scholarly journals SENSITIVITAS Nitzschia sp TERHADAP TEMBAGA DAN KADMIUM

Jurnal Segara ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachma Puspitasari ◽  
Triyoni Purbonegoro
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Minimum Density ◽  
Sediment Bioassay ◽  
Chaetoceros Gracilis ◽  
Inhibition Concentration ◽  
Bioassay Test

The use of representative test organism with the tested material is absolutely critical factor in a bioassay. Various tropical test organism has been widely used in Indonesia such as fish, sea urchins, fish and phytoplankton. Phytoplanktons such as Chaetoceros gracilis, Tetraselmis sp., Isochrysis sp., Pavlova sp., live in the water column have been well documented. However, benthic phytoplankton such as Nitszchia sp. not widely known. This paper aims to examine the potential of Nitzschia sp. as a sediment bioassay test biota. Parameters studied were growth curve and sensitivity to cadmium and copper. The results showed that the growth of Nitszchia sp. increased rapidly on the fourth day until the sixth day. After the sixth day, the growth tends to decrease. Sensitivity to toxicants was indicated by IC50 (Inhibition Concentration) value of 0.078 for copper and 0.26 mg / L for cadmium. The conclusion of this study is, Nitszchia sp. can be used as test organims for sediment bioassays because they meet the minimum density requirements as well as are sensitive to cadmium and copper toxicants.

scholarly journals PENGEMBANGAN Nitzschia sp. SEBAGAI BIOTA UJI SEDIMEN

OSEANA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
Rachma Puspitasari
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Culture Collection ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Chaetoceros Gracilis ◽  
Bioassay Test ◽  
Sediment Test ◽  
Potential Use

DEVELOPMENT of Nitzschia sp. AS SEDIMENT TEST ORGANISM. Sediment bioassay requires a test organism which suitable with the test material, for example sediment. However, benthic phytoplankton as the test organism has not been widely applied in Indonesia. Recently, bioassay test still uses phytoplankton which lives in water column such as Chaetoceros gracilis, Tetraselmis sp., Isochrysis sp., or uses another test organism like mussel, sea urchin larvae and amphipod. In addition, Nitszchia sp. is one of culture collection at Research Centre for Oceanography so it could be added value of culture collection. Therefore, this paper aims to describe the potential use of phytoplankton benthic, Nitzschia sp. as sediment test organism.

Development of Methodology and Apparatus for the Bioassay of Oil

1973 ◽  
Vol 1973 (1) ◽  
pp. 659-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Lichatowich ◽  
P. W. O'Keefe ◽  
J. A. Strand ◽  
W. L. Templeton
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Test System ◽  
American Petroleum Institute ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Static Mixers ◽  
Artificial Environment

ABSTRACT Bioassay of petroleum or its components presents technical problems not encountered in testing of soluble and less volatile materials. The literature includes numerous accounts of toxicity for both crude and refined oil. In most instances, the indices of toxicity are based on metered inflow. Few such studies, however, consider the concentrations of oil in the water column to which the test organism is exposed. Essentially oil and water form a two-phase system. Even on a continuous flow basis, oil cannot be maintained as a homogeneous oil-water mixture within a bioassay test system. Homogenization techniques produce a totally artificial environment dissimilar to natural conditions characterized by a slick of floating oil. Furthermore, since subsurface oil concentrations may represent a small fraction of the metered inflow, currently applied indices of toxicity based on metered inflow may be erroneous. This presentation summarizes techniques that may be applied in the bioassay of oil and other non-miscible materials. Special attention is directed to the above problems. Bioassay procedures are described that are conducted in flow-through tanks equipped with gravity oil metering systems and static mixers to equilibrate diluent water. Oil concentrations measured at different depths are utilized to calculate the mean level of exposure of the test organisms in the water column. Habitat preference and behavior of the test organism during bioassay were assessed in relationship to toxicity. This work was performed under contract to the American Petroleum Institute, Committee on Environmental Affairs.

scholarly journals Asian Winter Monsoon Imprint on the Water Column Structure at the Northern South China Sea Coast

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yancheng Zhang ◽  
Kai Zhu ◽  
Chao Huang ◽  
Deming Kong ◽  
Yuxin He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Water Column ◽  
South China ◽  
Northern South China Sea ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Monsoon Circulation ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Effective Manner

Coastal regions of the northern South China Sea (SCS) strongly interact with the Asian monsoon circulation (AMC). Thus, variations of sea surface temperature (SST) here are newly suggested to document AMC changes in an effective manner, but additional physical parameters of oceanic conditions, probably also in relation to the AMC system, remain poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) from a well-dated sediment core YJ, retrieved at the northern SCS coast, to further scrutinize the intrinsic response of water column to winter AMC strength. It shows that within the time frame of past ∼1,000 years, the tetraether index of lipids with 86 carbon atoms (TEX86) and published alkenone (U37K′) temperature records together confirm a reduced thermal gradient during the Little Ice Age (LIA), in comparison to that during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA). Considering concurrent variations of the branched and isoprenoid tetraether (BIT) and the ratio of archaeol to caldarchaeol (ACE), for example, with decreased values (<∼0.3) for the former and relatively high values for the latter at the LIA, indicative of stratification and salinity changes, respectively, these multiple lines of evidence thereby call for well mixing of onsite water at site YJ correspondingly. Our results suggest that winter AMC strength is a critical factor for mixing subsurface waters and modifying thermal/saline conditions at the northern SCS coasts through the last millennium and also, perhaps, on longer timescales.

scholarly journals AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI PENYEBAB VIBRIOSIS TERHADAP UDANG WINDU DARI EKSTRAK HERBAL MANGROVE Sonneratia alba DAN Bruguiera gymnorrhiza

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muliani Muliani ◽  
Bunga Rante Tampangallo ◽  
Muharijadi Atmomarsono
Keyword(s):  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽  
Black Tiger Shrimp ◽  
Minimum Inhibition Concentration ◽  
Tiger Shrimp ◽  
Inhibition Concentration ◽  
Sonneratia Alba ◽  
Bioassay Test

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak herbal mangrove Sonneratia alba dan Bruguiera gymnorrhiza terhadap penyebab penyakit vibriosis pada udang windu. Daun mangrove S. alba dan B. gymnorrhiza masing-masing diambil dari Kabupaten Maros dan Pangkep. Sampel daun dikering-anginkan selama dua minggu, ditepungkan, diekstraksi dengan metanol 80%, dan dievaporasi. Rendemen yang diperoleh dipartisi menggunakan dua jenis pelarut yaitu butanol dan dietileter. Uji bioassay dilakukan baik secara kualitatif maupun kuantitatif melalui penentuan minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) dan minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak mangrove S. alba dan B. gymnorrhiza lebih tinggi terhadap V. parahemolyticus dibanding V. harveyi. Fraksi dietileter dan ekstrak metanol S. alba, serta fraksi butanol B. gymnorrhiza memiliki antibakteri yang tergolong kuat. Ekstrak metanol S. alba bersifat toksik terhadap benur udang windu pada konsentrasi di atas 2.000 mg/L.The experiment was aimed to examine the activity of anti-bacterial of mangrove herbs Sonneratia alba and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza extract on tiger shrimp. Mangroves leaf of S. alba and B. gymnorrhiza were taken from Maros and Pangkep Regency. Mangrove leaves dried aired approximately two weeks, made into flour, extracted using 80% metanol, and evaporated. Yield were then partitioned using two types of solvents are butanol and dietileter. Bioassay test both qualytatively and quantitatively by determination of minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The results showed that the anti-bacterial activity mangrove extract of S. alba and B. gymnorrhiza higher in V. parahemolyticus compared against V. harveyi. Dietileter fraction and the metanol extract of S. alba and buthanol fraction of B. gymnorrhiza have strongly as anti-bacterial. The methanol extract of S. alba will be toxic to black tiger shrimp fry at concentrations above of 2,000 mg/L.

Zebra Fish Eggs and Larvae as Aflatoxin Bioassay Test Organisms

1968 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 902-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z H Abedi ◽  
W P Mckinley
Keyword(s):  
Test Organism ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Zebra Fish ◽  
Brachydanio Rerio ◽  
Fish Eggs ◽  
Standard Dosage ◽  
Special Skill ◽  
Bioassay Test ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

Abstract Aflatoxin B1 is acutely toxic to embryos and larvae of zebra fish, Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan). These organisms are sensitive to sub-microgram quantities of the toxin and can be used as bioassay test organisms. The larval response is easier to measure than embryonic response, and a standard dosage-mortality curve for the larvae can be developed in 33 hr. As an aflatoxin bioassay test organism, the larvae of zebra fish have several advantages over other test organisms, including ducklings, embryos, and tissue cultures. They require no special skill or equipment and can be obtained easily in the laboratory throughout the year.

Growth zones and back-calculation for the sea urchin, Sphaerechinus granularis, from the Bay of Brest, France

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.J.L. Lumingas ◽  
M. Guillou
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Plate Thickness ◽  
Growth Parameter ◽  
Age And Growth ◽  
Von Bertalanffy ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Back Calculation ◽  
Bay Of Brest

A procedure for accurately determining age and growth of the sea urchin Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in the Bay of Brest (France) is described. Readings of growth lines were made from the longitudinal cross-section of interambulacral oral plates of sea urchins collected in February 1993. These results agree with age estimates calculated using the ELEFAN I programme based on diameter-frequency distributions of sea urchins collected from February 1992 to March 1993. A non-linear regression (monomolecular equation) best describes the relationship between test diameter and plate thickness. The diameter-at-age data can be increased by back-calculation, assuming a constant proportional deviation from the mean size of the test. Although von Bertalanffy growth curves fitted to actual observations were similar to those fitted to back-calculated diameter-at-age data, the latter produced a more adequate curve and increased the quality of the growth parameter estimators. The von Bertalanffy growth curve estimated by ELEFAN I shows a pattern similar to the back-calculated von Bertalanffy growth curve.

Susceptibility of preparasitic stages of Chordodes nobilii (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) to the fungicide carbendazim

2014 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 748-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.L. Achiorno ◽  
C. De Villalobos ◽  
L. Ferrari
Keyword(s):  
Test Organism ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Freshwater Organisms ◽  
Inhibition Concentration ◽  
Representative Species ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Chordodes Nobilii ◽  
Assay Protocol

AbstractWe evaluated the effect of carbendazim on non-target organisms using the parasite Chordodes nobilii as a test organism. The Gordiida act as a link between freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems; and C. nobilii, a neotropical representative species of this group, has been shown to be sensitive to other contaminants even at environmentally acceptable concentrations. The taxa susceptible to carbendazim, however, may not be adequately represented among the standard aquatic test species used in ecotoxicological risk assessment. Moreover, the autochthonous organisms in this area that could be used as bioindicators still need to be found. The aim of the present work was therefore to assess the susceptibility of the preparasitic stages of C. nobilii to noxious effects by carbendazim. The assay protocol consisted in 96- and 48-h acute exposures of early embryonic stages and larvae, respectively, to concentrations ranging from 10 to 360 μg/l. Embryonic development was not inhibited by carbendazim at any of the evaluated concentrations, but the infectivity of larvae emerging from the exposed eggs was significantly diminished. Larval survival rate was also affected at the lowest concentration assayed. Values of the mean inhibition concentration (IC50) were 7 and 11 μg/l for embryos and larvae, respectively. Compared to other freshwater organisms, C. nobilii can be considered a species moderately to highly susceptible to carbendazim. As the expected environmental concentrations of carbendazim range from 6.25 to 41.3 μg/l, C. nobilii could well be a species in danger when exposed to this fungicide.

scholarly journals Effects of Delayed Metamorphosis on Larval Survival, Metamorphosis, and Juvenile Performance of Four Closely Related Species of Tropical Sea Urchins (GenusEchinometra)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Aminur Rahman ◽  
Fatimah Md. Yusoff ◽  
A. Arshad ◽  
Tsuyoshi Uehara
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Juvenile Survival ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Chaetoceros Gracilis ◽  
Planktotrophic Larvae ◽  
Prolonged Delay ◽  
Tropical Sea

We report here, the effects of extended competency on larval survival, metamorphosis, and postlarval juvenile growth of four closely related species of tropical sea urchins,Echinometrasp. A (Ea),E. mathaei(Em),Echinometrasp. C (Ec), andE. oblonga(Eo). Planktotrophic larvae of all four species fed on cultured phytoplankton (Chaetoceros gracilis) attained metamorphic competence within 22–24 days after fertilization. Competent larvae were forced to delay metamorphosis for up to 5 months by preventing them from settling in culture bottles with continuous stirring on a set of 10 rpm rotating rollers and larval survival per monthly intervals was recorded. Larval survival was highest at 24 days, when competence was attained (0 delayed period), and there were no significant differences among the four species. Larvae that had experienced a prolonged delay had reduced survival rate, metamorphosis success, and juvenile survival, but among older larvae, Em had the highest success followed by Ea, Eo, and Ec. Juveniles from larvae of all four species that metamorphosed soon after becoming competent tended to have higher growth rates (test diameter and length of spines) than juveniles from larvae that metamorphosed after a prolonged period of competence with progressively slower growth the longer the prolonged period. Despite the adverse effects of delaying metamorphosis on growth parameters, competent larvae of all four species were able to survive up to 5 months and after metamorphosis grew into 1-month-old juveniles in lab condition. Overall, delayed larvae of Em showed significantly higher larval survival, metamorphosis, and juvenile survival than Ea and Eo, while Ec showed the lowest values in these performances. Em has the most widespread distribution of these species ranging from Africa to Hawaii, while Ec probably has the most restricted distribution. Consequently, differences in distribution may be related to differences in the ability to delay metamorphosis.

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

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