Binders in Paintings

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Richard Newman
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layers ◽  
Animal Glue ◽  
Variable Properties ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
The Media ◽  
Japanese Painting ◽  
Adhesive Materials

Many naturally occurring adhesive materials have been used throughout history to bind pigments in paintings. A number of synthetic materials have been added to these during the twentieth century.Availability and tradition can influence the choice of binders made by artists. Probably the most widely used medium throughout history, animal glue, is also the most easily obtained. Glues made from the connective tissues or skins of local animals were major media in ancient Egyptian painting and in Chinese and Japanese painting, as well as in many other cultures throughout world history. In many cases, a variety of natural binders were available, and additional factors influenced the choice of binder by a culture. Different media have highly variable properties that affect how they are used in painting. Among these properties are solubility, the transparency or depth of color that is obtainable with a given pigment, and handling properties–how the paint flows, how quickly it dries, whether it can be applied in very thick and very thin layers, etc. Knowledge of the media utilized in paintings can help us understand the intentions of artists. Medieval European painting can be used as an example.

Facial reconstruction project

1970 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Cesarani ◽  
Maria Cristina Martina ◽  
Valter Capussotto ◽  
Andrea Giuliano ◽  
Renato Grilletto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Model ◽  
Multidetector Ct ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Facial Reconstruction ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Egyptian Mummy ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Reconstruction Project

Facial reconstruction of mummies and corpses is important in anthropological, medical and forensic studies. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the role of three- Dimensional Multidetector CT examination for 3D facial reconstruction. We present a multidisciplinary work performed by radiologists, anthropologists and forensic police in reconstructing the possible physiognomy of an ancient Egyptian mummy. Three-Dimensional data were obtained from a well-preserved completely wrapped Egyptian mummy from the collection of the Egyptian Museum in Torino, Italy, dated from XXII or XXIII dynasty (945-715 BC). Data were used as a model for the rapid prototyping stereolithographic technique, a method which allows the creation of 3D model with digital data using synthetic materials such as resin or nylon.

Using graphics editors as a means of developing students' creative abilities

2021 ◽  
pp. 384-393
Author(s):  
Olga Viktorovna Gavrilova
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Technology Program ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Prior Art ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media

This article discusses a very well-known and frequently used technique for an implementation of a variety of artistic projects - a collage created by means of information technology. The article tells about using collage in higher education for teaching graphics, in particular, raster editors. Graphics editors such as Adobe Photoshop or GIMP are included in the Computer Science and Information Technology program. Students get the opportunity to create graphic images regardless of their prior art education. The introduction of the topic "Creating a collage by means of a raster editor" introduces a creative element into IT disciplines and develops the student's associative thinking at the level of brain functioning. As a rule, raster editors are used to edit an image, not to create it. Therefore, preparation for these classes encourages students to search for the necessary visual material on the Internet. In order to obtain more personal images, a deep study of photography techniques is required. It is also useful to study the history of photo and film collages, their texture and structure. The scope of the collage use is various. This is psychology, teaching foreign languages and, of course, fine arts. Advertising posters that we see in large numbers in the media and transport are also collages. The article traces the history of collage creation from ancient Egyptian history to modern advertising products. It is especially interesting to study the time when collage became a conscious technique. This is a great layer of avant-garde art.

scholarly journals Phloroglucinol Mediated Plant Regeneration of Ornithogalum dubium as the Sole “Hormone-Like Supplement” in Plant Tissue Culture Long-Term Experiments

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 929
Author(s):  
Carloalberto Petti
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Plant Regeneration ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Long Term Experiments ◽  
Direct Embryogenesis ◽  
The Media ◽  
Synthetic Hormones

Tissue culture is an essential requirement in plant science to preserve genetic resources and to expand naturally occurring germplasm. A variety of naturally occurring and synthetic hormones are available to induce the processes of dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. Not all plant material is susceptible to tissue culture, and often complex media and hormone requirements are needed to achieve successful plant propagations. The availability of new hormones or chemicals acting as hormones are critical to the expansion of tissue culture potentials. Phloroglucinol has been shown to have certain hormone-like properties in a variety of studies. Ornithogalum dubium, an important geophyte species, was used to characterise the potential of phloroglucinol as the sole plant-like hormone in a tissue culture experiment. Tissue culture, plant regeneration, total phenolic and genetic variability were established by applying a variety of methods throughout long-term experiments. Phloroglucinol did induce callus formation and plant regeneration when used as the sole supplement in the media at a rate of 37%, thus demonstrating auxin/cytokines-like properties. Callus formation was of 3 types, friable and cellular, hard and compact, and a mixture of the two. The important finding was that direct somatogenesis did occur albeit more frequently on younger tissue, whereby rates of induction were up to 52%. It is concluded that phloroglucinol acts as a “hormone-like” molecule and can trigger direct embryogenesis without callus formation.

scholarly journals Sustainability in art conservation: a novel bio-based organogel for the cleaning of water sensitive works of art

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Prati ◽  
Francesca Volpi ◽  
Raffaella Fontana ◽  
Paola Galletti ◽  
Loris Giorgini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layers ◽  
Biodegradable Materials ◽  
Art Conservation ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Egg Tempera ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Historical Objects ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

Abstract Organo- and hydrogels have been proposed in the restoration field to treat different types of surfaces. The possibility to retain solvents and to have a controlled and superficial action allowed to use these materials for the removal of very thin layers applied on ancient historical objects, when the under paint layers are particularly delicate and water sensitive. In the last years, an increased attention has been devoted to the proposal of more healthy products to guarantee the safeguard of the operators. Few attention has been devoted to the development of green methods which foresee the use of renewable and biodegradable materials. The aim of this paper is to test a green organo-gel for the cleaning of water sensitive surfaces like varnished egg tempera paintings. The gel has been tested experimented on mock ups varnished with natural and synthetic materials and has been validated on a small portion of a Cimabue painting for the removal of two varnishes applied on two different test areas of the painting.

On Dominant Factors for C-Axis Orientation of Co-Cr Films in Sputter-Deposition

1986 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nakagawa ◽  
Y. Niimura ◽  
M. Naoe
Keyword(s):  
Process Condition ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Interfacial Effect ◽  
Perpendicular Recording ◽  
Axis Orientation ◽  
Argon Gas ◽  
The Media

AbstractCo-Cr thin film with the excellent c-axis orientation is required as the media for ultra high density perpendicular recording. There are two dominant factors that affect the c-axis orientation. One is the process condition such as argon gas pressure and targets-substrate distance L which change the kinetic energies of arriving atoms on substrate. The concept of mean collision number was introduced to get better understanding the relation between c-axis orientation and kinetic energy of particles. In this study, Facing Targets Sputtering (FTS) system was used because of its superiority as the plasma free sputtering. And the other is the interfacial effect between the substrate and the deposited film. In order to investigate the Interfacial effect, it has been performed to prepare the CoCr(500Å)/CoCr(500Å) double layer. By controlling the argon gas pressure, thin layers with different c-axis orientation can be easily obtained. When the c-axis well oriented 1st layer was used as the under layer, good c-axis orientation of 2nd layer was obtained even at the high argon gas pressure at which c-axis orientation in the single layer is poor. However, this improvement of c-axis orientation did not continue with the increase of the thickness of 2nd layer. It was clarified that there was the critical thickness in the 2nd layer affected by the c-axis orientation of under layer. As a result, it was concluded that the process condition was the superior dominant factor for c-axis orientation.

Relationship Between Crystal Structure, Internal Stress and Properties in the Naturally Occurring Supportless Thin Films of Chrysotile Asbestos

1994 ◽  
Vol 356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges Denes ◽  
R. Le Van Mao ◽  
A. Vaillancourt
Keyword(s):  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Structural Formula ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Magnesium Ions ◽  
Chrysotile Asbestos ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Enormous Amount ◽  
Unit Cells

AbstractChrysotile asbestos (empirical formula: Mg3Si2O7.2H2O, structural formula: Mg3Si2O5(OH)4) crystallizes in a sheet structure so thin that it is equivalent to a thin film that has no support. The magnesium ions are too large to fit comfortably in their octahedral sites, the size of which is determined by the network of SiO4 tetrahedra. The squeezing of the magnesium ions in sites that are too tight forces the thin layers to bend and coil around themselves. The bending of the unit-cells results in the presence of an enormous amount of highly directional stress, which has been analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The carcinogenic properties of chrysotile asbestos are a direct consequence of this stress.

Benzofuran: A Key Heterocycle - Ring Closure And Beyond

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-276
Author(s):  
Andiappan Lavanya ◽  
Kilambi Narasimhan ◽  
Vediappen Padmini
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Ring Closure ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Privileged Scaffold ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Anti Hiv

: The benzofuranyl motif present in compounds exhibits various medicinal properties and non-drug applications. These derivatives are naturally occurring compounds or synthetic materials, which cover a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti- depressant, anti-HIV, anti-microbial, anti-proliferative, anti-convulsant, cytotoxic, analgesic, etc. Few of the commercially interesting compounds from this class are, ailanthoidol (anti-inflammatory), amiodarone, dronedarone, celivarone (anti-arrhythmic), bufuralol (muscular airways relaxant), morphine, 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran; 5-APB, 6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran; 6-APB (CNS), rifampicin (antibiotic), etc., whereas, some of the non-drug applications are in perfumery industry (bergapten) and as tannin activators in sunscreen preparations (psoralen, 8-methoxypsoralen, and angelicin). Considering these interesting biological activities and commercial utilities, a review on the synthetic aspects of this privileged scaffold was attempted. For the benefit of natural product-based drug discovery, available sources of these derivatives, extraction process and reported biological activities have also been outlined in this review.

A naturally occurring sodium vermiculite from Unst, Shetland

Clay Minerals ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Curtis ◽  
P. E. Brown ◽  
V. A. Somogyi
Keyword(s):  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Potassium Replacement

A naturally occurring macroscopic sodium vermiculite from Unst, Shetland is described. It is similar in many respects to synthetic materials recently prepared from phlogopite by potassium replacement. In other respects, however, it is more akin to macroscopic Mg-vermiculites.

Air Force Applications of Biotechnology

1989 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick L. Hedberg
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Aerospace Applications ◽  
Biological Removal ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Electrooptical Properties ◽  
Modification Of Materials

AbstractThe Air Force has been supporting a number of research and development programs directed at exploring the possibility of utilizing biological processes for the preparation and modification of materials with aerospace applications. Areas addressed by these programs include biosynthesis of key chemical intermediates, biological removal of materials such as paint or sealants, biodegradation for environmentally safe destruction of wastes, and biological leaching and accumulation of strategic metals, utilization of naturally occurring materials with electrooptical properties, and modeling the design of natural structures with synthetic materials.

Effect of naturally occurring apatites on growth and morphology of algae

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1188-1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. H. Smith ◽  
C. I. Mayfield ◽  
P. T. S. Wong ◽  
B. A. Silverberg
Keyword(s):  
Fibrous Material ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Marked Preference ◽  
The Media ◽  
Total P ◽  
Algal Cultures

Crystals (30–100 μm) of selected naturally occurring apatite (Ca10 (PO4)6(OH, F)2) samples were added to P-free (<0.001 μg/ml total P) Bristol's medium (1–1000 μg/ml of apatite) as the sole source of ortho-PO43− The media were inoculated with washed, non-axenic cells of three chlorophycean algal species cultivated under PO43−-deficient conditions. Phase-contrast and scanning electron microscopy revealed that at low slurry densities (1–10 μg/ml of apatite), Ankistrodesnuis braunii (ATCC 2744) cells were morphologically distorted. At concentrations of 100 and 1000 μg/ml of apatite, more than 85% of the cells had undergone autospore formation within 7–10 days of incubation at 20 °C. Most autospores formed failed to germinate under high nutrient conditions. Scenedesmus longus (No. 1236) formed colonies when cultivated in Bristol's medium but daughter ceils displayed a Chodatella-like unicellular morphology when grown in apatite media. Test algal species (Chlamydomonas dysosmos, S. longus, A. braunii) showed a marked preference for growth on apatite crystals over non-nutritive surfaces. Unialgal and mixed-algal cultures produced an extensive matrix of extracellular fibrous material in response to growth on crystals at concentrations greater than 10 μg/ml of apatite.

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