Individual variation of tentorial notch morphometry in a series of neurocritical patients

ABSTRACT Background: Cadaveric studies on humans have shown anatomical variabilities in the morphometric characteristics of the tentorial notch. These anatomical variations could influence the worsening of neurocritical patients. Objectives: 1) To investigate the morphometric characteristics of the tentorial notch in neurocritical patients using computed tomography (CT); 2) To investigate the correlation between tentorial notch measurements by CT and by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); and 3) To analyze the individual variability of the tentorial notch anatomy seen in neurocritical patients. Methods: Prospective series of neurocritical patients was examined. An imaging protocol for measurements was designed for CT and MRI. The level of the agreement of the measurements from CT and MR images was established. According to the measurements found, patients were divided into different types of tentorial notch. Results: We studied 34 neurocritical patients by CT and MRI. Measurements of the tentorial notch via CT and MRI showed significant agreement: concordance correlation coefficient of 0.96 for notch length and 0.85 for maximum width of tentorial notch. Classification of tentorial notch measurements according to the criteria established by Adler and Milhorat, we found the following: 15 patients (58%) corresponded to a "short" subtype; 7 (21%) to "small"; 3 (9%) to "narrow"; 2 (6%) to "wide"; 2 (6%) to “large”; 1 (3%) to “long”; and 4 (12%) to "typical". Conclusions: The anatomical variability of the tentorial notch could be detected in vivo by means of CT scan and MRI. Good agreement between the measurements made using these two imaging methods was found.

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The Tentorial Notch: Morphometric Analysis and its Clinical Relevance to Neurosurgery

JOURNAL FOR CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ◽

10.7860/jcdr/2021/47758.14545 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ashima Das ◽

Sudha Chhabra ◽

Sibadatta Das ◽

Pinki Rai ◽

Nishtha Saini

Keyword(s):

Clinical Relevance ◽

Anatomical Variations ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Axial Plane ◽

Posterior Aspect ◽

Maximum Width ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Notch Width ◽

Human Cadavers ◽

Tentorial Notch

Introduction: The tentorial aperture is a complex space that varies considerably in size and shape. Although this space is defined by the free edges of the tentorium cerebelli, it has remained anatomically elusive. Modern neuroimaging methods routinely provide images of the tentorial notch but the literature so far available is remarkably devoid of extensive observations on the different types of tentorial notches. Dimensions of tentorial notch may determine the clinical sequelae and prognosis of many neurological conditions. Aim: To analyse the anatomical variations of tentorial notch, elucidating its clinical relevance in neurosurgery. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed from August 2010-January2012. The midbrain was sectioned in an axial plane following the contour of the tentorial edge during medico-legal autopsies in 40 adult human cadavers, age ranging from 20 to 65 years. The parameters measured were: 1) Anterior Notch Width (ANW), the width of tentorial notch through the posterior aspect of the dorsum sellae; 2) Maximum Notch Width (MNW), the maximum width of the tentorial notch in axial plane; 3) Notch Length (NL), the distance between posterosuperior edge of the dorsum sellae in the mid-plane and the apex of notch; 4) Interpedunculoclival (IC) distance, the distance from the interpeduncular fossa to the posterosuperior edge of the dorsum sellae; 5) Apicotectal (AT) distance, the distance between the tectum of midbrain in the mid-plane and the apex of tentorial notch. The data obtained was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Results: The quartile groups defined by MNW (mean 29.77±2.26 mm) were labeled as narrow, midrange and wide. Quartile groups defined by NL (mean 57.98±4.52 mm) were labeled as short, midrange and long. By combining these six groups into matrix formation, tentorial notches were classified into eight types. Applying quartile distribution technique to IC (mean 21.21±3.72 mm), brainstem positions within the tentorial notch were labeled as prefixed, midposition and postfixed. Conclusion: Variations in the dimensions of tentorial aperture may be implicated in the different clinical presentations related to transtentorial herniation, concussion and acceleration-deceleration injuries. The results of the present study provide a baseline data about tentorial notch which may facilitate neurosurgical decision making.

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Metabolomics, Microbiota, and In Vivo and In Vitro Biomarkers in Type 2 Severe Asthma: A Perspective Review

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo11100647 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 647

Author(s):

Cristiano Caruso ◽

Stefania Colantuono ◽

Alberto Nicoletti ◽

Stefania Arasi ◽

Davide Firinu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Precision Medicine ◽

Severe Asthma ◽

Biomarker Discovery ◽

Drug Efficacy ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Point Of View ◽

The Individual

Precision medicine refers to the tailoring of therapeutic strategies to the individual characteristics of each patient; thus, it could be a new approach for the management of severe asthma that considers individual variability in genes, environmental exposure, and lifestyle. Precision medicine would also assist physicians in choosing the right treatment, the best timing of administration, consequently trying to maximize drug efficacy, and, possibly, reducing adverse events. Metabolomics is the systematic study of low molecular weight (bio)chemicals in a given biological system and offers a powerful approach to biomarker discovery and elucidating disease mechanisms. In this point of view, metabolomics could play a key role in targeting precision medicine.

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THE STUDY OF THE INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY OF THE LINEAR DIMENSIONS OF THE SPHENOID SINUS

The Journal of scientific articles Health and Education millennium ◽

10.26787/nydha-2226-7425-2019-21-1-64-70 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 64-70

Author(s):

O.V. Mareev ◽

◽

G.O. Mareev ◽

M.E. Gutynina ◽

D.A. Maksimova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sphenoid Sinus ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Linear Dimensions ◽

The Individual

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Preclinical Testing of Radiopharmaceuticals for the Detection and Characterization of Osteomyelitis: Experiences from a Porcine Model

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26144221 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (14) ◽

pp. 4221

Author(s):

Aage Kristian Olsen Alstrup ◽

Svend Borup Jensen ◽

Ole Lerberg Nielsen ◽

Lars Jødal ◽

Pia Afzelius

Keyword(s):

Animal Model ◽

Animal Models ◽

Porcine Model ◽

Animal Experiments ◽

Radioactive Tracers ◽

The Individual ◽

Selection Of

The development of new and better radioactive tracers capable of detecting and characterizing osteomyelitis is an ongoing process, mainly because available tracers lack selectivity towards osteomyelitis. An integrated part of developing new tracers is the performance of in vivo tests using appropriate animal models. The available animal models for osteomyelitis are also far from ideal. Therefore, developing improved animal osteomyelitis models is as important as developing new radioactive tracers. We recently published a review on radioactive tracers. In this review, we only present and discuss osteomyelitis models. Three ethical aspects (3R) are essential when exposing experimental animals to infections. Thus, we should perform experiments in vitro rather than in vivo (Replacement), use as few animals as possible (Reduction), and impose as little pain on the animal as possible (Refinement). The gain for humans should by far exceed the disadvantages for the individual experimental animal. To this end, the translational value of animal experiments is crucial. We therefore need a robust and well-characterized animal model to evaluate new osteomyelitis tracers to be sure that unpredicted variation in the animal model does not lead to a misinterpretation of the tracer behavior. In this review, we focus on how the development of radioactive tracers relies heavily on the selection of a reliable animal model, and we base the discussions on our own experience with a porcine model.

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Animal Models in the Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Phage Therapy for Infections Caused by Gram-Negative Bacteria from the ESKAPE Group and the Reliability of Its Use in Humans

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9020206 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 206

Author(s):

Martyna Cieślik ◽

Natalia Bagińska ◽

Andrzej Górski ◽

Ewa Jończyk-Matysiak

Keyword(s):

Animal Models ◽

Phage Therapy ◽

Animal Experiments ◽

Species Group ◽

Effectiveness Evaluation ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Enterobacter Species ◽

The Individual

The authors emphasize how extremely important it is to highlight the role played by animal models in an attempt to determine possible phage interactions with the organism into which it was introduced as well as to determine the safety and effectiveness of phage therapy in vivo taking into account the individual conditions of a given organism and its physiology. Animal models in which phages are used make it possible, among other things, to evaluate the effective therapeutic dose and to choose the possible route of phage administration depending on the type of infection developed. These results cannot be applied in detail to the human body, but the knowledge gained from animal experiments is invaluable and very helpful. We would like to highlight how useful animal models may be for the possible effectiveness evaluation of phage therapy in the case of infections caused by gram-negative bacteria from the ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter species) group of pathogens. In this review, we focus specifically on the data from the last few years.

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Graphene and Reproduction: A Love-Hate Relationship

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11020547 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 547

Author(s):

Marina Ramal-Sanchez ◽

Antonella Fontana ◽

Luca Valbonetti ◽

Alessandra Ordinelli ◽

Nicola Bernabò ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

Reproductive Function ◽

Scientometric Analysis ◽

Potential Toxicity ◽

Good Tool ◽

Vitro Fertilization ◽

Number Of Publications ◽

The Individual

Since its discovery, graphene and its multiple derivatives have been extensively used in many fields and with different applications, even in biomedicine. Numerous efforts have been made to elucidate the potential toxicity derived from their use, giving rise to an adequate number of publications with varied results. On this basis, the study of the reproductive function constitutes a good tool to evaluate not only the toxic effects derived from the use of these materials directly on the individual, but also the potential toxicity passed on to the offspring. By providing a detailed scientometric analysis, the present review provides an updated overview gathering all the research studies focused on the use of graphene and graphene-based materials in the reproductive field, highlighting the consequences and effects reported to date from experiments performed in vivo and in vitro and in different animal species (from Archea to mammals). Special attention is given to the oxidized form of graphene, graphene oxide, which has been recently investigated for its ability to increase the in vitro fertilization outcomes. Thus, the potential use of graphene oxide against infertility is hypothesized here, probably by engineering the spermatozoa and thus manipulating them in a safer and more efficient way.

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ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF CURCUMIN AND CAPSAICIN AUGMENTED IN COMBINATION

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i6.18635 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 145

Author(s):

Thriveni Vasanth Kumar ◽

Manjunatha H. ◽

Rajesh Kp

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Protective Effect ◽

Vascular Permeability ◽

Diclofenac Sodium ◽

Significant Inhibition ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

The Individual

Objective: Dietary curcumin and capsaicin are well known for their health beneficial potencies. The current study was done to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin, capsaicin and their combination by employing in vitro and in vivo models.Methods: We investigated the protective effect of curcumin, capsaicin and their combination using in vitro heat induced human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilisation, in vivo 3% agar induced leukocyte mobilisation and acetic acid induced vascular permeability assay.Results: Curcumin, capsaicin and their combination exhibited concentration dependent protective effect against heat-induced HRBC membrane destabilisation, while combined curcumin and capsaicin restored 87.0±0.64 % membrane stability and it is found to be better than curcumin, capsaicin and diclofenac sodium (75.0±0.25. 72±0.9 and 80.0±0.31 %) protective effect. In agar suspension induced leukocyte mobilization assay, the combined curcumin and capsaicin had shown 39.5±1.58 % of inhibition compared to individual curcumin and capsaicin, which showed moderate inhibition of 16.0±3.14 and 21.6±2.17 % respectively. Besides, the combined curcumin and capsaicin had shown highly significant inhibition of acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in rats (62.0±3.14 %), whereas individual curcumin and capsaicin showed moderate inhibition of vascular permeability with 36.0±2.41 and 43.0±1.92 % respectively.Conclusion: This study demonstrates the significant anti-inflammatory property of combined curcumin and capsaicin at half of the individual concentration of curcumin and capsaicin.

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Inter-individual Variability of In Vivo CYP2D6 Activity in Different Genotypes

Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics ◽

10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-11-rg-078 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 405-413 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Koji Chiba ◽

Motohiro Kato ◽

Takashi Ito ◽

Toshio Suwa ◽

Yuichi Sugiyama

Keyword(s):

Individual Variability ◽

Cyp2d6 Activity

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In Vivo Bioavailability of Selenium in Selenium-Enriched Streptococcus thermophilus and Enterococcus faecium in CD IGS Rats

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10030463 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 463

Author(s):

Gabriela Krausova ◽

Antonin Kana ◽

Marek Vecka ◽

Ivana Hyrslova ◽

Barbora Stankova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glutathione Reductase ◽

Enterococcus Faecium ◽

Reductase Activity ◽

Streptococcus Thermophilus ◽

Heart Tissue ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Glutathione Reductase Activity ◽

Novel Concept ◽

The Individual

The selenium (Se) enrichment of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) has recently emerged as a novel concept; the individual health effects of these beneficial microorganisms are combined by supplying the essential micronutrient Se in a more bioavailable and less toxic form. This study investigated the bioavailability of Se in the strains Enterococcus faecium CCDM 922A (EF) and Streptococcus thermophilus CCDM 144 (ST) and their respective Se-enriched forms, SeEF and SeST, in a CD (SD-Sprague Dawley) IGS rat model. Se-enriched LAB administration resulted in higher Se concentrations in the liver and kidneys of rats, where selenocystine was the prevalent Se species. The administration of both Se-enriched strains improved the antioxidant status of the animals. The effect of the diet was more pronounced in the heart tissue, where a lower glutathione reductase content was observed, irrespective of the Se fortification in LAB. Interestingly, rats fed diets with EF and SeEF had higher glutathione reductase activity. Reduced concentrations of serum malondialdehyde were noted following Se supplementation. Diets containing Se-enriched strains showed no macroscopic effects on the liver, kidneys, heart, and brain and had no apparent influence on the basic parameters of the lipid metabolism. Both the strains tested herein showed potential for further applications as promising sources of organically bound Se and Se nanoparticles.

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Synthetic Riboswitches for the Analysis of tRNA Processing by eukaryotic RNase P Enzymes

RNA ◽

10.1261/rna.078814.121 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. rna.078814.121

Author(s):

Anna Ender ◽

Nadine Grafl ◽

Tim Kolberg ◽

Sven Findeiss ◽

Peter F. Stadler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Homo Sapiens ◽

Rnase P ◽

Single Stranded Region ◽

Domains Of Life ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact ◽

Individual Enzyme ◽

Trna Precursor

Removal of the 5' leader region is an essential step in the maturation of tRNA molecules in all domains of life. This reaction is catalyzed by various RNase P activities, ranging from ribonucleoproteins with ribozyme activity to protein-only forms. In Escherichia coli, the efficiency of RNase P mediated cleavage can be controlled by computationally designed riboswitch elements in a ligand-dependent way, where the 5' leader sequence of a tRNA precursor is either sequestered in a hairpin structure or presented as a single-stranded region accessible for maturation. In the presented work, the regulatory potential of such artificial constructs is tested on different forms of eukaryotic RNase P enzymes – two protein-only RNase P enzymes (PRORP1 and PRORP2) from Arabidopsis thaliana and the ribonucleoprotein of Homo sapiens. The PRORP enzymes were analyzed in vitro as well as in vivo in a bacterial RNase P complementation system. We also tested in HEK293T cells whether the riboswitches remain functional with human nuclear RNase P. While the regulatory principle of the synthetic riboswitches applies for all tested RNase P enzymes, the results also show differences in the substrate requirements of the individual enzyme versions. Hence, such designed RNase P riboswitches represent a novel tool to investigate the impact of the structural composition of the 5'-leader on substrate recognition by different types of RNase P enzymes.

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