Effect of N management approaches and planting densities on nitrogen accumulation by transplanted rice

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Janaki ◽  
T. M. Thiyagarajan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Transplanted Rice ◽  
The Mean ◽  
N Uptake Rate ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
N Management

Field experiments were conducted during 1998 and 1999 in June-September with rice variety ASD18 at the wetland farm, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India to find out theeffect of N management approaches and planting densities on N accumulation by transplanted rice in a split plot design.The main plot consisted of three plant populations (33, 66 and 100 hills m-2) and the sub-plot treatments of five N management approaches. The results revealed thatthe average N uptake in roots and aboveground biomass progressively increased with growth stages. The mean root and aboveground biomass Nuptake were 26.1 to 130.6 and 6.4 to 17.8 kg ha-1, respectively. The N uptake of grain and straw was higher in theSesbania rostratagreen manuring + 150 kg N treatment, but it was not effective in increasing the grain yield. The mean total N uptake was found to be significantly lower at 33 hills m-2(76.9 kg ha-1) and increased with an increase in planting density (100.9 and 117.2 kg ha-1at 66 and 100 hills m-2density). N application had a significant influence on N uptake and the time course of N uptake in all the SPAD-guided N approaches. A significant regression coefficient was observed between the crop N uptake and grain yield. The relationship between cumulative N uptake at the flowering stage and the grain yield was quadratic at all three densities. The N uptake rate (µN) was maximum during the active tillering to panicle initiation period and declined sharply after that. In general, µNincreased with an increase in planting density and the increase was significant up to the panicle initiation to flowering period.thereafter, the N uptake rate was similar at densities of 66 and 100 hills m-2.

scholarly journals Review of Active Optical Sensors for Improving Winter Wheat Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1157
Author(s):  
Lawrence Aula ◽  
Peter Omara ◽  
Eva Nambi ◽  
Fikayo B. Oyebiyi ◽  
William R. Raun
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Optical Sensor ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Management

Improvement of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) via active optical sensors has gained attention in recent decades, with the focus of optimizing nitrogen (N) input while simultaneously sustaining crop yields. To the authors’ knowledge, a comprehensive review of the literature on how optical sensors have impacted winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) NUE and grain yield has not yet been performed. This work reviewed and documented the extent to which the use of optical sensors has impacted winter wheat NUE and yield. Two N management approaches were evaluated; optical sensor and conventional methods. The study included 26 peer-reviewed articles with data on NUE and grain yield. In articles without NUE values but in which grain N was included, the difference method was employed to compute NUE based on grain N uptake. Using optical sensors resulted in an average NUE of 42% (±2.8% standard error). This approach improved NUE by approximately 10.4% (±2.3%) when compared to the conventional method. Grain yield was similar for both approaches of N management. Optical sensors could save as much as 53 (±16) kg N ha−1. This gain alone may not be adequate for increased adoption, and further refinement of the optical sensor robustness, possibly by including weather variables alongside sound agronomic management practices, may be necessary.

Effect of spad techniques and planting density on 'Y' leaf nitrogen concentration in transplanted rice

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Janaki ◽  
T. M. Thiyagarajan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Chlorophyll Meter ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
N Management ◽  
Leaf N

Field experiments were conducted in June-September 1998 and 1999 with rice variety ASD18 at the wetland farm of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, in Coimbatore, India to examine variations in 'Y' leaf (youngest fully expanded leaf) N concentration as influenced by different planting densities and N management strategies in a split plot design. The main plot consisted of three plant populations (33, 66 and 100 hills m-2) and the sub-plots treatments of five N management approaches. The results revealed that the nitrogen concentration progressively declined with growth, the decline being steep up to 35 days after transplanting, wereafter the values became almost linear up to the flowering stage in all the treatments. The mean 'Y' leaf N was found to be significantly higher at 33 hills m-2 (45.1 g kg-1), while the other two densities were on par (42.9 g kg-1). When N application was based on chlorophyll meter (SPAD) values the leaf N concentration was maintained at a level of 39.2 to 51.9 g kg-1 to produce maximum grain yield. A significant correlation was observed between the chlorophyll meter values and 'Y' leaf N concentrations at various days after transplanting (r values ranged from 0.57* to 0.83**), while the correlation was highly significant during the major physiological growth stages. Though the 'Y' leaf content was significantly higher in the treatment involving Sesbania rostrata green manuring + 150 kg N applied in splits, the grain yield produced was on par in all the N applied treatments. A highly significant correlation was observed between the grain yield and both 'Y' leaf N content and SPAD values during various growth periods.

scholarly journals Drainage Conditions Influence Corn-Nitrogen Management in the US Upper Midwest

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2491
Author(s):  
Gabriel Dias Paiao ◽  
Fabián G. Fernández ◽  
Seth L. Naeve
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Soil Drainage ◽  
Upper Midwest ◽  
The Us ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
N Management

Soil drainage is not considered in the N fertilizer guidelines for corn (Zea mays L.) in the US Midwest. This study investigated the influence of soil drainage on corn grain yield, N requirement, and residual soil N, and evaluated the utility of in-season soil N measurements to guide N application. This 6-year study in Minnesota, US on a corn–soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) rotation had drained and undrained conditions and six at planting (PL) (0–225 in 45 kg N ha−1 increments) and four split (SP) N fertilizer rates (at planting/V6-V8—45/45, 45/90, 45/135, 45/179 kg N ha−1). The drained compared to undrained soil produced 8% more grain yield (12.8 vs. 11.9 Mg ha−1), 12% more N uptake (169 vs. 151 kg N ha−1), 16% lower optimal N rate (ONR) (160 vs. 193 kg N ha−1), 3.1% greater grain yield at ONR (13.5 vs. 13.1 Mg ha−1), and similar in season and residual soil N. Compared to SP, PL lowered ONR (151 vs. 168 kg N ha−1) in drained soils, and the opposite occurred for undrained soils (206 vs. 189 kg N ha−1). These results substantiate the agronomic benefits of artificial drainage and the need to incorporate drainage conditions into N management guidelines.

Growth analysis of dry matter accumulation and N uptake of forage maize cultivars affected by N supply

1999 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. GREEF ◽  
H. OTT ◽  
R. WULFES ◽  
F. TAUBE
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
N Uptake Rate ◽  
Grass Sward

The productivity of eight forage maize cultivars (Zea mays L.) in response to N was investigated in a 3-year field experiment located in Northern Germany. Nitrogen fertilizer applications were zero, 50 and 150 kg N/ha given each year shortly after sowing. Each cultivar was grown on the same plot, beginning in 1993, following the ploughing up of a 2-year old grass sward, to which slurry had been added. Plants were sampled regularly for dry matter (DM) production and N uptake. A non-linear regression equation was used to compare the data. Growth analysis and N uptake characteristics (maximum crop growth rate, duration of maximum crop growth rate, period until maximum crop growth rate, maximum N uptake rate, duration of maximum N uptake rate, period until maximum N uptake rate) which derived from the function were used to compare the cultivars.The cultivars DM yield and N uptake were highest in 1993 and declined in the next two years partly due to a decrease in soil N mineralization following the ploughing of the grass sward and partly due to the drier weather conditions during the summers of 1994 and 1995. Duration of the maximum crop growth rate was greater during the cool year of 1993. In contrast, maximum crop growth rate was at its highest in the dry vegetation period of 1995. A significant N×cultivar interaction for growth analysis characteristics (P<0·05) was found in 1995. Cultivars with a high maximum crop growth rate (above the average value of the eight cultivars tested) and a short duration of maximum crop growth rate (below the average) accumulated more DM than those genotypes which showed an inverse relationship.Increasing N yield was determined by increased maximum N uptake rather than by a greater duration of maximum N uptake. A significant N×genotype interaction for N uptake parameters (P<0·05) was found in 1994 and 1995. With some exceptions, cultivars with a high maximum N uptake rate (above average) accumulated more N per unit area compared to those genotypes which had low uptake rates. The exceptions had a longer duration of uptake, which could not, however, compensate for the lower rate. Maximum N uptake rate occurred earlier and duration of maximum N uptake rate increased compared to the start and duration of maximum crop growth rate. Especially in 1995, the amount of N taken up before the day of maximum crop growth rate accounted for 71% of total N uptake. The N uptake rate and the amount of accumulated N until the day of maximum crop growth rate were highly correlated with DM yield.This result indicates the availability of genotypic variability in crop growth and N uptake rate to assist the improvement of DM yield by selection.

scholarly journals Simulating Growth and Development Processes of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): Adaptation and Evaluation of the CSM-CROPGRO Model

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achim Präger ◽  
Kenneth J. Boote ◽  
Sebastian Munz ◽  
Simone Graeff-Hönninger
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
The Mean

In recent years, the intra-annual yield variability of traditional food crops grown in Europe increased due to extreme weather events driven by climate change. The Andean crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), being well adapted to drought, salinity, and frost, is considered to be a promising new crop for Europe to cope with unfavorable environmental conditions. However, cultivation guidelines and cropping experiences are missing on a long-term scale. The adaptation of a mechanistic crop growth model will support the long-term evaluation of quinoa if grown under the diverse environmental conditions of Europe. The objective of this study was to adapt the process-based cropping system model (CSM) CROPGRO, which is included in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT). Therefore, species and genetic coefficients were calibrated using literature values and growth analysis data, including crop life cycle, leaf area index (LAI), specific leaf area (SLA), dry matter partitioning and nitrogen concentrations in different plant tissues, aboveground biomass, and yield components, of a sowing date experiment (covering two cultivars and four sowing dates) conducted in southwestern Germany in 2016. Model evaluation was performed on the crop life cycle, final aboveground biomass, and final grain yield for different sowing dates using an independent data set collected at the same site in 2017. The resulting base temperatures regarding photosynthetic, vegetative, and reproductive processes ranged between 1 and 10 °C, while the corresponding optimum temperatures were between 15 and 36 °C. On average, the crop life cycle was predicted with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.7 and 3.0 days in 2016 and 2017, respectively. In 2016, the mean predicted aboveground biomass during the growth cycle showed a d-index of 0.98 (RMSE = 858 kg ha−1). Furthermore, the LAI, SLA, and leaf nitrogen concentrations were simulated with a high accuracy, showing a mean RMSE of 0.29 (d-index = 0.94), 25 cm2 g−1 (d-index = 0.88), and 0.51% (d-index = 0.95). Evaluations on the grain yield and aboveground biomass across four sowing dates in 2017 suggested a good robustness of the new quinoa model. The mean predicted aboveground biomass and grain yield at harvest maturity were 6479 kg ha−1 (RMSE = 898.9 kg ha−1) and 3843 kg ha−1 (RMSE = 450.3 kg ha−1), respectively. Thus, the CSM-CROPGRO model can be used to evaluate the long-term suitability, as well as different management strategies of quinoa under European conditions. However, further development on the simulation of small seed sizes and under water or nitrogen-limited environments are needed.

scholarly journals Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Chronic Warming on Nitrogen (N)-Uptake Rate, -Assimilation, and -Concentration of Wheat

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1689
Author(s):  
Dileepa M. Jayawardena ◽  
Scott A. Heckathorn ◽  
Jennifer K. Boldt
Keyword(s):  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
N Protein ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
N Assimilation ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
N Uptake Rate

The concentration of nitrogen (N) in vegetative tissues is largely dependent on the balance among growth, root N uptake, and N assimilation. Elevated CO2 (eCO2) plus warming is likely to affect the vegetative-tissue N and protein concentration of wheat by altering N metabolism, but this is poorly understood. To investigate this, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) was grown for three weeks at two levels of CO2 (400 or 700 ppm) and two temperature regimes (26/21 or 31/26 °C, day/night). Plant dry mass, plant %N, protein concentrations, NO3− and NH4+ root uptake rates (using 15NO3 or 15NH4), and whole-plant N- and NO3--assimilation were measured. Plant growth, %N, protein concentration, and root N-uptake rate were each significantly affected only by CO2, while N- and NO3−-assimilation were significantly affected only by temperature. However, plants grown at eCO2 plus warming had the lowest concentrations of N and protein. These results suggest that one strategy breeding programs can implement to minimize the negative effects of eCO2 and warming on wheat tissue N would be to target the maintenance of root N uptake rate at eCO2 and N assimilation at higher growth temperatures.

scholarly journals Effect of nitrogen fertiliser management on soil mineral nitrogen, nitrous oxide losses, yield and nitrogen uptake of wheat growing in waterlogging-prone soils of south-eastern Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Harris ◽  
Roger D. Armstrong ◽  
Ashley J. Wallace ◽  
Oxana N. Belyaeva
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Crop N Uptake ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
N Management

Some of the highest nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions arising from Australian agriculture have been recorded in the high-rainfall zone (>650mm) of south-western Victoria. Understanding the association between nitrogen (N) management, crop N uptake and gaseous losses is needed to reduce N2O losses. Field experiments studied the effect of N-fertiliser management on N2O emissions, crop N uptake and crop productivity at Hamilton and Tarrington in south-western Victoria. Management included five rates of urea-N fertiliser (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200kgN/ha) topdressed at either mid-tillering or first-node growth stages of wheat development; urea-N deep-banded 10cm below the seed at sowing; and urea coated with the nitrification inhibitor DMPP (3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate) was either topdressed or deep-banded. Pre-sowing soil profile chemical properties were determined before static chambers were installed to measure N2O losses, accompanied by wheat dry matter, crop N uptake and grain yield and quality, to measure treatment differences. N2O losses increased significantly (P≤0.10) where urea-N was deep-banded, resulting in a 2–2.5-fold increase in losses, compared with the nil N control. The high N2O losses from deep-banding N appeared to result from winter waterlogging triggering gaseous or drainage losses before wheat reached peak growth and demand for N in spring. Despite the high losses from deep-banding urea-N, grain yields were largely unaffected by N management, except at Hamilton in 2012, where topdressed wheat growing in a soil with large reserves of NO3–-N, and later experiencing post-anthesis water deficit resulted in a negative grain yield response. All sites had high concentrations of soil organic carbon (>2.8%) and the potential for large amounts of N mineralisation throughout the growing season to supplement low N fertiliser recovery. However, topdressed urea-N resulted in significant enrichment of crop tissue (P≤0.004) and associated positive response in grain protein compared with the deep banded and nil N treatments. 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP)-coated urea provided no additional benefit to crop yield over conventional urea N. Our study highlighted the importance of synchronising N supply with peak crop N demand to encourage greater synthetic N uptake and mitigation of N2O losses.

Interaction between plant density and nitrogen management strategy in improving maize grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency on the North China Plain

2015 ◽  
Vol 154 (6) ◽  
pp. 978-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. YAN ◽  
Q. ZHANG ◽  
X. F. SHUAI ◽  
J. X. PAN ◽  
W. J. ZHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
The North ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
N Management

SUMMARYUnderstanding the physiological mechanisms of biomass accumulation and partitioning in the grain, and the nitrogen (N) uptake associated with different plant densities and N management strategies, is essential for achieving both high yield and N use efficiency (NUE) in maize plants. A field experiment was conducted in 2013 and 2014, using five rates of N application and three plant densities (6·0, 7·5 and 9·0 plants/m2) in Quzhou County on the North China Plain (NCP). The objective was to evaluate whether higher plant density can produce more biomass allocated to the grain to achieve higher grain yield and to determine the optimal N management strategies for different plant densities. The highest grain yield and NUE were achieved in the 7·5 plants/m2 treatment; both the sub-optimal (6·0 plants/m2) and supra-optimal (9·0 plants/m2) plant densities resulted in diminished yield and NUE. Compared to 6·0 plants/m2, the 7·5 plants/m2 treatment displayed higher biomass accumulation during the grain-filling period and also exhibited more biomass allocated to kernels with similar total biomass accumulation compared with the 9·0 plants/m2 treatment, which contributed to its higher grain yield. The N uptake in the 7·5 plants/m2 treatment was similar to that in the 9·0 plants/m2 treatment up to pre-silking. However, the post-silking N uptake of the 7·5 plants/m2 treatment was 66·4 kg/ha, which was 29·1% higher than that of the 9·0 plants/m2 treatment. Furthermore, the highest maize grain yield was achieved in the 0·7 × optimal N rate (ONR × 0·7), ONR and ONR × 1·3 treatments for 6·0, 7·5 and 9·0 plants/m2, respectively, which suggests that different N management strategies are needed for different plant densities. In conclusion, selecting a planting density of 7·5 plants/m2 with an in-season root zone N management is a potentially effective strategy for achieving high grain yield and high NUE for maize production on the NCP.

Grain yield and protein responses in wheat using the N-Sensor for variable rate N application

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 818 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Mayfield ◽  
S. P. Trengove
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Variable Rate ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser ◽  
Uniform Rate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Crop Biomass

Soil types, cereal crop growth and grain yields are typically variable across many paddocks in the cropping regions of South Australia. In this study the value of a variable rate nitrogen fertiliser application, using the Yara N-Sensor, was compared with the standard practice of a uniform application, at crop growth stage 31, on the grain yield and protein content of wheat. These comparisons were made using the same total amount of fertiliser in paired variable and uniform rate treatments in commercial crops at a total of 10 sites over two years in the medium to higher rainfall areas of the Mid North and Yorke Peninsula of South Australia. The mean increase in wheat grain yield for the variable rate treatment was only 40 kg/ha, or 0.8%, when compared with the uniform rate treatment averaged over these 10 sites and two years. Grain yield differences ranged from 160 kg/ha more to 60 kg/ha less for the variable rate treatment when compared with the uniform rate treatment. Wheat grain yields with the uniform treatments ranged from 2.53 t/ha to 5.68t/ha and with a mean grain yield of 4.24 t/ha. The mean wheat grain protein content with the variable rate treatment was 11.0%, compared with 10.5% with the uniform rate treatment, a relative increase of 5.1%. Where grain yield responses to the variable rate treatments were compared between different biomass areas within a paddock, the greatest grain yield increases to a variable rate of N compared with a uniform rate were in the areas with the lowest 20% of crop biomass whereas grain yield differences were negligible in areas with the highest 60% of crop biomass. These low biomass areas also had the greatest grain yield response to the applied post emergent nitrogen fertiliser when compared with areas with no post emergent nitrogen fertiliser. N-Sensor outputs (biomass and N-rate) were compared with measurements of plant biomass, N uptake (kg N/ha) and %N content at points of contrasting biomass and N-rate within paddocks. There was a high correlation between the N-Sensor biomass and N-rate values and actual plant biomass and N uptake but not with the %N content. Crop biomass maps made using sensors such as the N-Sensor could provide useful data layers, which in combination with other datasets such as grain yield maps or elevation maps, be used to produce zone maps for further analysis or for variable rate input treatments. The N-Sensor could also be used in some situations to map variations in weed biomass for possible site specific weed management.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Two Irrigation Scheduling Methods and Nitrogen Rates on Corn Production in Alabama

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Jose Franco Da Cunha Leme Filho ◽  
Brenda V. Ortiz ◽  
Kipling S. Balkcom ◽  
Damianos Damianidis ◽  
Thorsten J. Knappenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Irrigation Application ◽  
Growing Seasons

Regulations on nutrient application amounts and environmental impacts of fertilizers are promoting advances in agricultural management strategies to optimize irrigation application and N fertilization in corn. Previous studies have found a relationship between irrigation application, available water in the soil, and N fertilizer uptake. The objective of this study was to evaluate interactions between two irrigation scheduling methods and four N rate applications (0-control, 202, 269, and 336 kg ha−1) on grain yield, aboveground biomass, plant N concentration, N uptake, and nitrogen use efficiency in corn. The study was conducted at the Tennessee Valley Research and Extension Center (TVREC) during two growing seasons (2014 and 2015). The irrigation scheduling methods consisted of (i) the pan evaporation method, which is based on managing the crop’s estimated evapotranspiration (ET) using pan evaporation values and the crop’s consumptive water use and (ii) the sensor-based irrigation scheduling method based on soil matric potential values recorded by soil moisture tension sensors installed in the field. Irrigation amounts from both irrigation scheduling methods indicated that less water was applied with the sensor-based method. The different amounts of irrigation applied associated with the two irrigation scheduling methods did not impact grain yield, aboveground biomass, and NUE. In general, NUEs values decreased with increased N rates, which means that additional N fertilizer added to the soil was not converted into grain yield or/and adsorbed by plants; therefore, more N remained in the soil, increasing the risk for environmental problems.

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