scholarly journals Genetic divergence among accessions of Axonopus jesuiticus x A. scoparius based on morphological and agronomical traits

2014 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 475-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
SIMONE M. SCHEFFER-BASSO ◽  
ADRIANA FAVARETTO ◽  
VANDERLEIA FELINI ◽  
CLAUDINEI C. GOMES ◽  
LUIS E. CARNEIRO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Euclidean Distance ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
The Other ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Agronomical Traits ◽  
Potential Use

This study had the objective of assessing the genetic divergence in giant missionary grass (Axonopus jesuiticus x A. scoparius) germplasm based on morphological and agronomic traits. Five accessions were evaluated in the field: V14337, V14403, V14404, V14405 and V14406. Three contrasting groups were formed using the UPGMA clustering method: V14337 and V14404 formed one group, V14403 and V14405 formed another, and V14406 was isolated from the other accessions. The most striking traits for the identification of the accessions were the height of the plant and the change color of the leaf. Only V14406 accession had purplish green leaves. The other four accessions differed with regards to plant height and dry matter production, with superiority of V14337 and V14404 accessions. The high similarity, as assessed by the mean Euclidean distance, suggests that V14337 and V14404 share the same genotype. The genotypic variability among accessions indicates their potential use in breeding programs.

scholarly journals Comportamento Per se de híbridos de capim-elefante para fins energéticos

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Bruna Rafaela Da Silva Menezes ◽  
Rogério Figueiredo Daher ◽  
Geraldo De Amaral Gravina ◽  
Romildo Domingos Gottardo ◽  
Larissa Scheideger Athayde Schneider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Diallel Crossing ◽  
Blade Width ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Partial Diallel

The aim of this study was to evaluate the Per se performance of elephant grass hybrids obtained by partial diallel crossing and also their parents for energy purposes through agronomic traits during rainy and dry seasons. The experiment was conducted at Pesagro experimental station, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil, in randomized blocks, with three repetitions. The crosses were made between contrasting parents in a partial diallel scheme with 5 female parents x 5 male parents. The treatments consisted of ten parents, twenty-five hybrid combinations and the control. Three cuts were realized for evaluations (April and October 2013 and April 2014). The characteristics evaluated were: plant height (ALT), in m; stem diameter (SD), in cm; leaf blade width (LB), in cm; number of tillers per linear meter (NP); dry matter percentage (%DM) and dry matter production (DMP), in t.ha-1. Variance analysis were performed and the means were grouped according to Scott-Knott test (P <0.05). It was oberved that the hybrid H4 (Cuban Pinda x Taiwan A-144), H7 (Cameroon - Piracicaba x Três Rios), H8 (Cameroon - Piracicaba x Mercker 86-Mexico), H10 (Cameroon - Piracicaba x Roxo), H13 (P241-86-Piracicaba x Mercker 86-Mexico), H17 (IAC Campinas x Três Rios) and H18 (IAC-86-Campinas x Mercker 86-Mexico) presented high biomass production.

Increased winter growth in male red deer calves under an extended photoperiod

1997 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Webster ◽  
I. D. Corsor ◽  
R. P. Littlejohn ◽  
J. M. Suttie
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Abrupt Increase ◽  
Winter Solstice ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Autumn And Winter

AbstractThe growth of male red deer slows during the first winter of life before increasing again during spring. This study aimed to determine if this period of slow growth could be minimized using artificial photoperiods during autumn and winter (10 April (week 1) to 11 September (week 23), southern hemisphere). Four groups of deer (no. = 10) were housed indoors as follows. Two groups were placed on a winter solstice photoperiod (8·5 light (L): 15·5 dark (D)) and given either a natural increase in photoperiod to 11·25L: 12·75D (WSN) or held on 8·5L: 15·5D for 7 weeks followed by an abrupt increase to 11·25L: 12·75D (WSH). One group was exposed to a summer solstice photoperiod of 16L: 8D (SS) and one group exposed to a natural photoperiodic pattern (IC). A fifth group of deer (no. = 10) was maintained outside on a gravelled enclosure under natural changes in photoperiod (OC). All groups were given a diet containing 160 g protein per kg and 11·0 MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter (DM) ad libitum. All animals were weighed weekly and group food intake recorded daily. Metatarsal length was measured at weeks 3,17 and 22 from the start of treatments.The major differences occurred between SS and the other groups. After a period of slower growth (weeks 1 to 5, SS = 88 g/day v. 168 g/day other groups, s.e.d. 31·2, P < 0·05), SS grew more rapidly from week 10 (P < 0·01). As a result, SS was heaviest from week 17 (P < 0·05) until the end of the experiment (P < 0·01). The mean growth rate of SS animals from weeks 10 to 23 was 346 g/day compared with 173 g/day (s.e.d. 15·3; P < 0·001) for the other groups. Over the whole experiment, SS animals gained 42·3 kg live weight, compared with 31·1 kg for WSN, 26·6 kg for WSH, 25·1 kg for OC and 23·7 kg for IC (s.e.d. 2·08 kg P < 0·01). The DM intake of SS from week 9 until the end of the experiment averaged 2·04 kg DM per head per day compared with 1·48 (s.e. 0·041) kg DM per head per day for the mean of the other groups. Metatarsal length increased more in SS than the other groups (P < 0·001) between weeks 3 and 17 and was longest in SS at weeks 17 and 22 (P < 0·01). Exposure to a 16L: 8D photoperiod during winter advanced the rapid growth of red deer calves normally associated with spring and summer. This response may be used to advance slaughter dates for venison production.

scholarly journals Phosphate forms in plant and their internal buffering in five soybean cultivars

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermínia Emília Prieto Martinez ◽  
Roberto Ferreira Novais ◽  
Luciana Aparecida Rodrigues ◽  
Luis Vitor Silva do Sacramento
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Ion Storage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
P Absorption ◽  
P Supply ◽  
Source And Sink ◽  
Storage Ability

Differences among plants in their ability to support nutritional stress periods may be caused by a differential vacuole capacity of ion storage and release and may also depend on the intensity of nutrient re-translocation under such conditions. In five soybean cultivars, submitted to eight days of P deprivation, the dry matter production and the contents of three phosphorus (P) forms - inorganic (Pi), organic (Po), and acid-soluble total (Pts) of different plant organs were determined. Pi release velocity (RSPi) was estimated as the tangent to the equations obtained for Pi f(t) at the point t = 2 days (the mean point in the period of greatest Pi decrease), considering that -deltaPi/deltat expresses the rate of Pi release. The internal Pi buffering capacity (IBCPi) was calculated as the inverse of the RSPi. Cultivars' differences in size of the non-metabolic Pi pool, RSPi, and the ability to transport Pi from less to more actively metabolizing regions were evaluated. The preferential Pi source and sink compartments under limited P absorption conditions were also evaluated. The cultivar Santa Rosa showed the highest Pi storage ability when the external supply was high, and a more intensive release under low P supply conditions than IAC8 and UFV1. The cultivar Uberaba was superior to Doko in its ability to store and use Pi. In all cultivars, upper leaves and roots were the main sink of Pi stored in the middle and lower leaves. Roots and upper leaves showed larger RSPi and lower IBCPi values than middle and lower leaves.

Eating and ruminating behaviour in cattle given forages differing in fibre content

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. McLeod ◽  
B. R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Eating Rate ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Forage Diets

ABSTRACTA study was made of the effect of fibre level in forages on eating and rumination behaviour. Eight forage diets were prepared from the leaf and stem fractions of two grasses and two legumes and were given at hourly intervals to four steers under steady-state conditions. Eating and rumination behaviour were measured automatically by recording changes in intra-oesophageal pressure.Mean voluntary intake of leaf was higher than that of the stem fractions (9·9 v. 5·6 kg/day; P < 0·001). This was associated with a shorter mean retention time in the rumen of the leaf than that of the stem fractions (21·4 v. 30·6 h; P < 0·001) and a lower concentration (g/100 g dry matter (DM)) of fibre (52-0 neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and 30·5 acid-detergent fibre (ADF) v. 68·2 NDF and 45·3 ADF). Similar values (P > 0·05) between diets were found for both the water and DM contents of the rumen (60·1 kg, 7·8 kg). Voluntary intake was not related to either.No difference was found between forage diets in the mean time (132 min) and number (18·7) of periods spent eating each day (P > 0·05). Legume leaf fractions were eaten at a faster rate (g/min) than either the grass leaf or the stem fractions. Voluntary intake was related to the rate at which food was eaten (r = 0·89; P < 0·01) but no relationship was found with the time taken to eat food (r = –0·14; P>0·05). Eating rate was related to the level of both NDF (r = –0·91; P < 0·01) and ADF (r = –0·96; P < 0·001).Differences between diets were found in rumination times (mean 425 min; P < 001), the number of boluses regurgitated during each period (27·6; P < 0·05) and during each day (485; P < 0·001), and in the weight of boluses (455 g; P < 0·05). No differences (P > 0·05) were found between diets in the mean number of rumination periods each day (17·6), the mean time spent ruminating during each period (24·3 min), the mean rate at which boluses were regurgitated (53·2 s per bolus), the interval between boluses (5·1 s), and the DM in a bolus (27·5 g). Rumination time and the number of boluses regurgitated either per period or per day were not related to the fibre content of the diet (P > 0·05).The regurgitated boluses from leaf fractions were chewed less than the stem fractions (43·7 v. 54·7 chews per bolus). The regurgitated boluses of lucerne leaf were chewed at a faster rate (1·13 chews per s; P > 0·05) than regurgitated digesta of the other diets which were chewed at similar rates (0·97 chews per s; P > 0·05). The total number of rumination chews made each day by animals given lucerne leaf (12 300) was much lower (P < 0·001) than that by animals given the other fractions (25 300). The number of chews made on each bolus was related to fibre levels in the diets (NDF, r = 0·78, P < 0·05; ADF, r = 0·91, P < 0·01).It is concluded that the voluntary intake of high-fibre diets is not always restricted by rumen fill or rumination. The ease with which forage is eaten should be investigated as a factor influencing intake of fibrous forages.

Hybrid Bermudagrass compared with Kikuyu and common couch in coastal New South Wales. 1. Establishment, dry matter production and persistence

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (99) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
AC Andrews ◽  
FC Crofts
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production

Four ecotypes of hybrid Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) were compared with common couch (C. dactylon) and kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) at five sites in coastal districts of New South Wales. The sites were Grafton and Coaldale (Lat. 30�S), Mitchells Island (Lat. 32�S) and Richmond and Badgerys Creek (Lat. 34�S). Hybrid Bermudagrass ecotypes 6389 and 692 were established quickly at all sites while ecotypes 71 9 and 632 were satsifactory. Kikuyu was strong at all sites except Grafton but the rate of establishment of common couch was poor. At the frost-free sandy site of Mitchells Island, Bermudagrass ecotypes 719, 692, 6389, and 632 outyielded kikuyu by 75, 65, 65 and 35%, respectively. However, at Grafton and Coaldale, the highest yielding Bermudagrass ecotype, 719, had only 35% higher production than kikuyu. At the frost prone southern sites of Richmond and Badgerys Creek, the annual production of kikuyu was equal to that of ecotypes 719, 6389, 692 and 632. Common couch yields were equal to kikuyu at all sites except at Richmond. At Mitchells Island, the hybrid Bermudagrasses outyielded kikuyu in spring, summer and early autumn but in the late autumn kikuyu had equal and sometimes higher growth rates than the best Bermudagrasses. In winter, the growth of both species was negligible, although kikuyu, unlike the Bermudagrasses, did produce some new shoots at the base of the sward. Data on persistence under grazing were collected from only three of the sites but trends were similar to establishment. Ecotype 6389 had the highest persistence rating of the Bermudagrasses. Kikuyu failed at the poorly drained sandy site of Grafton but remained strong at the other sites. It was concluded that hybrid Bermudagrasses were of potential value for pastures in New South Wales, especially for sites with sandy soils and low frost incidence.

EFFECT OF DATES OF CUTTING ON DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND CHEMICAL CONTENT OF ALFALFA AND BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gasser ◽  
L. Lachance ◽  
P. Gervais
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Chemical Content

In two experiments, one with alfalfa and the other with birdsfoot trefoil, we have been able to show that a late cut in October does not adversely affect dry matter yield (DAI) of the legumes. Three cuts during a harvesting season ending on September 5 were detrimental to alfalfa, since lower yields were obtained the following year of harvest. Birdsfoot trefoil varieties were affected differentially. Three cuts did not affect the yield of Viking the following year, but did so of Empire. Significant differences in dry matter yields were obtained between DuPuits and Vernal and between Viking and Empire. Protein in the forage followed inversely the same pattern as that of DM yields, that is, where the intervals were shortest, the protein content was highest, and conversely. The total available carbohydrate and the nitrogen content of the roots were lowest following the treatments which had the shortest intervals between them.

A comparison of barley cultivars with different leaf inclinations

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 945 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Angus ◽  
R Jones ◽  
JH Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Visible Radiation ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Assimilation Chamber ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Erect Leaf

Under conditions of adequate moisture an erect-leaf barley cultivar, Lenta, responded to an increase in density (resulting from doubling of the sowing rate) with increases in dry matter production and in grain yield, whereas the cultivar Research, which has long lax leaves, responded with decreases in dry matter production and yield. In a study of canopy structure and its effects on light interception and utilization, it was found that in Research, with a leaf area index (LAI) of 6.1, the leaves were concentrated near the canopy surface and a relatively small proportion of the above-crop light penetrated through this layer. The net crop photosynthesis of this canopy (measured in a field assimilation chamber) was 3.8 g CO2/m2.hr when visible radiation was 313 W/m2. With Lenta (LAI 7.0) on the other hand, leaves were concentrated in the middle layers of the canopy and the light was more evenly distributed throughout the canopy. The net crop photosynthesis with the same radiation as for Research was 4.3 g CO2/m2.hr. The relative rates of photosynthesis at various levels in the canopies were determined by introducing 14CO2 into the assimilation chambers enclosing the cultivars and observing where the 14C was fixed. With Research most of it was localized near the canopy surface while with Lenta most of it was near the centre of the canopy. Of the 14CO2 taken up, 7 % was fixed in the leaf sheaths of Research and 12% in those of Lenta.

scholarly journals Forages resources in "dehesa" systems: fertilization, tillage, and forage sowing. 2. Productivity and use of rain water

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
J.L. Martin Polo ◽  
C.J. Valle Gutierrez ◽  
A. Blanco de Pablos ◽  
M.E. Sánchez Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Economic Studies ◽  
Different Soils

In two «dehesa» grasslands with different soils, one over slate and the other over granite, studies were carried out toinvestigate the influence that phosphoric fertilization, surface tillage of pastures and oat sowing have on the primaryproduction and its nutritive value, on the index of utilization of raining water, and on the evolution of oat stubble withtime. Additionally, economic studies of the previous results have been carried out. Phosphoric fertilization and superficialtilling of pastures did not have a relevant influence on the primary production. Additionally, in the successive regrowthover oat stubble there was no response to phosphoric fertilization. The production increments with respect tocontrols are related to the preparatory tillage for sowing the oats, and the changes that the vegetation experimented.This effect decreased with time. The dry matter production in the oat treatments was higher than in the pastures, bothin slate and granite soils. In dehesa systems the use of raining water for the production of 1 kg dry matter ha-1 was verylow, and, on the average, 0.278 and 0.588 l m-2 were needed in pastures, but this amount decreased significantly in theoats: 0.059 and 0.110 l m-2 in slates and granites, respectively; with better use of the water in the more fertile soils. Theeconomic response to the oat sowing was about 252 and of 160 euros ha-1 year-1 in slates and granites, but there was noeconomic response to the fertilization and superficial tilling of pastures during the period of the experiment.

scholarly journals Potencial forrajero de híbridos de maíz (Zea mays L.) en la Comarca Lagunera.

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Jesús Arreola ◽  
Cristina Vega ◽  
Enrique Navarro ◽  
Gustavo Burciaga
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Proximal Analysis ◽  
Chemical Traits

The objectives of this work were to evaluate the forage performance of several hybrids in relations with six checks. The farmer hybrids were realised by "Instituto Mexicano del Maíz", located at Saltillo, Coahuila. The agronomic traits taken into account were: grain yield and some chemical traits and their relationships with production and quality of forage in corn. Their work was divided in two parts, the first one under the field conditions in Gómez Palacio, Durango, (1992) where 25 hybrids were evaluated with a population density of 62,500 plants/ha. The analysis of variance showed no significance for production of green forage. However, one hybrid overcame the best check for more than 4 t. The second phase was carried out in the quality forage laboratory during 1992 - 1993, where each plant representing an entry was divided in three parts; later, a proximal analysis was performed and two variables were analized for green forage and ensilage. For percentage of fat, some experimentals hybrids had lower vulner than commercial hybrids in both green forage and ensilage, whereas for protein content six experimental hybrids overcame, the mean of the best checks. However, it is important to mention that the value was higher vulner of the entries for protein content were highest on ensilage than those shown for green forage whose group means were 6.91 and 6.12 respectively. In the other hand, it was posible to detect some experimental material with low vulner of fiber, mainly, in the phase of ensilage. We observed that the midde part of the plant was the richest for protein content in both ensilage and green forage. Finally, we observed the superiority of some experimental hybrids as for the parameters of contents of organic matter, portein, amount of ensilage and green forage.

scholarly journals Comparison between multivariate methods applied for the evaluation of genetic divergence in Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)

1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Antônio dos Santos Dias ◽  
Paulo Yoshio Kageyama
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Euclidean Distance ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Multivariate Methods ◽  
Weak Association ◽  
Canonical Variates ◽  
Divergence Statistics ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Several multivariate methods have been used in divergence analyses of populations. Consistency and relative association among four methods were assessed using a 5 x 5 complete-diallel data involving cacao cultivars. Over a 5-year period, five cultivars were analyzed based upon five yield components. In assessing the divergence of parents only the data obtained from five cacao cultivars were analyzed. Four multivariate statistics presented close association when considered in pairs, in this case the Mahalanobis' (D²) with the mean Euclidean distance obtained from canonical variates (d cv), and mean Euclidean distance (d e) with the mean Euclidean distance obtained from principal components (d pc). In both cases, high correlations (r > 0.95) were obtained. However, a weak association was detected between D² and de and between d pc and d cv (0.50 and 0.66, respectively). Thus, in studies on genetic divergence, statistics considering the error variance-covariance matrix should be preferred whenever its estimate is possible.

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