duque ◽  
Guiomar Merodio ◽  
Patricia Melgar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

Sex trafficking is a current, severe and intense global phenomenon. Many studies have made substantial efforts to map the routes and relations between countries of origin, transit, destination, and the methods of recruitment and retention. With a focus on the role of social relationships, for this article, we conducted a literature review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) to provide further scientific evidence of the elements and processes that push victims – primarily women and girls – into sex trafficking. The findings show that family, intimate relationships, friendships and acquaintances play a critical role in the pre-entry period before sex trafficking. Among these, family violence, abandonment and abuse emerge as severe risk factors, as well as the role of fraudulent intimate relationships. We also include additional social and individual risk factors that, together with the role of family and social relationships, have impacts on potential victims, increasing the likelihood of sex trafficking.

The Role of Zinc in Thyroid Hormones Metabolism

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 80-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Soares Severo ◽  
Jennifer Beatriz Silva Morais ◽  
Taynáh Emannuelle Coelho de Freitas ◽  
Ana Letícia Pereira Andrade ◽  
Mayara Monte Feitosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Zinc Transporters ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Metabolic Adaptations ◽  
Serum T3 ◽  
Regulatory Effects ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract. Thyroid hormones play an important role in body homeostasis by facilitating metabolism of lipids and glucose, regulating metabolic adaptations, responding to changes in energy intake, and controlling thermogenesis. Proper metabolism and action of these hormones requires the participation of various nutrients. Among them is zinc, whose interaction with thyroid hormones is complex. It is known to regulate both the synthesis and mechanism of action of these hormones. In the present review, we aim to shed light on the regulatory effects of zinc on thyroid hormones. Scientific evidence shows that zinc plays a key role in the metabolism of thyroid hormones, specifically by regulating deiodinases enzymes activity, thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) synthesis, as well as by modulating the structures of essential transcription factors involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Serum concentrations of zinc also appear to influence the levels of serum T3, T4 and TSH. In addition, studies have shown that Zinc transporters (ZnTs) are present in the hypothalamus, pituitary and thyroid, but their functions remain unknown. Therefore, it is important to further investigate the roles of zinc in regulation of thyroid hormones metabolism, and their importance in the treatment of several diseases associated with thyroid gland dysfunction.

Social Motives Predict Loneliness During a Developmental Transition

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Nikitin ◽  
Alexandra M. Freund
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Avoidance ◽  
Social Approach ◽  
Social Motives ◽  
Developmental Transitions ◽  
Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract. Establishing new social relationships is important for mastering developmental transitions in young adulthood. In a 2-year longitudinal study with four measurement occasions (T1: n = 245, T2: n = 96, T3: n = 103, T4: n = 85), we investigated the role of social motives in college students’ mastery of the transition of moving out of the parental home, using loneliness as an indicator of poor adjustment to the transition. Students with strong social approach motivation reported stable and low levels of loneliness. In contrast, students with strong social avoidance motivation reported high levels of loneliness. However, this effect dissipated relatively quickly as most of the young adults adapted to the transition over a period of several weeks. The present study also provides evidence for an interaction between social approach and social avoidance motives: Social approach motives buffered the negative effect on social well-being of social avoidance motives. These results illustrate the importance of social approach and social avoidance motives and their interplay during developmental transitions.

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