Validity of Adhesion between Films and Substrate with Friction-Detected Scratch Test

1993 ◽  
Vol 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ru Wang
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Critical Load ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Scratch Test ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Film Substrate ◽  
Film Failure ◽  
Ti Films

ABSTRACTThe validity of Lc of film failure is studied with friction — detected scratch test . The specimens used in the experiment are ion-plated TiN and Ti films,Chemical-Plated NiPCu films on steel of various hardness,ion beam mixed plated TiN films on optical glass,The morphology of failed films was studied under optical microscope and scanning electronmicroscope,The composition of starting failure of films was analyzed with electro — probe. It is found that in the curves of scratch tests of ion-plated TiN and Ti films on high-speed steel,the load corresponding the sudden change of the horizontal force is the same as the critical load of film failure,however,the critical load obtained in the scratch test of the ion-plated TiN and Ti films on soft steel is the some deference compared with optical microscope analyzed, that is principally due to the property of films and substrates (hardness and coefficient).The morphology and mechanism of ion — plated TiN and Ti films on high —speed steel are also studied in the paper.The adhesion between film and substrate is an effective method in evaluating the films property. After apprasing the effectiveness of acoustic emission monitoring scratch test, someone think that no matter coated with hard or soft film it is effective on the brittle hard substrate. However,there exist errors to different extent on other film-substrate system,and the scratch test is inapplicable for soft film-soft substrate system[1]. P. A. Steinmann pointed out while studying the factors influnceing the critical load Lc,that friction coefficient is a key factor on Lc,it provided valuable information in measuring Lc,but it think it is imporsible to measure Lc totally dependent on sudden change friction or friction coefficient, howeveer, for a specific coating substrate system,it is acceptable to say that Lc is dependent on friction coefficient[2]. This paper study experimentally on the friction detected scratch test and found out that effectiveness of Lc varies substantially in different film-substrate system. The author studiied the regularity of various system and discuse the season. The failure morphology and principles of ion-plated TiN and Ti film on highspeed steel are also analyzed in this paper.

Effects of Electrolyte Plasma Carbonitriding on Tribological Properties of High Speed Steel

2013 ◽  
Vol 712-715 ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazhyn Skakov ◽  
Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov ◽  
Michael Sсheffler
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Tribological Properties ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Scratch Test ◽  
Abrasive Wear Resistance ◽  
R6m5 Steel ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Modified Layer

This paper presents research of influence electrolyte plasma carbonitriding on tribological properties of R6M5 high-speed steel. Shows perspectiveness of carbonitriding high-speed steels in electrolyte plasma. The results of research demonstrated increasing wear-resistance of R6M5 steel after carbonitriding in electrolyte plasma. Under the same test conditions by the method of scratch-test have been determined that the depth of the scar of a modified layer has become less in comparison with the original sample, which indicates a significant increase of wear-resistance and hardness of the surface carbonitriding layer R6М5 steel. It was set that after electrolytic-plasma carbonitriding abrasive wear-resistance of the surface layers of R6M5 steel is increased by 25%. Introduction

Fabrication and Properties of Cu-Cr Coatings on the Inner Wall of Steel Pipe by Mechanical Alloying Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 602-604 ◽  
pp. 1663-1666
Author(s):  
Zhong Qing Tian ◽  
Guo Xing Zhang ◽  
Wei Jiu Huang ◽  
Yu Kai Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Coating Thickness ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Steel Pipe ◽  
Rotating Speed ◽  
Friction Testing ◽  
Cr Coating

The mechanical alloying method process has been innovatively used to prepare Cu-Cr coating on the inner wall of steel pipe. The effect of the rotating speed on thickness, microhardness and friction coefficient of the Cu-Cr coating was investigated. The coating thickness was measured from all samples using optical microscope. The microhardness was analyzed by Digital Microhardness Tester. The friction coefficient was tested by high speed reciprocating friction testing machine. The results show that the coating thickness is 26, 29 and 31μm at the rotating speed of 200, 250 and 300 rpm. The microhardness of the Cu-Cr coating prepared at 200, 250 and 300 rpm are about 760, 780 and 830 Hv. The friction coefficient of the Cu-Cr coating prepared at 200 rpm are about 0.25, 0.40 and 0.38 at the frequencies of 3, 4 and 5 Hz. The friction coefficient of the Cu-Cr coating prepared at 250 rpm are about 0.30, 0.29 and 0.20 at the frequencies of 3, 4 and 5 Hz. The friction coefficient of the Cu-Cr coating prepared at 300 rpm are about 0.10, 0.13 and 0.09 at the frequencies of 3, 4 and 5 Hz.

Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of TiN Coating on HSS by Pulsed Bias Cathodic Arc Ion Plating

2011 ◽  
Vol 675-677 ◽  
pp. 1307-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Hong Yao ◽  
Bin Tang ◽  
Lin Hai Tian ◽  
Xiao Fang Li ◽  
Yong Ma
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Corrosion Current ◽  
Scratch Test ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Tin Coating ◽  
Arc Ion Plating ◽  
Ion Plating ◽  
Cathodic Arc

TiN coating with thickness of 2.5μm was deposited on high-speed steel (HSS) substrate by pulsed bias cathodic arc ion plating. The surface and cross-section morphologies, composition depth profile and phase structure were characterized by FESEM, GDOES and XRD, respectively. Scratch test for adhesion evaluation, microhardness test for hardness measurement, and potentiodynamic polarization for corrosion resistance test were used. The results show that the TiN coating exhibits smooth surface, dense columnar grain structure and an obviously preferred orientation of TiN(111). The adhesion of the coating to substrate is exceeded more than 100N. The hardness of the coating is about 26 GPa. The low corrosion current density (Icorr) and rather high corrosion potential (Ecorr) value imply that the TiN coating displays a good corrosion resistance in 0.5mol/l NaCl solution. However, pitting is still existed due to the defects in the coating.

Deposition and Properties Studies of Superfine TiN Films with Magnetic Filter

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 61-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Chen ◽  
De Chang Zeng ◽  
Wan Qi Qiu ◽  
Xin Wei Shi ◽  
Zheng Yi Liu
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Scratch Test ◽  
Nanoindentation Test ◽  
Adhesion Properties ◽  
Tin Films ◽  
Crack Propagation Resistance ◽  
Magnetic Filter ◽  
Film Adhesion

Arc ion plating(AIP) has higher deposition rates, whereas macro-particles (MPs) make the film properties decreasing. In this paper, AIP with or without magnetic filter (MF or AIP) and composition of AIP followed with magnetic filter (MFAIP) were designed to deposit TiN films on silicon (Si) and high-speed steel(HSS), respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), nanoindentation and microscratch tests were investigated. SEM showed that both the MF and the MFAIP films had a superfine layer among the columnar crystals grown vertically against substrate surface. However, the columnar crystals of MF films were leptosomatic and well-orientational, while MFAIP ones were coarse and short, and even ragged in size and orientation. Nanoindentation test results showed the highest hardness for MF films and the lowest one for AIP films. A new parameter Scratch Crack Propagation Resistance (CPRs) was introduced to evaluate the film adhesion properties in a scratch test. MF films had the highest adhesion. AIP films were most susceptible to failure as the CPRs was the lowest, although the Lc1 was higher than MFAIP ones. It was proposed that the MPs were effectively removed with the MF, and the MF layers were superfine to improve the properties of the films.

STUDY ON THE TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF CUTTING TOOLS COATED WITH FILMS

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (31) ◽  
pp. 4261-4264 ◽  
Author(s):  
MANABU YASUOKA
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Frictional Properties ◽  
Coated Tool ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pin On Disk

A hard film coat can improve a tool's performance. In this study, the frictional properties of an uncoated tool and a coated tool with TiN were measured against that of SCM440 (42 CrMo 4) steel. The results showed there was no significant difference between the friction coefficient of the high-speed steel tool and the tool coated with TiN but the friction coefficient of uncoated tool was slightly lower than that of the steel. In the second part of the study, coats of TiN , TiC , CrN , and TiAlN were deposited on high-speed steel and the wear characteristics were determined with a pin-on-disk wear examination. The differences in the friction coefficients were attributed to the difference in the wear of the slipping material. There were large differences in the adhesion characteristics on the surface of the slipping material. The author suggest that these differences influence the characteristics of the cutting tool.

Quaternary–matrix, nanocomposite self-lubricating PVD coatings in the system TiAlCN-MoS2 – structure and tological properties

2003 ◽  
Vol 788 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Spassov ◽  
A. Savan ◽  
A. R. Phani ◽  
M. Stueber ◽  
H. Haefke
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Scratch Test ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Work Piece ◽  
Low Friction ◽  
Dry Cutting ◽  
Productivity Cost ◽  
Temperature Oxidation

ABSTRACTNowadays the demands placed upon the tooling in processes such as cutting, drilling, milling, stamping, bending, etc. are constantly growing and restrictive. On one hand, productivity, cost efficiency and quality all require high-speed processes to be developed. On the other hand, environmental safety requires very little or no lubricant to be used (dry cutting or minimized spray-lubrication). When combined, these two considerations mean: the tool should wear very little, withstand high temperatures and the friction between the tool and the work piece should be minimized. An apparent approach to simultaneously satisfying such requirements is coating the tools with self-lubricating hard coatings. Quaternary TiAlCN is a rapidly developing hard coating suitable for a number of cutting applications. The well-known wear-resistant coating TiN has been demonstrated to have improved high-temperature oxidation resistance when aluminum is included, i.e. TiAl N. Addition of yet a fourth element, carbon, has the primary effect of lowering the high friction coefficient occurring between the ceramic coating and steel. The high hardness, toughness, heat resistance and low friction coefficient of TiAlCN make it the ideal candidate for applications such as milling, hobbing, tapping, stamping and punching. MoS2 is a well-known solid lubricant widely used as tribological coatings, especially for applications working in vacuum or dry environment. Combining the wear resistance of the quaternary TiAlCN matrix with the lubricating properties of MoS2 has an extremely beneficial effect in further improving the tribological performance of the resulting composite. The coatings were deposited on hardmetal (WC-Co) and Si (100) substrates using reactive magnetron sputtering. The structure of the coatings is studied by plain-view TEM and XTEM, electron diffraction and ED X. The tribological properties were examined by Pin-on-Disk (PoD) tribometer. The adhesion was estimated by scratch test, and the hardness was measured by nanoindentation. All the coatings examined had a very low friction coefficient (typically below 0.09) and volumetric wear rate against 100Cr6 steel (AISI 52100) of 7.10-7 mm3/N/m. The relation of deposition parameters to structure to properties is discussed. To the authors knowledge, this is the first paper describing quaternary TiAlCN matrix with inclusions of MoS2.

A Model for the Contact Conditions at the Chip-Tool Interface in Machining

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 649-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ackroyd ◽  
S. Chandrasekar ◽  
W. D. Compton
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Stagnation Region ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Contact Conditions ◽  
Tool Materials ◽  
Pure Metals ◽  
Cutting Experiments

A high-speed photographic study has been made of the chip-tool interface and its evolution when cutting pure metals with optically transparent sapphire tools. The use of a high speed camera in conjunction with an optical microscope has enabled details of the interface, including the velocity field along the interface, to be resolved at high spatial and temporal resolution while cutting at speeds between 1 mm/sec and 2000 mm/sec. The results show the chip-tool contact along this interface to be composed of four distinct regions: a region of stagnation at the cutting edge, a region of retardation adjoining the stagnation region, a region of sliding beyond the retardation region, followed by a region of metal transfer or “sticking” that is located furthest away from the cutting edge alongside the boundary of the contact. The chip and tool appear to be in intimate contact over the stagnation, retardation, and sliding regions, with sliding occurring at the interface over much of this zone of intimate contact. These observations have provided direct experimental evidence for a model of the contact conditions proposed by Enahoro and Oxley based on analytical considerations. Cutting experiments with non-oxide tools such as aluminum and high speed steel suggest that this description conditions is equally applicable to tool materials other than sapphire.

Tribological Behaviors of W-Doped DLC Films

2010 ◽  
Vol 434-435 ◽  
pp. 474-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Qiang Fu ◽  
Cheng Biao Wang ◽  
Xiu Jun Du ◽  
Zhi Jian Peng ◽  
Xiang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Scratch Test ◽  
Ion Beam Deposition ◽  
Substrate Adhesion ◽  
Film Substrate ◽  
Beam Deposition

W-doped DLC films were synthesized from CH4 and W by ion beam deposition and magnetron sputtering, and the influence of W target current on the surface morphology and the mechanical properties of W-doped DLC films deposited were studied. The W-doped DLC films in the study have a smooth dense surface with several particles of about 2micron. The hardness, the modulus, and the film-substrate adhesion of the films are increased with the rise of W target current and the critical load of the scratch test for all the W-doped DLC films is above 70N. The friction coefficient of W-doped DLC films is increased with the increase of W target current while the lowest wear rate is obtained when W target current is 1A.

scholarly journals Characterization and Tribological Behavior of TiAlN/TiAlCN Multilayer Coatings

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhefeng Lei ◽  
Xiaodong Zhu ◽  
Yanhuai Li ◽  
Zhongxiao Song ◽  
Haiping Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Bonding Strength ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Tribological Behavior ◽  
Multilayer Coating ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Multilayer Coatings ◽  
Low Wear ◽  
N2 Flow Rate

Effects of partial pressure of methane on deposition rate, hardness, bonding strength and friction coefficient of TiAlN/TiAlC0.37N0.63 multilayer coating were investigated. The TiAlN coating was deposited at a N2 flow rate of 70 sccm, and TiAlC0.37N0.63 coating were deposited at a N2 flow rate of 35 sccm and a CH4 flow rate of 35 sccm. TiAlN/TiAlC0.37N0.63 multilayer coatings with different modulation periods but the same total thickness of 3.56 μm were deposited on high speed steel (HSS) substrates using multi-arc ion plating technology. Microhardness and tribological measurement show that the multilayer coating with a modulating ratio of 1:1 and a modulation period of 68 nm had a hardness of 2793.9 HV0.10, an excellent bonding strength of 52 N, and the minimum friction coefficient of 0.46 and a relatively low wear rate.

scholarly journals MICROANALYSIS OF ELECTROSPARK COATINGS BASED ON ELECTROEROSION POWDERS

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
E. V. Ageeva ◽  
A. Yu. Altukhov ◽  
E. P. Novikov
Keyword(s):  
Hard Alloy ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Steel Powder ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Hard Alloys ◽  
Functional Coatings ◽  
Electrospark Coating ◽  
Electroerosion Dispersion

The development of modern engineering requires improvement of quality, reliability and durability of parts, assemblies and mechanisms. One of the efficient ways to solve these problems is to applyf functional coatings obtained by the method of electric-spark alloying (ESA). Main electrode materials are mostly sintered hard alloys, which cost due to expensive tungsten in them is relatively high. To solve this problem, a VK8 (90%) hard alloy powder (as a main part) and 10% of high speed steel powder, Gr. R6M5 are proposed to be used as an electrode material. One of the promising methods to produce powders from almost any conductive material, including hard alloy and high speed steel wastes, is the method of electroerosion dispersion (EED), characterized by relatively low energy costs and an environmentally friendly process. The aim of this work is to perform a microanalysis of a steel 30KHGSA section substrate and electrospark coating obtained by electrospark alloying by UR-121 using electrodes of a mixture of electroerosion powders VK8 (90%)+R6M5 (10%), obtained by electroerosion dispersion of hard alloy and high speed steel wastes in illuminating kerosene. To obtain a micro and nano powder of hard alloy and high speed steel wastes a unit for electric erosion dispersing of conductive materials was used. Microanalysis was performed by means of an inverted optical microscope OLYMPUS GX51. The microanalysis allowed us to determine the shape and size of individual grains and their relative positions to identify the presence of inclusions and microdefects and to judge on the properties of the substrate (30KHGSA) and the coating (VK8+R6M5).

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