Sampling of cashew nuts from cashew tree clones

Abstract The aim of this work was to estimate sample sizes to assist the genetic improvement of the cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.). Stratified sampling, comprising five strata (S5, S4, S3, S2, and S1) of five cashew clones (BRS 274, BRS 275, BRS 226, BRS 189 and CCP 76), was effective for estimating the different sample sizes of the nut. Sample size for each clone depends on the weight-nut variance, the margin of error B permitted in the estimates and the desired precision of the results. The increases in sample size with clone variance, lowered the permitted margin of error B, and increased the desired precision of the results. These clones required different sample sizes for a morphological study of the nuts. Larger nuts require larger samples for the same margin of error B. For an error B of 0.2g, the sample size for clones S5, S4 and S3 were n5 = 84, n4 = 49 and n3 = 37 nuts. For clones BRS 274 (S5) and BRS 275 (S4), with better nut classification, the mean weights were respectively 16.79 and 12.78g. Clones BRS 189 (S2) and CCP 76 (S1), with smaller nuts, have a smaller variances, s22 = 0.7638 and s12 = 1.0712, where the mean weight was 8.29 and 7.81g respectively.

Download Full-text

Sampling of cashew nuts as an aid to research for the genetic improvement of cashew tree

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s1678-3921.pab2019.v54.00962 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

Author(s):

Adroaldo Guimarães Rossetti ◽

Francisco das Chagas Vidal Neto ◽

Levi de Moura Barros

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Genetic Improvement ◽

Great Variability ◽

Anacardium Occidentale ◽

The Other ◽

Average Weight ◽

Sample Sizes ◽

Error Level ◽

Tree Nuts ◽

Cashew Tree

Abstract: The objective of this work was to estimate sample sizes of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nuts as an aid to the genetic improvement of cashew tree. Nuts were separated by size: nuts < 17 mm were classified as size 1 (S1); 17 mm ≤ nuts < 19 mm, size 2 (S2); 19 mm ≤ nuts < 23 mm, size 3 (S3); 23 mm ≤ nuts < 25 mm, size 4 (S4); and nuts ≥ 25 mm, size 5 (S5). Sizing the sample for each stratum depends on the variance of nut size and on the error level B allowed for either the estimates or the desired precision in the results. The sample size will be larger the greater the variance of the stratum, the lower the error level allowed for the estimates, or the greater the precision desired in the results. For an error B = 0.2 g, the sample sizes of the S5, S4, and S3 strata were n5 = 42 nuts, n4 = 30 nuts, and n3 = 19 nuts, respectively. In the S5 and S4 strata, with better nut classifications, the average weight was 12.71 and 9.76 g, respectively. The Sm stratum - formed by the mixture of nuts of several sizes - should not be used as a parameter in this context due to its great variability, which is far larger than that of the other strata. Stratified sampling composed of six strata (S1, S2, ..., S5, Sm) is effective for estimating different sizes of nut samples.

Download Full-text

The Probability That a Measurement Falls within a Range of Standard Deviations from an Estimate of the Mean

ISRN Applied Mathematics ◽

10.5402/2012/710806 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Louis M. Houston

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Sample Size ◽

General Equation ◽

Sample Sizes ◽

The Mean ◽

Standard Deviations ◽

Intermediate Value ◽

Theoretical Results

We derive a general equation for the probability that a measurement falls within a range of n standard deviations from an estimate of the mean. So, we provide a format that is compatible with a confidence interval centered about the mean that is naturally independent of the sample size. The equation is derived by interpolating theoretical results for extreme sample sizes. The intermediate value of the equation is confirmed with a computational test.

Download Full-text

Sample Size to Estimate the Mean and Median of Traits in Canola

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v10n11p123 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 123

Author(s):

Alberto Cargnelutti Filho ◽

Cleiton Antonio Wartha ◽

Jéssica Andiara Kleinpaul ◽

Ismael Mario Marcio Neu ◽

Daniela Lixinski Silveira

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Aerial Part ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Central Tendency ◽

Sample Sizes ◽

Brassica Napus L ◽

Fresh Matter ◽

The Mean ◽

Productive Traits ◽

Larger Sample

The aim of this study was to determine the sample size (i.e., number of plants) required to estimate the mean and median of canola (Brassica napus L.) traits of the Hyola 61, Hyola 76, and Hyola 433 hybrids with precision levels. At 124 days after sowing, 225 plants of each hybrid were randomly collected. In each plant, morphological (plant height) and productive traits (number of siliques, fresh matter of siliques, fresh matter of aerial part without siliques, fresh matter of aerial part, dry matter of siliques, dry matter of aerial part without siliques, and dry matter of aerial part) were measured. For each trait, measures of central tendency, variability, skewness, and kurtosis were calculated. Sample size was determined by resampling with replacement of 10,000 resamples. The sample size required for the estimation of measures of central tendency (mean and median) varies between traits and hybrids. Productive traits required larger sample sizes in relation to the morphological traits. Larger sample sizes are required for the hybrids Hyola 433, Hyola 61, and Hyola 76, in this sequence. In order to estimate the mean of canola traits of the Hyola 61, Hyola 76 e Hyola 433 hybrids with the amplitude of the confidence interval of 95% equal to 30% of the estimated mean, 208 plants are required. Whereas 661 plants are necessary to estimate the median with the same precision.

Download Full-text

A Study on the X ¯ and S Control Charts with Unequal Sample Sizes

Mathematics ◽

10.3390/math8050698 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 698

Author(s):

Chanseok Park ◽

Min Wang

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Control Charts ◽

Weighted Average ◽

Missing Observations ◽

Population Parameters ◽

Sample Sizes ◽

Cost Constraints ◽

The Mean ◽

True Population ◽

Average Sample

The control charts based on X ¯ and S are widely used to monitor the mean and variability of variables and can help quality engineers identify and investigate causes of the process variation. The usual requirement behind these control charts is that the sample sizes from the process are all equal, whereas this requirement may not be satisfied in practice due to missing observations, cost constraints, etc. To deal with this situation, several conventional methods were proposed. However, some methods based on weighted average approaches and an average sample size often result in degraded performance of the control charts because the adopted estimators are biased towards underestimating the true population parameters. These observations motivate us to investigate the existing methods with rigorous proofs and we provide a guideline to practitioners for the best selection to construct the X ¯ and S control charts when the sample sizes are not equal.

Download Full-text

Post-stratified estimation: within-strata and total sample size recommendations

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x11-031 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 41 (5) ◽

pp. 1130-1139 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

James A. Westfall ◽

Paul L. Patterson ◽

John W. Coulston

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Forest Inventory ◽

Total Sample ◽

Standard Errors ◽

Sample Sizes ◽

Total Sample Size ◽

Survey Statistics ◽

Population Structures ◽

The Mean ◽

Volume Estimates

Post-stratification is used to reduce the variance of estimates of the mean. Because the stratification is not fixed in advance, within-strata sample sizes can be quite small. The survey statistics literature provides some guidance on minimum within-strata sample sizes; however, the recommendations and justifications are inconsistent and apply broadly for many different population structures. The impacts of minimum within-strata and total sample sizes on estimates of means and standard errors were examined for two forest inventory variables: proportion forestland and cubic net volume. Estimates of the means seem unbiased across a range of minimum within-strata sample sizes. A ratio that described the decrease in variability with increasing sample size allowed for assessment of minimum within-strata sample requirements to obtain stable estimates of means. This metric indicated that the minimum within-strata sample size should be at least 10. Estimates of standard errors were found to be biased at small total sample sizes. To obtain a bias of less than 3%, the required minimum total sample size was 25 for proportion forestland and 75 for cubic net volume. The results presented allow analysts to determine within-stratum and total sample size requirements corresponding to their criteria for acceptable levels of bias and variability.

Download Full-text

Tools for Ergonomic Intervention: The Development and Analysis of a Cost Calculator

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/1071181320641105 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 465-469

Author(s):

Derek Stephens ◽

Diana J. Schwerha

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Sample Size ◽

Small Sample Size ◽

Small Sample ◽

Quality Data ◽

Sample Sizes ◽

System Usability ◽

The Mean ◽

Larger Sample ◽

Ergonomic Intervention

The purpose of this study was to determine if safety professionals can use an ergonomic intervention costing calculator, which integrates performance and quality data into the costing matrix, to increase communication and better of decision making for the company. The sample size included 9 participants, which included four safety managers, four EHS managers, and one HR generalist. Results showed that all participants found the calculator very useful, well integrated, and it increased communication across the company. The mean System Usability Score (SUS) score was 82, which is rated as a perfectly acceptable software for use. Recommendations from this study include adding some additional features to the calculator, increasing awareness and availability of the calculator, and conducting further analysis using larger sample sizes. Limitations in this study include small sample size and limited interventions that were tested.

Download Full-text

Comparaison de différentes approches, modèles et tailles d'échantillons pour l'établissement de relations hauteur-diamètre locales

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x95-143 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 25 (8) ◽

pp. 1303-1312 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Jean Bégin ◽

Frédéric Raulier

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Residual Variance ◽

Sample Plot ◽

Sample Sizes ◽

Total Height ◽

Breast Height ◽

Mean Diameter ◽

The Mean ◽

The Individual ◽

Model Approach

This study compares the predictability of 3 approaches, 4 models, and 10 different sample sizes to determine local relationships between total height and diameter at breast height in balsam fir stands less than 50 years old. The results show that a system of height–diameter curves based on the mean diameter and mean height of the sampled trees (approach 3) gives the most precise estimations in comparison with curves resulting from pooling all sampled trees in a single height–diameter model (approach 1) and with those resulting from the application of a height–diameter model for each of the combinations of sample plot–measurement periods (approach 2). Depending on the sample size, the residual variance of the total height or the total volume is reduced 2 to 2.5 times for the individual stems and 2 to 15 times for the mean stem, when using approach 3 instead of approach 1. Approach 3 is more precise than approach 2 for sample sizes that vary between three and five sampled trees per plot. However, this gain in precision becomes negligible when the sample size approaches 10 sampled trees per plot.

Download Full-text

SAMPLE SIZES REQUIRED FOR PREDICTING ALBUMEN QUALITY IN STORED EGGS FROM EIGHT COMMERCIAL STOCKS

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas80-116 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 979-989 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. T. HILL ◽

R. C. EISSINGER ◽

D. M. HAMILTON ◽

J. PATKO

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Sample Sizes ◽

Unit Value ◽

Evaluation Test ◽

The Mean ◽

Grading Standards ◽

Haugh Unit

Over a period of 48 wk, eggs were sampled from the eight commercial strains in a layer evaluation test. Half the eggs were oiled as laid. All eggs, except those broken on day 1, were washed and graded 4 days after lay. Samples of eggs were broken at 1, 5, 12, 19 and 26 days after lay for Haugh unit determination. The number of eggs required to assure the mean Haugh unit value in the sample, within ±2.5 Haugh units of the mean of the population, 90% of the time, was computed. This sample size varied with age of the layer, from 19 to 52 for eggs of layers of brown-shelled eggs and from 16 to 32 for eggs from layers of white-shelled eggs. Days in storage and oiling had comparatively little effect on these sample sizes. The Haugh unit losses varied with length of storage, age of birds and oiling from 1.8 to 22.1. The implications of these losses upon the maintenance of Canada’s egg-grading standards are discussed.

Download Full-text

Caracterização da Peneira Média em Clones de Coffea canephora

REVISTA FIMCA ◽

10.37157/fimca.v5i2.58 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 28-31

Author(s):

Darlan Darlan Sanches Barbosa Alves ◽

Victor Mouzinho Spinelli ◽

Marcos Santana Moraes ◽

Carolina Augusto De Souza ◽

Rodrigo da Silva Ribeiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Improvement ◽

Block Design ◽

Coffea Canephora ◽

Coffee Production ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Four Blocks ◽

Selection Of

Introdução: O estado de Rondônia se destaca como tradicional produtor de café, sendo o segundo maior produtor brasileiro de C. canephora. No melhoramento genético de C. canephora, a seleção de plantas de elevada peneira média está associada à bebida de qualidade superior. Objetivos: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a variabilidade genética de clones de C. canephora para o tamanho dos grãos, mensurado a partir da avaliação da peneira média (PM). Materiais e Métodos: Para isso, foi conduzido ao longo de dois anos agrícolas experimento no campo experimental da Embrapa no município de Ouro Preto do Oeste-RO, para a avaliação da peneira média de 130 genótipos (clones) com características das variedades botânicas Conilon, Robusta e híbridos intervarietais. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições de quatro plantas por parcela. Resultados: Não houve resultados significativos para a interação clones X anos, indicando uma maior consistência no comportamento das plantas ao longo do tempo. Porém foram observadas diferenças significativas para o tamanho dos grãos entre os genótipos avaliados, possibilitando selecionar genótipos superiores. Conclusão: Os genótipos agruparam-se em cinco classes de acordo com o teste de média, subsidiando a caracterização de um gradiente de variabilidade da característica avaliada ABSTRACTIntroduction: Coffea canephora accounts for approximately 35% of the world's coffee production. The state of Rondônia stands out as a traditional coffee producer, being the second largest Brazilian producer of C. canephora. In the classical genetic improvement of C. anephora, the selection of plants of high average sieve is associated with a drink of superior quality. Objectives: The objective of this udy was to evaluate the genetic variability of Coffea canephora clones for the agronomic medium sieve (PM). Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Embrapa, municipality of OuroPreto do Oeste-RO, located at coordinates 10º44'53 "S and 62º12'57". One hundred thirty genotypes (clones) of botanical characteristics Conilon, Robusta and intervarietal hybrids were evaluated in the agricultural years 2013-2014 and 2014-2015. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four blocks and four plants per plot, spacing 3.5 x 1.5 meters between plants. Results: Significant difference was found for the grain size. According to the F test, at 5% probability, the genotypes were grouped into five classes according to the mean test. Conclusion: The results obtained subsidized the characterization of a variability gradient of the evaluated trait.

Download Full-text

Genomic prediction for growth using a low-density SNP panel in dromedary camels

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-87296-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Morteza Bitaraf Sani ◽

Javad Zare Harofte ◽

Mohammad Hossein Banabazi ◽

Saeid Esmaeilkhanian ◽

Ali Shafei Naderi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Sample Size ◽

Genetic Improvement ◽

Growth Traits ◽

P Value ◽

Dromedary Camels ◽

Genome Wide ◽

A Genome ◽

Daily Gain

AbstractFor thousands of years, camels have produced meat, milk, and fiber in harsh desert conditions. For a sustainable development to provide protein resources from desert areas, it is necessary to pay attention to genetic improvement in camel breeding. By using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) method we produced over 14,500 genome wide markers to conduct a genome- wide association study (GWAS) for investigating the birth weight, daily gain, and body weight of 96 dromedaries in the Iranian central desert. A total of 99 SNPs were associated with birth weight, daily gain, and body weight (p-value < 0.002). Genomic breeding values (GEBVs) were estimated with the BGLR package using (i) all 14,522 SNPs and (ii) the 99 SNPs by GWAS. Twenty-eight SNPs were associated with birth weight, daily gain, and body weight (p-value < 0.001). Annotation of the genomic region (s) within ± 100 kb of the associated SNPs facilitated prediction of 36 candidate genes. The accuracy of GEBVs was more than 0.65 based on all 14,522 SNPs, but the regression coefficients for birth weight, daily gain, and body weight were 0.39, 0.20, and 0.23, respectively. Because of low sample size, the GEBVs were predicted using the associated SNPs from GWAS. The accuracy of GEBVs based on the 99 associated SNPs was 0.62, 0.82, and 0.57 for birth weight, daily gain, and body weight. This report is the first GWAS using GBS on dromedary camels and identifies markers associated with growth traits that could help to plan breeding program to genetic improvement. Further researches using larger sample size and collaboration of the camel farmers and more profound understanding will permit verification of the associated SNPs identified in this project. The preliminary results of study show that genomic selection could be the appropriate way to genetic improvement of body weight in dromedary camels, which is challenging due to a long generation interval, seasonal reproduction, and lack of records and pedigrees.

Download Full-text