scholarly journals Wali, Sultan, Kiai, dan Santri dalam Tadisi Agama dan Politik Islam Jawa

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-167
Author(s):  
Abdul Chalik
Keyword(s):  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Religious Knowledge ◽  
Tax Haven ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of

The article discusses the role of wali (the Muslim saints), sultan, kiai, and santri within religious tradition and politics in Java. The wali (commonly known as Walisongo or “the Nine Saints”) were people who initially spread Islam in Java. In their efforts to develop Islam, Walisongo also equipped their pupils with religious knowledge to spread Islam in the future. This is from such process the transfer of Islamic knowledge was primarily set off. Once the transition periods began, the role of wali had subsequently vanished and replaced by the formal ruler, namely sultan. The Mataram Sultanate was the biggest Islamic sultanate ever in the history of Java. Owing to the supremacy of the Sultan, Kiai Kasan Besari—as an ample example of kiai mentioned in this article—built a pesantren in an area called tanah perdikan (a tax haven) in Tegalsari Ponorogo, East Java, which became an origin of institutionalization of the pesantren in Java. The Sultan provided the pesantren both material aids and other kinds of support, including entrusting his sons to learn religious knowledge in it. It had been also followed by the royal courtiers and the best cadres of the sultanate who subsequently became litterateurs of the Kingdom.

ABOUT CUSTOMS BUSINESS IN TURKESTAN IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th -EARLY 20th CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Chinpulat Kurbanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Stage Development

The author in this scientific article examines the stage-by-stage development and formation of customs in Turkestan in the second half of the 19th -early 20th centuries. The author studied the history of customs in Turkestan and its role in establishing a single customs line in the future with neighboring khanates. The author focuses on the role of Russia in the establishment of a single customs line and the development of customs in Turkestan

Cartographic production in Russia: main stages and trends

2020 ◽  
Vol 963 (9) ◽  
pp. 30-43
Author(s):  
M.Yu. Orlov
Keyword(s):  
Chronological Order ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Current State ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Enterprises ◽  
Further Development

Studying the current state of cartography and ways of further developing the industry, the role of the map in the future of the society, new methods of promoting cartographic products is impossible without a deep scientific analyzing all the paths, events and factors influencing its formation and development throughout all the historic steps of cartographic production in Russia. In the article, the history of cartographic production in Russia is considered together with the development of private, state and military cartography, since, despite some differences, they have a common technical, technological and production basis. The author describes the stages of originating, formation and growth of industrial cartographic production from the beginning of the XVIII century until now. The connection between the change of political formations and technological structures with the mentioned stages of maps and atlases production is considered. Each stage is studied in detail, a step-by-step analysis was carried out, and the characteristics of each stage are described. All the events and facts are given in chronological order, highlighting especially significant moments influencing the evolution of cartographic production. The data on the volumes of printing and sales of atlases and maps by commercial and state enterprises are presented. The main trends and lines of further development of cartographic production in Russia are studied.

The Role of Oil and Gas in the Economic Development of the Global Economy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Oil And Gas Producers ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Factor Inputs ◽  
The Impact

This chapter is concerned with the role of oil and gas in the economic development of the global economy. It focuses on the context in which established and newer oil and gas producers in developing countries must frame their policies to optimize the benefits of such resources. It outlines a history of the issue over the last twenty-five years. It considers oil and gas as factor inputs, their role in global trade, the role of oil prices in the macroeconomy and the impact of the geopolitics of oil and gas. It then considers various conventional views of the future of oil and gas in the primary energy mix. Finally, it challenges the drivers behind these conventional views of the future with an emphasis on why they may prove to be different from what is expected and how this may change the context in which producers must frame their policy responses.

The social context of iron forging on the Kenya coast

Africa ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chapurukha M. Kusimba
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Power ◽  
High Status ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ambiguous Position

Ironsmiths occupy an important yet ambiguous position in many African societies. They are both revered and feared, because they wield social power which arises from their access to occult knowledge, not only of metallurgy but of healing, divination, circumcision and peacemaking. In some societies smiths enjoy high status and are the wealthiest people. In others they are feared, covertly maligned, and blamed for societal misfortunes. In still others the smiths' position is often marginal except when they are needed to intercede on their society's behalf to solve natural or cultural predicaments. The forge or smithy plays a central role in the community as tool-making centre, a place of refuge from violence, of purification, and for healing. This article examines the social context of iron forging among the ironsmiths of the Kenya coast, focusing on the role of iron forging in the coastal economy, the forge, the smiths' life cycle, the institution of apprenticeship, the ritual and technical power of smiths, the role of women in the smiths' community, and the future of iron forging on the coast. It is argued that, while coastal smiths are marginal and despised, they hold important ritual and spiritual powers in coastal society. The article concludes that a detailed understanding of the traditional crafts historically practised on the coast can do much to illuminate the complex history of coastal society.

Omniscience

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Flint
Keyword(s):  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Divine Attributes ◽  
Middle Knowledge ◽  
Divine Omniscience ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of

The concept of omniscience has received great attention in the history of Western philosophy, principally because of its connections with the Western religious tradition, which views God as perfect in all respects, including as a knower. Omniscience has often been understood as knowledge of all true propositions, and though several objections to any simple propositional account of omniscience have been offered, many philosophers continue to endorse such an analysis. Advocates of divine omniscience have discussed many problems connected with both the extent of omniscience and the relation between this property and other alleged divine attributes. Three such issues are: Can an omniscient being properly be viewed as immutable? Would an omniscient being have knowledge of the future, and is such knowledge consistent with our future actions’ being genuinely free? And should omniscience be thought of as including middle knowledge? That is, would an omniscient being know (but have no control over) what other free beings would in fact freely do if placed in various different situations?

scholarly journals The Role of Observation With Horizontal Meridian Circle in China for Establishing an Inertial Frame

1990 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 142-142
Author(s):  
Li Zhi-gang ◽  
Qi Guan-Rong
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Frame ◽  
Minor Planets ◽  
Meridian Circle ◽  
Horizontal Meridian ◽  
Proper Motions ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Radio Stars

While HIPPARCOS is expected to measure positions and proper motions with more accuracy than those obtained by ground-based instruments, what can we do in the future for ground-based instruments? The observations with them still are important for establishing an inertial frame because of the long history of observations with them and improvements in the instruments. Moreover, it is necessary to have data of observations from them for research on problems related to the Earth. The horizontal meridian circle in China (DCMT) is expected to have advantage over the classical meridian circles. The DCMT will be assembled and tested this year. It should work in the following fields: (1) observing radio stars, (2) observation of minor planets, (3) absolute determinations of IRS.

scholarly journals Family Limitation

1966 ◽  
Vol 59 (11P1) ◽  
pp. 1149-1153
Author(s):  
Robert Smith
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioner ◽  
Family Planning ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Specialist Service ◽  
Population Explosion ◽  
Family Limitation ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of

Dr Robert Smith surveys the history of birth control and sounds a warning for the future of mankind, if the population explosion is allowed to continue unchecked. He stresses the importance of the role of the general practitioner in the limitation of births. Sir Theodore Fox describes the work of the Family Planning Association and stresses that, increasingly, this is a specialist service covering all aspects of fertility. He also feels that the general practitioner has a role in family planning.

MAKING SENSE OF THE WAYS WE MAKE SENSE OF THE PAST: THE PERIODO PROJECT

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADAM RABINOWITZ ◽  
RYAN SHAW ◽  
SARAH BUCHANAN ◽  
PATRICK GOLDEN ◽  
ERIC KANSA
Keyword(s):  
Data Visualization ◽  
Data Model ◽  
Linked Data ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Future Direction

Abstract The PeriodO project seeks to fill a gap in the landscape of digital antiquity through the creation of a Linked Data gazetteer of period definitions that transparently record the spatial and temporal boundaries assigned to a given period by an authoritative source. Our presentation of the PeriodO gazetteer is prefaced by a history of the role of periodization in the study of the past, and an analysis of the difficulties created by the use of periods for both digital data visualization and integration. This is followed by an overview of the PeriodO data model, a description of the platform's architecture, and a discussion of the future direction of the project.

scholarly journals Infrastructure

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-40
Author(s):  
Andrey Bokov
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Network Organization ◽  
Cultural Space ◽  
Highway Networks ◽  
Efficient Communication ◽  
The Future ◽  
Global Connections ◽  
History Of ◽  
Quality Infrastructure

The history of cultural space is viewed as a history of constant and necessary modernization of infrastructure. The main feature of infrastructure is the network organization and the constructive role of hub-nodes and connections and their bent for rationalization and transnational trends. The power, directions and goals of infrastructure determine the development of cities. Modern strategies for general social development imply the emergence of efficient communication corridors, highway networks and hubs located along the perimeter of the country, determining the country’s gravitation toward global connections and interactions. The development of quality infrastructure is a contribution to the future and an area of the authorities’ responsibility.

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