scholarly journals Crafts by Nomads of the Ural and Turgai Regions at the Beginning of the 20th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 102-116
Author(s):  
Marat Kappasov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Method ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Ural Region ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Hunting And Fishing

Introduction. The article, based on the “Materials on the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) Land Use Collected and Developed by the Statistical Parties of the Turgai-Ural Resettlement Region”, examines the crafts of the nomads of the Lbischensky, Uralsky, Turgai, Irgiz, Temir uyezds in the early 20th century. Temir, Lbishchensky and Ural uyezds belonged to the Ural region, Turgai and Irgiz uyezds to the Turgai region. Methods and materials. Using the mathematical method, the method of comparative analysis and content analysis, the author shows how much income per person came from crafts in the studied uyezds and proves that crafts were only additional industries and could not compete with nomadic cattle breeding. The article examines the crafts that brought the greatest income. Farmhands, transportation, groundhog hunting, fishing, etc., were well-known crafts; the Muslim spiritual cult and its servants was an unusual craft. Analysis. Our article shows that the studied uyezds had their own craft specializations. For example, a significant number of nomads in Lbischensky uyezd were engaged in transportation, in Turgai uyezd in hunting groundhogs, in Irgiz uyezd in hunting and fishing. Results. At the end of the article, the author concludes that the majority of nomads were primarily engaged in crafts as farmhands due to their poverty.

Obituary Analysis of Early 20th Century Marriage and Family Patterns in Northwest Ohio

1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane A. Matcha
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Age At Death ◽  
Marriage And Family ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
Family Patterns ◽  
One Year

This research is a content analysis of obituary notices gathered over a one-year period of time from a newspaper in a micropolitan area in northwest Ohio. Obituary collection was limited to those aged 65 and over at the time of death and who resided in the region. The purpose of the research is to examine marital and family patterns such as age at marriage, length of marriage, marital status at time of death, and number of surviving children and their offspring. The data indicate that single women had the highest average age at death while those married at time of death were married earlier, generally died at an older age, and had fewer surviving children and grandchildren when compared with women widowed at time of death. Patterns were less consistent among men. However, men widowed at time of death were generally older at time of death when compared with men married at time of death.

scholarly journals Intellectual Network of Mandailing and Haramayn Muslim Scholars in the Mid-19th  and Early 20th Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-281
Author(s):  
Mhd. Syahnan ◽  
Asrul Asrul ◽  
Ja'far Ja'far
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Limited Time ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
Islamic Religion ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Muslim Scholars

This paper is an attempt to study the scholars’ network of Mandailing Ulama with those of Haramayn in the mid-19th  and early 20th century. Employing the content analysis method the research finds that the Mandailing scholars had made an intellectual encounter with the scholars in Haramayn, even some of the established networks with Egyptian and Indian scholars. The Mandailing scholars connote those who ethnically originated from Mandailing clan and data reveals that Mandailing scholars come from the residencies of Tapanuli and East Sumatera, both of which are parts of the modern era North Sumatera province. This not to deny that some of the Mandailing scholars were also born in Makkah. From the aspect of the duration of the study, some scholars studied religion intensively and settled in Makkah, while others only learned the Islamic religion by meeting the scholars of Makkah only during the Hajj period. The last group of scholars only studied religion intensely in Nusantara, but while performing hajj they met the scholars and learned religion in very limited time. Mandailing scholars studied Islamic sciences, especially Quranic exegeses, hadīth, and Sufism to a number of such scholars from Arab and Nusantara as Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi, ‘Abd al-Qadir b. Shabir al-Mandili (Nasution) and Hasan Masysyath. Ideologically, they studied Islamic sciences in the context of the Sunnī school of thought, especially Ash‘arīyah and Shāfi‘īyah. This study then fills the gap of the study of other researchers about the Nusantara Ulama Network with Middle Eastern scholars.

scholarly journals Influence of high-latitude warming and land-use changes in the early 20th century northern Eurasian CO 2 sink

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 065014
Author(s):  
Ana Bastos ◽  
Anna Peregon ◽  
Érico A Gani ◽  
Sergey Khudyaev ◽  
Chao Yue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Early 20Th Century

Rights to the rangelands: European contests of possession in the early 20th century

2001 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Values ◽  
New South ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
The Public ◽  
South Wales ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
History Of

Resolving competition over rights to the resources of Australia's rangelands is an issue of national prominence. In the early 20th century, European competition over the rangelands reflected the idea that the land needed to be used 'productively' for its occupation to be legitimate, and the idea that the rangelands were the 'public estate'. These perspectives about rights to the rangelands expose roots of today's conflicts. A central theme of 19th century Australian history has been conflict between squatters and colonial governments. By the beginning of the 20th century, occupation of the rangelands had been mostly legitimised through leases and licenses. Governments have continued to use leases to influence access and the use of the rangelands. The 20th century saw conflict continue over rights to the rangelands. Closer settlement, an expression of this conflict, sometimes led to land use that was disastrous for the land and those who used it. The career of the pastoralist Sidney Kidman illustrates the conflicts between the landed and landless, and the inseparability of 'productive' and 'legitimate' land use. The beginning of the 20th century also saw growing knowledge about the environmental impacts of rangeland pastoralism. The rights of lessees and governments were widely renegotiated, in the example of New South Wales, in all attempt to make land use better reflect this new knowledge and to protect the 'public estate'. Today, the history of the rangelands is used by different groups to justify perceived rights to its resources — these rights are legitimised culturally as well by the narrower prescriptions of the law. As social values change, different interests in the rangelands need to be accommodated. A better awareness of past ideas about the rights to the rangelands may in a small way help reconcile these interests, if only by reminding us that in the continuing process of adapting to the rangelands, rights have always been contested and negotiated rather than immutable.

scholarly journals The Pokuttia dialect on the background of the literary standard

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-89
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Koliesnik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Small Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Written Text ◽  
Oral Speech ◽  
Phonetic Features ◽  
Middle Generation

Pokuttia dialect comprises a small area transit to the adjacent Bukovyna, Hutsul, and Dniester dialects, its nature is less discussed if compared to other Southwest Ukrainian dialects, and, therefore, its status is not properly defined so far. The most important studies on the topic were made by Kost’ Kysilevs’kyi, who provided a detailed description of Pokuttia dialect data gathered in the early 20th century. His evidence along with our audiorecords of Pokuttia dialect in 2009—2018 allowed us for a contrast-comparative analysis of the dynamics of the dialect. It shows that not only striking phonetic features of Pokuttia dialects are actively present in speech of the older and middle generation, but also unique phonetic phenomena previously noted by Kysilevs’kyi have been preserved, e.g., in the Sniatyn region area. An interaction of the Pokuttia dialect, one of Southwest Ukrainian dialects, and Standard Ukrainian is one of the main issues of this article. It manifests itself as in the analysis of those features of the dialect that contrast it with the literary language and distinguish it from other dialects of the Ukrainian language (primarily phonetic and grammatical features), and in the description of phenomena that support the modern literary norm (however, fewer of them were observed). The paper states the following grammatical features of the Pokuttia dialect: archaic pronouns, a number of phonetic variations in numerals and the most used adverbs, special forms of a verb paradigm and remnants of double plural, examples of “honorable” plural (in oral speech and written text), and forms of plusquamperfect previously used in Common Slavic. This set of features opposes the Pokuttya dialect to the other Ukrainian dialects and distinguishes it from Standard Ukrainian. The main feature of the Pokuttya dialect is resistance to leveling, despite the significant authority of the literary Ukrainian language for speakers. Keywords: dialect, literary standard, Pokuttia dialects, language dynamics.

scholarly journals The Islamic Education Reform Early 20th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-141
Author(s):  
M. Fahim Tharaba ◽  
Mukhibat Mukhibat
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Education Reform ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Education System ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Times ◽  
Agent Of Change

Abstract: The Islamic education reform comprises a change that affects people’s choice of education as an agent of change and human and capital investment. Thus, it is a need to modernize the thought of renewing Islamic education according to the time’s advances. The study of the Islamic education reform in early 20th century has become relevant in the context of valuable lessons for reform and or modernization of Islamic education in subsequent developments. This research employed a philosophical and implemental approach. It was bibliographic research with the content analysis of the meaning and substance contained in the whole thought about the reform of the Islamic education in early 20th century. This study found that there were three patterns of renewal of Islamic education; (1) modern orientation in Europe, (2) the refinement of Islamic teachings, and (3) nationalism reform. The concept of Islamic education reform encompasses all ideas that are guided by the Qur’an and Sunnah, and continues to follow the times consciously and systematically and directed towards the interests that refer to the progress of science and technology, and based on faith and devotion (IMTAQ). The reform of the Islamic education system has included both the conceptual-theoretical and operational-practical levels, as well as the fundamental aspects that underlie the students’ lives; it is monotheistic faith which has a monolatry dimension of piety to God. It encourages and ignites to play a real role in all aspects of life.الملخص: إصلاح التعليم الإسلامي هو شكل من أشكال التغيير الذي يؤثر على اختيار الناس للتعليم كعامل للتغيير والاستثمار البشري ورأس المال. فلذلك, يجب تحديث فكرة مجددي التعليم الإسلامي دائما وقفا بالزمان الواقع أومما هو أبعد وأجدد منه. أصبحت دراسة إصلاح التعليم الإسلامي في أوائل القرن العشرين مناسبا وأكثر اهتماما من أجل استكشاف التجارب القيمة أو المعلومات أو الإمكانات المتعلقة بتطوير التعليم الإسلامي في المستفبل. استخدم الباحث المنهج الفلسفي والمنهج التنفيذي على أنواع ببليوغرافية مع تحليل محتوى المعنى والمضمون المتضمن في جميع التفكير حول إصلاح التعليم الإسلامي في أوائل القرن العشرين. وجد الباحث في هذا البحث على الأقل ثلاثة انماط لتجديد التربية الإسلامية. الأول كمنحى التحديث في أوروبا, والثاني للتخليص التعاليم الإسلامية, والثالث كالتحديث الوطنية. يشمل مفهوم إصلاح التعليم الإسلامي جميع المفاهيم التي يسترشد بها القرآن والسنة ويثبت في متابعة الزمان وتشير إلى تقدم العلم والتكنولوجيا على أساس الإيمان والتقوى بالله. يشمل تحديث نظام التعليم الإسلامي كلا من المستويات المفاهيمية النظرية والعملية الواقعية بالإضافة إلى المفاصل الأساسية التي تؤسس حياة الطلاب وهو الإيمان والتوحيد بالله تعالى من أجل تشجيع وتحفيز الطلاب ليلعب دورا حقيقيا في جميع مجال الحياة.Abstrak: Reformasi pendidikan Islam merupakan bentuk perubahan yang mempengaruhi pilihan masyarakat terhadap pendidikan sebagai agent of change dan human and capital investmen. Maka, pemikiran pembaharuan pendidikan Islam harus selalu dimodernisasi sesuai bahkan melampaui perkembangan zaman. Kajian reformasi pendidikan Islam awal abad-20 ini menjadi sangat relevan dalam rangka pelajaran berharga untuk reformasi dan atau modernisasi pendidikan Islam dalam perkembangan selanjutnya. Penelitian dengan pendekatan filosofis dan implementatif ini bersifat penelitian bibliografic resarch dengan content analysis terhadap makna dan substansi yang terkandung dalam keseluruhan pemikiran tentang reformasi pendidikan Islam awal abad-20. Kajian ini menemukan setidaknya ada tiga pola pembaharuan pendidikan Islam; (1) oreintasi modern di Eropa, (2) untuk pemurnian kembali ajaran Islam, (3) pembaharuan bersifat nasionalisme. Konsep reformasi pendidikan Islam meliputi segala konsep yang berpatok kepada al-Qur’an dan Sunnah, dan tetap mengikuti perkembangan zaman yang secara sadar dan sistematis serta terarah pada kepentingan yang mengacu pada kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi (IPTEK), dan dilandasi dengan keimanan dan ketaqwaan  (IMTAQ). Pembaharuan sistem Pendidikan Islam  telah mencangkup baik pada tataran konseptual-teoritis maupun operasional-praktis,  serta sendi-sendi fundamental yang mendasari kehidupan peserta didik, yaitu iman tauhid yang berdimensi ketakwaan yang monoloyal kepada Allah, dalam rangka mendorong dan memacu untuk berperan nyata dalam semua lini kehidupan.

scholarly journals Fencing the forest: early use of barrier fences in Sami reindeer husbandry

Rangifer ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gudrun Norstedt ◽  
Anna-Maria Rautio ◽  
Lars Östlund
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Reindeer Herding ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Reindeer Husbandry ◽  
Early Use ◽  
Local Materials ◽  
Whole Tree

Barrier fences are generally not considered to have been used in Sami reindeer husbandry in Sweden before the early 20th century. As a rule, they are thought to have been introduced with the transition from intensive to extensive herding that is assumed to have taken place at this time. However, in this study, we show that barrier fences were widely used in Gällivare, Jokkmokk and Arjeplog Municipalities from the mid-18th century onwards, especially in the forests. Until the early 20th century, these fences were built of local materials, mainly whole trees and boulders, and we therefore call them whole-tree fences. Some of the barrier fences were used during periods of loose supervision by herders who otherwise practised intensive methods, while others were built in a context of extensive herding, large herds and conflicts over land use. Extensive reindeer herding was thus practised in the area much earlier than usually presumed, and it overlapped with intensive herding in both time and space.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document