Multivariate Model for Natural Gas use as a Residential Heating Source in Rural Area

We selected the rural region of Koppány Valley in Hungary to investigate the residents’ natural gas use practices. Natural gas can be a feasible alternative for improving the quality of life in rural areas. The study’s aims were to look at the social, economic, and environmental facets of residential gas use in order to assist regional planning decisions in our selected rural area that would encourage efficiency and energy source switchover. The variables were collected using a quota-based sampling system survey. We chose to use binomial logistic regression model to ex-amine the explanatory variables’ significance. The higher the settlement scale in our data, the more likely it is that gas will be used. Residents who do not trust their mayor have a lower chance of using gas. When compared to insulated homes, non-insulated houses are less likely to use gas. Higher education level, pensioner category, and whether the individual accepts that bio-gas has environmental benefits are not significant categories. Therefore, residential heating technology is more likely to be supply-driven, than demand-driven. We would suggest the application of subsidies for heating equipment replacement, in combination with educational campaigns, in addition to establishing a higher degree of trust in their mayors.

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Factors influencing undernutrition among children under 5 years from cocoa-growing communities in Bougainville

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002478 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (8) ◽

pp. e002478

Author(s):

Jessica Hall ◽

Merrilyn Walton ◽

Floris Van Ogtrop ◽

David Guest ◽

Kirsten Black ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Household Level ◽

Individual Level ◽

Explanatory Variables ◽

Child Stunting ◽

Mixed Regression ◽

Women And Children ◽

Using Data ◽

The Individual

Half the children under the age of 5 years in Papua New Guinea (PNG) are undernourished, more than double the global average with rural areas disproportionately affected. This study examines factors associated with stunting, wasting and underweight in cocoa growers’ children (<5 years) in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville (ARoB), using data from a comprehensive 2017 cross-sectional livelihoods survey. Sixteen independent predictors for stunting, wasting and underweight were selected based on the UNICEF Conceptual Framework of Determinants of Undernutrition. We used multilevel logistic mixed regression models to measure the association of the explanatory variables with stunting, wasting and underweight. At the household level, the adjusted OR (aOR) of stunting (aOR=1.71,95% CI 1.14 to 2.55) and underweight (aOR=2.11, 95% CI 1.16 to 3.82) increased significantly among children from households with unimproved toilet facilities. The aOR for underweight also increased among children from households without access to clean drinking water (aOR=1.97, 95% CI 1.19 to 3.29). Short maternal stature was significantly associated with child stunting, the odds increased as maternal height decreased (from 150 to <155 cm, aOR=1.52, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.26) (<150 cm, aOR=2.37, 95% CI 1.29 to 4.35). At the individual level, the odds of a child being underweight increased with birth order (second born, aOR=1.92, 95% CI 1.09 to 3.36; third born, aOR=6.77, 95% CI 2.00 to 22.82). Compared with children less than 6 months, children aged 6–23 months and 24–59 months had a higher odds of being stunted (aOR=3.27, 95% CI 1.57 to 6.78 and aOR=2.82, 95% CI 1.40 to 5.67) and underweight (aOR=4.83, 95% CI 1.36 to 17.24 and aOR=4.59, 95% CI 1.29 to 16.26). No variables were found to be significant for wasting. Interventions that simultaneously target key life stages for women and children and the underlying social and environmental determinants are required for sustained improvements to undernutrition.

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Multivariate Model for the Usage of Renewable Energies in a Rural Area

Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development ◽

10.2478/vjbsd-2020-0004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 19-22

Author(s):

Bernadett Nagy ◽

Bernadett Horváthné Kovács ◽

Ádám Csuvár ◽

Alexander Titov

Keyword(s):

Rural Area ◽

Logistic Regression Model ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Multivariate Model ◽

Significant Variable ◽

Indicator Variable ◽

Rural Region ◽

Explanatory Variables ◽

Residential Heating ◽

Heating Technology

AbstractWithin Hungary, the Koppányvölgye rural area was chosen due to its unique natural circumstances with its broad green nature, concerning the inhabitants’ habit for the usage and knowledge of renewable energy for residential heating. Through quota-based sampling method we collected the demographic, social and economic variables to examine their level of influence on wood for residential heating usage. We received the Likert scale values through the questionnaire, which had to be recoded for the binomial logistic regression model that we chose to use because of the indicator variable’s trait, and in aim to examine the explanatory variables’ significance. As a result, for the wood indicator variable, the age of the respondent turned out to be a significant variable, the higher age compared to lower age is a chance decreasing category for wood usage, employed compared to unemployed increased the likelihood, thereby rejected the energy ladder phenomenon, as well as more people in one household increased the chance for wood usage. The higher education, environmental awareness and insulation level of a house turned out to be non-significant for wood usage. Therefore, we strengthened those statements from the earlier studies, that in this rural region, the change of the residential heating technology is more likely to be supply driven than demand driven.

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Language in mental retardation: Individual and syndromic differences, and neurogenetic variation 1Based on a keynote presentation at the Third European Conference on Psychological Theory and Research in Mental Retardation, Geneva, September 1st, 2000.

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024//1421-0185.60.3.161 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 161-178 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Jean A. Rondal

Keyword(s):

Mental Retardation ◽

Language Development ◽

Oral Language ◽

Psychological Theory ◽

Genetic Syndromes ◽

Explanatory Variables ◽

Keynote Presentation ◽

Genetic Origins ◽

The Sixties ◽

The Individual

Predominantly non-etiological conceptions have dominated the field of mental retardation (MR) since the discovery of the genetic etiology of Down syndrome (DS) in the sixties. However, contemporary approaches are becoming more etiologically oriented. Important differences across MR syndromes of genetic origin are being documented, particularly in the cognition and language domains, differences not explicable in terms of psychometric level, motivation, or other dimensions. This paper highlights the major difficulties observed in the oral language development of individuals with genetic syndromes of mental retardation. The extent of inter- and within-syndrome variability are evaluated. Possible brain underpinnings of the behavioural differences are envisaged. Cases of atypically favourable language development in MR individuals are also summarized and explanatory variables discussed. It is suggested that differences in brain architectures, originating in neurological development and having genetic origins, may largely explain the syndromic as well as the individual within-syndrome variability documented. Lastly, the major implications of the above points for current debates about modularity and developmental connectionism are spelt out.

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IMF Stabilization Programs, Policy Conduct and Macroeconomic Outcomes: A Case Study of Pakistan

THE LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ◽

10.35536/lje.2006.v11.i1.a3 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 35-62

Author(s):

Nawaz A. Hakro ◽

Wadho Waqar Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Current Account ◽

Inflation Rate ◽

Current Account Balance ◽

Macroeconomic Policies ◽

Explanatory Variables ◽

Fiscal Balance ◽

Macroeconomic Impacts ◽

The Individual ◽

The Imf

This study is designed to assess the macroeconomic performance of fund-supported programs, and the sequencing and ordering of macroeconomic policies in the context of the Pakistan economy. The generalized evaluation estimator technique has been used to assess the macroeconomic impacts of the IMF supported programs. GDP growth, inflation rate, current account balance, fiscal balance and unemployment are used as the target variables in order to gauge economic performance during the program years. The vector of policy variables (that might have been adopted in the absence of programs) and the vector of foreign exogenous variables are also taken as explanatory variables in the model, so that the individual effect of the IMF supported programs could be assessed. The result suggests that as the IMF prescriptions were applied, the current account balance has worsened, the unemployment rate has significantly increased, and the inflation rate has increased during the years of fund-supported programs. Only the budget balance has shown signs of improvement. Furthermore an inadequate sequencing of reforms has contributed to the further worsening of the economic scenario during the program period.

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Feminisation of Multidimensional Poverty in Rural Odisha

Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities ◽

10.21659/rupkatha.v12n5.rioc1s12n2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Surya Narayan Biswal ◽

◽

S. K. Mishra ◽

M. K. Sarangi ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Social Groups ◽

Multidimensional Poverty ◽

Cumulative Distribution ◽

Policy Framework ◽

Living Standard ◽

Individual Level ◽

Multidimensional Poverty Index ◽

Order Stochastic Dominance ◽

The Individual

UNDP’s 2030 agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) emphasized gender equality in augmenting human capital and alleviating poverty. For eradication of extreme poverty and building resilience for persons who are vulnerable to poverty, SDGs calls for a pro-poor and gender-sensitive policy framework. In this context, a gender-based study on multi-dimensional aspects of poverty is highly significant. Extant literature reveals that females are more deprived in different dimensions of poverty such as education, health, living standard, empowerment, environment, autonomy and social relationship. The present study is conducted with the basic objective of examining feminization of poverty in rural areas of Jagatsinghapur district of Odisha. Seven socio-economic dimensions comprising sixteen indicators have been taken into consideration to construct the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) using the Alkire-Foster (AF) Method at the individual level. The novelty of the study lies in analyzing MPI at the individual level for rural Odisha. Higher female deprivation is observed across social groups and all occupation categories except services. Dummy variable regression analysis also supports the major findings of the study. Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function satisfies strict first-order stochastic dominance condition and substantiates the feminisation of poverty at each level of poverty cut-off across all social groups and occupational categories except for services. The findings of the study have significant implications for developing suitable policies for gender equalization and poverty alleviation.

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A Model of Stress Change under the First COVID-19 Pandemic among the General Public in Japanese Major Cities and Rural Areas

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13031207 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 1207

Author(s):

Misato Uehara ◽

Makoto Fujii ◽

Kazuki Kobayashi

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Explanatory Variable ◽

Large City ◽

Stress Change ◽

Multiple Factor Analysis ◽

Explanatory Variables ◽

Private Research ◽

The Difference ◽

The Relationship

Research on stress related to the COVID-19 pandemic has been dominated by the cases of healthcare workers, students, patients, and their stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined the relationship between the amount of stress change under the COVID-19 pandemic and demographic factors (age, sex, occupation, etc.) in residents of a large city and a rural area of Japan. A total of 1331 valid responses were received in June 2020 from residents of Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagano registered with a private research firm. We were able to identify 15 statistically significant variables out of 36 explanatory variables, which explained the significant increase in stress compared to the pre-pandemic period. Multiple-factor analysis showed that the relationship with people is a more significant explanatory variable for the level of increase in stress than the difference in environment between big cities (Tokyo, Osaka) and rural areas (Nagano), the type of housing, and the decrease in income compared to the pre-pandemic period.

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Sustainable Geographical Changes in Rural Areas: Key Paths, Orientations and Limits

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13042059 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 2059

Author(s):

Angel Paniagua

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Anglo Saxon ◽

Rural Studies ◽

New Approach ◽

Rural Restructuring ◽

Theoretical Approaches ◽

Methodological Approaches ◽

Social Environmental ◽

The Individual ◽

New Rurality

Rural differentiation processes have formed the backbone of rural studies. Owing to the strength of rural–urban and local–global relationships, the theoretical approaches to rural restructuring in the Anglo-Saxon world and new rurality in Latin America only have a limited capacity to explain contemporary global phenomena of rural spaces. Due to this, transverse theoretical and methodological approaches have emerged to explain social, environmental and spatial (rural) processes. Here, a new approach is proposed called the individual–global field, based on the individual–global binary category to substitute the traditional relevance of the locality–community–globality association This new approach tries to reinvigorate rural geography in a more flexible way, based on minor theory, to adapt to all the phenomena that can occur globally. In any case, various spatial planes are proposed, dominated by specific socioeconomic processes on which the rural individual would move.

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Rurality and Dropout in Virtual Higher Education Programmes in Colombia

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13094953 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 4953

Author(s):

Alfredo Guzmán Rincón ◽

Sandra Barragán ◽

Favio Cala Vitery

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Evaluation Instrument ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Social Stratum ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Explanatory Variables ◽

Rural Student

As part of the 2030 Agenda, higher education has been conceptualised as one of the ways to overcome the social disparities experienced in rural areas in Colombia. Thus, in concordance with the benefits of this level of education, the state has been designing public policies during the last few years, in order to facilitate access to undergraduate programmes to these populations, focusing mainly on the implementation of the virtual modality. In this context, it is recognised that access itself is not enough, but that continuance and timely graduation are required to materialise the benefits obtained along with a higher education degree; hence, dropout is a subject of interest for study, especially due to the high rates existing in the rural student population. Therefore, the event of dropout becomes an obstacle to social change and transformation in rural areas. Thus, this article aimed to identify which individual, institutional, academic and socio-economic characteristics influence rural student dropout in virtual undergraduate programmes in Colombia. For this purpose, an exploratory, quantitative and cross-sectional study was proposed, with a sample of 291 students to whom a student characterisation instrument and a classroom evaluation instrument were applied. With these data, it was proceeded to establish which of them had deserted, constituting the extraction of the sample of the study, which were 168. With the information, an exploratory factor analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis and descriptive statistics were used to establish which explanatory variables are involved in the dropout of this type of student. The results showed that the academic variables analysed do not have an impact on the event, while marital status (associated with family obligations), age, social stratum, work obligations, parents’ level of education and type of work, income and type of employment relationship of the student, and, finally, the number of people who depend on the family’s income do.

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Facilitating co-production in public services: Empirical evidence from a co-design experience with family caregivers living in a remote and rural area

Health Services Management Research ◽

10.1177/0951484820971452 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 095148482097145

Author(s):

Eleonora Gheduzzi ◽

Niccolò Morelli ◽

Guendalina Graffigna ◽

Cristina Masella

Keyword(s):

Home Care ◽

Family Caregivers ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

Rural Area ◽

Public Service ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Crucial Role ◽

Care Agency ◽

Home Care Agency ◽

Design Experience

The involvement of vulnerable actors in co-production activities is a debated topic in the current public service literature. While vulnerable actors should have the same opportunities to be involved as other actors, they may not have the needed competences, skills and attitudes to contribute to this process. This paper is part of a broader project on family caregivers’ engagement in remote and rural areas. In particular, it investigates how to facilitate co-production by looking at four co-design workshops with family caregivers, representatives of a local home care agency and researchers. The transcripts of the workshops were coded using NVivo, and the data were analysed based on the existing theory about co-production. Two main findings were identified from the analysis. First, the adoption of co-production by vulnerable actors may occur in conjunction with other forms of engagement. Second, the interactions among facilitators and providers play a crucial role in encouraging the adoption of co-production. We identified at least two strategies that may help facilitators and providers achieve that goal. However, there is a need for an in-depth understanding of how facilitators and providers should interact to enhance implementation of co-production.

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Rural–Urban Disparities in Access to Improved Sanitation in Indonesia: A Decomposition Approach

SAGE Open ◽

10.1177/21582440211029920 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 215824402110299

Author(s):

Sri Irianti ◽

Puguh Prasetyoputra

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Universal Access ◽

Decomposition Analysis ◽

Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽

Probit Regression ◽

Decomposition Approach ◽

Explanatory Variables ◽

Improved Sanitation ◽

The Government

One of the targets in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is Target 6.2, aims to achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation. The Government of Indonesia targets universal access to improved sanitation in 2019. However, almost two out of five households in Indonesia are without access to improved sanitation. Moreover, access to improved sanitation is lower in rural areas than that in urban areas. Studies examining the drivers of the disparity in Indonesia are also limited. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the characteristics associated with the rural–urban disparity in access to improved sanitation facilities among households in Indonesia. We employed data from the 2016 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) comprising 290,848 households. The analysis was twofold. First, we fitted multivariate probit regression models using average marginal effects as the measure of association. We then conducted a detailed non-linear decomposition of the rural–urban disparity attributable to all the explanatory variables. The multivariate regression analysis suggested that households living in rural areas were 11.35% (95% confidence interval = [10.97, 11.72]) less likely to have access to improved sanitation facilities than those residing in urban areas. The decomposition analysis suggested that 48.78% are attributable to spatial, demographic, housing, and socio-economic factors, which meant that almost half of the inequalities could be reduced by equalizing these factors. The results provide a decomposition of factors amenable to curtail urban–rural inequalities. Hence, equity-oriented approaches to increasing access to improved sanitation should be prioritized to achieve universal access in 2030 in line with SDG Target 6.2.

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