Study of the effect of plant density on the growth of maize ( Zea mays L.) hybrids using the Richards function

In maize, plant density has a considerable influence on the rate of dry matter accumulation and on its partitioning between vegetative and reproductive sinks. The aim of the present research was to use the first, second and third derivatives of the Richards function (RF) for growth analysis on maize hybrids grown at various densities. In two-factorial split-plot experiments carried out in Martonvásár, Hungary in 1997–1999 the growth analysis method was used to examine the effect of six plant densities (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 thousand plants ha −1 ) on the growth of three maize hybrids (Mara, Mv 355, Florencia) with different vegetation periods. Plant density had a significant effect on the dynamics of dry matter accumulation, absolute growth rate (AGR) and absolute acceleration rate (AAR). There was a significant reduction in the asymptotic maximum (A) and growth parameters (AGR, AAR) of the whole plant and of the individual plant organs (stalk, leaf, ear and grain yield), while the parameters of the leaf area index (LAI) increased significantly with a rise in the plant density. The usefulness of the RF for approximating the growth processes of maize plants and individual plant parts was confirmed statistically.

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Growth analysis of winter wheat cultivars as affected by nitrogen fertilization / Wachstumsanalyse von Winterweizensorten in Abhängigkeit von Stickstoffdüngung

Die Bodenkultur Journal of Land Management Food and Environment ◽

10.1515/boku-2017-0005 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 57-70

Author(s):

Eszter Sugár ◽

Zoltán Berzsenyi ◽

Péter Bónis ◽

Tamás Árendás

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Growth Analysis ◽

Management Practices ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Growth Potential ◽

Individual Plant ◽

Area Index

Summary Growth analysis helps explain the differences in yield and growth potential between cultivars in response to management practices and environmental conditions. The aim of the research was: (i) to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the growth and growth parameters of different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and (ii) to study the relationship between yield and growth parameters at the individual plant and plant stand level. In the two-factorial, split-plot experiment, the main plot was the nitrogen (N) treatment and the sub-plot was the cultivar. In response to N fertilization, the values of growth rate parameters increased up to the N160 treatment. The mean values of crop growth rate (g m-2 day-1) in the treatments were as follows: N0: 10.4, N80: 15.4, N160: 17.2 and N240: 16.3. The leaf area index, leaf area duration and especially the duration of the flag-leaf gave a good reflection of the effect of N fertilization. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated the significant effect of growth rates, size and duration of leaf area, biomass distribution and yield components on the yield. The results showed that understanding the growth of plants is important for optimizing management decisions.

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Plant density and intra-row spacing effects on phenology, dry matter accumulation and leaf area index of maize in second cropping

Biologija ◽

10.6001/biologija.v62i1.3289 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Raouf Seyed Sharifi ◽

Ali Namvar

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area Index ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Plant Density ◽

Block Design ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Maize Production ◽

Area Index ◽

Spacing Effects

Crop phenology is one of the most important aspects of crop yield determination and it is essential to predicting physiological responses under varying field conditions. In order to evaluate plant density and intra-row spacing effects on phenology, dry matter accumulation, and leaf area index of maize in second cropping, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted at the research farm of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Experimental factors were: plant population at three levels (7, 9, and 11 plants m–2) with three levels of intra-row spacing (45, 60, and 75 cm). The results showed that the maximum plant height (179.07 cm), total dry matter (592 g m–2) in 83–91 days after sowing, days to 50% anthesis (45 days), days to 50% silking (50 days), LAI (4.07) in 63–70 days after sowing were observed in the plots with 11 plants m–2 and intra-row spacing of 45 cm. Based on the results, it was concluded that application of 11 plants m–2 with row spacing of 45 cm can be recommended for profitable maize production.

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Defoliation studies in hybrid maize: II. Dry-matter accumulation, LAI, silking and yield components

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600062043 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 85 (2) ◽

pp. 247-254 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. P. Singh ◽

K. P. P. Nair

Keyword(s):

Yield Components ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Plant Density ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Area Index ◽

Leaf Stage ◽

Plant Parts ◽

High Plant Density ◽

1000 Grain Weight

SUMMARYData are presented from an experiment made in two crop seasons, to examine the effects of plant density and degree of defoliation at different stages of growth in maize at Pantnagar, India, on the dry-matter accumulation in different plant parts, leaf area index (LAI), time of silking and grain yield components.Different patterns of dry-matter accumulation in various plant parts was observed. Silking was delayed by increasing plant density. Defoliation (even partial) at the 16th fully expanded leaf stage resulted in substantial reduction in LAI and such yield components as number of ears, ear length, ear diameter and 1000-grain weight. On the other hand, partial defoliation done at the 10th fully expanded leaf stage to simulate an ‘erectophile canopy’ led to yield increases even under high plant density (90000 plants/ha) in the Kharif (rainy season), mainly through an increase in number of ears, 1000-grain weight and grain to stover ratio coupled with a reduction in barrenness and percentage of lodging. It is suggested that an increase in the photosynthetic efficiency per unit area of leaf resulting from the ‘erectophile canopy’ is the reason for these effects.

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Nitrogen management in Soybean: A Review

Agricultural Reviews ◽

10.18805/ag.r-1894 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ritu Bhangu ◽

Harpreet Kaur Virk

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Oil Content ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Nitrogen Management ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Area Index ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

Leguminous Crop

Soybean (Glycine max) is a leguminous crop grown worldwide for its dual qualities viz. high protein and oil content. It contains about 40-42% protein and 20-22% oil and is one of the major cash crop of rainy season.The plant growth parameters like plant height, leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation of soybean increased with application of nitrogen from 30-80 kg N ha-1. Nodule number and nodule dry weight increased with application of 40 kg N ha-1and decreased afterwards whereas, yield and yield attributes of soybean increased with the application of nitrogen upto 100 kg ha-1. Application of nitrogen from 40-80 kg N ha-1as basal dose resulted in increase in protein content. The split application of nitrogen as basal and at reproductive stages also resulted in increase in protein content. However, oil content decreased with increasing level of nitrogen. The oil content increased with application of nitrogen upto 40 kg N ha-1. Application of nitrogen also improved soil properties like organic carbon, available NPK and saturated hydraulic conductivity.

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Dry matter accumulation and water use relationships in wheat crops

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9790815 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 815 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

AD Doyle ◽

RA Fischer

Keyword(s):

Soil Water ◽

Water Use ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Plant Density ◽

Sowing Date ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Soil Evaporation ◽

Total Solar Radiation ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Area Index

In order to better understand crop growth (dry matter accumulation, DM), crop evapotranspiration (Et), and their interrelationships, we studied dryland crops of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Timgalen) sown at various dates and seeding densities in each of three years at Tamworth, N.S.W. Soil water stress was minimal before anthesis in each year, but in two years substantial stress arose before maturity. DM was increased consistently by increased plant density, and decreased at anthesis and maturity by later sowing. Crop growth rates determined over 2-week intervals around anthesis ranged from 3 to 20 g m-2 d-1, representing a range in efficiency of utilization of intercepted total solar radiation of 0.48 to 2.35%, variation which was adequately explained (R2 = 0.80) by ontogeny (days from anthesis) and Et / Ep ratio (Ep = class A pan evaporation). Et at anthesis, but not at maturity, was increased slightly by higher seedmg density; crop Et was not consistently affected by sowing date. Et / Ep over 2-week periods around anthesis was related to leaf area index, and to a lesser extent to available soil water and Ep (R2 = 0.58). For the period from the first sowing date in June or July until the middle of October, the relationship of total Et to DM production was linear and close each year, but the slope varied from 6.2 g m-2 mm-1 (cold dry year) to 14.0 g m-2 mm-1 (wet year). This variation could be attributed to annual variation in the soil evaporation component of Et, and in the ratio of DM to crop transpiration (= transpiration efficiency, TE). For 2-week periods around anthesis, TE ranged from 2.9 to 5.4 g m-2 mm-1 and was inversely related to Ep (R2 = 0.56). Provided soil evaporation can be allowed for, since it ranged from 18 to 41% of crop Et from sowing to maturity, it is argued that the crop transpirationtranspiration efficiency approach is particularly useful for analysing the growth and water use of dryland wheat.

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Growth analysis of chickpea cv. Bari chhola-6 as affected by foliar spray of growth regulators

Bangladesh Journal of Botany ◽

10.3329/bjb.v36i2.1497 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 105-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Md Fazlul Karim ◽

Quazi Abdul Fattah

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Growth Analysis ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Area Index ◽

Combination Treatments ◽

Net Assimilation

Leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and above ground dry matter accumulation (AGDM) of a cultivar of chickpea (Cicer arietenum) were studied with the application of potassium naphthenate (KNap) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) as foliar spray in 2001-2002. The growth regulators had greater influence on plants which showed comparable values of LAI, LAD, CGR, NAR and TDM over control plants. Out of the growth regulator treatment, 1500 ppm KNap produced 26.7 to 37.5% more TDM at different stages of growth than those of control, and it was superior to other treatments with NAA. Other growth parameters also increased following 1500 ppm KNap treatment. LAI, CGR, NAR and AGDM had a significant linear relationship with seed yield. The combination treatments of KNap and NAA concentrations did not show any cumulative influence on any of the parameters. Â Key words: Growth analysis, Chickpea, Foliar spray, Growth regulators DOI = 10.3329/bjb.v36i2.1497 Bangladesh J. Bot. 36(2): 105-110, 2007 (December)

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Nitrogen Demand of Cut Chrysanthemums in Relation to Shoot Height and Planting Date

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.523c ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 523c-523

Author(s):

Siegfried Zerche

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Plant Density ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

N Uptake ◽

Planting Date ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Growing Period

Refined nutrient delivery systems are important for environmentally friendly production of cut flowers in both soil and hydroponic culture. They have to be closely orientated at the actual nutrient demand. To solve current problems, express analysis and nutrient uptake models have been developed in horticulture. However, the necessity of relatively laborious analysis or estimation of model input parameters have prevented their commercial use up to now. For this reason, we studied relationships between easily determinable parameters of plant biomass structure as shoot height, plant density and dry matter production as well as amount of nitrogen removal of hydroponically grown year-round cut chrysanthemums. In four experiments (planting dates 5.11.91; 25.3.92; 4.1.93; 1.7.93) with cultivar `Puma white' and a fixed plant density of 64 m2, shoots were harvested every 14 days from planting until flowering, with dry matter, internal N concentration and shoot height being measured. For each planting date, N uptake (y) was closely (r2 = 0.94; 0.93; 0.84; 0.93, respectively) related to shoot height (x) at the time of cutting and could be characterized by the equation y = a * × b. In the soilless cultivation system, dry matter concentrations of N remained constant over the whole growing period, indicating non-limiting nitrogen supply. In agreement with constant internal N concentrations, N uptake was linearly related (r2 = 0.94 to 0.99) to dry matter accumulation. It is concluded that shoot height is a useful parameter to include in a simple model of N uptake. However, in consideration of fluctuating greenhouse climate conditions needs more sophisticated approaches including processes such as water uptake and photosynthetically active radiation.

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The nitrogen topdressing mode of indica-japonica and indica hybrid rice are different after side-deep fertilization with machine transplanting

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-81295-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xiaodan Wang ◽

Yaliang Wang ◽

Yuping Zhang ◽

Jing Xiang ◽

Yikai Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Controlled Release ◽

Nitrogen Uptake ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Hybrid Rice ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Area Index ◽

Quick Release ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Spikelets Per Panicle

AbstractDetermination of the optimal fertilization method is crucial to maximize nitrogen use efficiency and yield of different rice cultivars. Side-deep fertilization with controlled-release nitrogen, in conjunction with machine transplanting and subsequent topdressing, was applied to Indica–japonica hybrid rice ‘Yongyou1540’ (YY1540) and indica hybrid rice ‘Tianyouhuazhan’ (TYHZ). Four nitrogen treatments were applied in 2018 and 2019: traditional nitrogen application with quick-release nitrogen (T1), single-dose deep fertilization at transplanting with 100% controlled-release nitrogen (T2), and deep fertilization of 70% controlled-release nitrogen and topdressing of 30% quick nitrogen at tillering (T3), or at panicle initiation (T4). Side-deep fertilization reduced the fertilizer application frequency without causing yield loss, T4 enhanced the yield of YY1540 by increasing the number of productive tillers and number of spikelets per panicle compared with T1, T2 and T3. The yield of TYHZ showed no significant difference among treatments. The T4 treatment decreased the number of tillers at the tilling peak stage and increased the percentage productive tillers and number of differentiated spikelets. Compared with the other treatments, T4 increased dry matter accumulation and leaf area index during panicle initiation and grain ripening, and contributed to enhanced nitrogen uptake and nitrogen utilization in YY1540. On average, nitrogen uptake and utilization in YY1540 were highest in T4, but no significant differences among treatments were observed in TYHZ. Dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake from panicle initiation to heading of YY1540 were correlated with number of spikelets per panicle, but no significant correlations were observed for TYHZ. Supplementary topdressing with quick-release nitrogen at the panicle initiation stage was required to increase yield of indica–japonica hybrid rice, whereas single-dose deep fertilization with controlled-release nitrogen is satisfactory for the indica hybrid cultivar.

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