scholarly journals Simulation of soil water balance and partitioning of evapotranspiration of maize grown in two growing seasons in Southern Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviane Schons de Ávila ◽  
Mirta Teresinha Petry ◽  
Reimar Carlesso ◽  
Juliano Dalcin Martins ◽  
María Gabriela González ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to simulate the variation of the available soil water during maize crop growth, in two different sowing times (first and second growing season), using a drip irrigation system. The treatments consisted of different irrigation strategies (full to deficit). The SIMDualKc simulation model was used to determine the daily soil water balance and crop evapotranspiration using the dual crop coefficient approach. Soil, climate, crop and irrigation parameters were used as input data. Two experiments were carried out in a rainout shelter composed of two metallic structures (16x10m) in the city of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, during 2010/11 (second crop, season 1) and 2011/12 (first crop, season 2) growing seasons, under no-tillage system. The simulations showed that all the irrigation management strategies used in season 2 resulted in soil water deficit, while only two strategies showed deficit in season 1. Results showed good agreement between observed and simulated soil water data, with an R2 ranging from 0.86 to 0.99 and the root mean square error ranging from 2.7 to 5.6% of the total available water for seasons 1 and 2, respectively. The observed results of water balance showed that maize grown in season 2 presented higher water consumption compared to season 1, due to the higher atmospheric demand of season 2. The SIMDualKc model allowed the partitioning of crop evapotranspiration into soil evaporation and crop transpiration, demonstrating that the vegetative growth subperiod presented the greatest differences between the two seasons compared to the others growth phases.

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Paço ◽  
Paula Paredes ◽  
Luis Pereira ◽  
José Silvestre ◽  
Francisco Santos

The SIMDualKc model was used to simulate crop water requirements for a super high density olive orchard in the region of Alentejo, Portugal. This model uses the dual crop coefficient approach to estimate and partitioning the actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc act) and therefore to perform the soil water balance. The model was calibrated with 2011 tree transpiration using trunk sap flow measurements and was validated using similar data from 2012 and tested with 2013 data. Low root mean square errors (RMSE < 0.53 mm·d−1) and acceptable modelling efficiency indicators (EF > 0.25) were obtained. Further validation was performed comparing modelled ETc act with eddy covariance measurements. These indicators support the appropriateness of using SIMDualKc to guide irrigation management. The basal crop coefficient (Kcb) curves obtained with SIMDualKc for those 3 years were compared with the Kcb values computed with the Allen and Pereira approach (A&P approach) where Kcb is estimated from the fraction of ground cover and plant height considering an adjustment factor for crop stomatal control (Fr). Fr values were obtained through a trial and error procedure through comparing the Kcb estimated with this approach and with SIMDualKc. The Kcb curves obtained by both methods resulted highly correlated, which indicates that the A&P approach may be used in the irrigation management practice to estimate crop water requirements. Results of performing the soil water balance with SIMDualKc have shown that soil evaporation is a large fraction of ETc act, varying between 41% and 45% for the 3 years under study. Irrigation, applied with a drip system, represented 39 to 56% of ETc act, which shows the great importance of irrigation to achieve the water requirements of super intensive olive orchards. Nevertheless, the analysis has shown that the irrigation management adopted at the orchard produces a water deficit larger than desirable, with a ratio of ETc act to non-stressed crop evapotranspiration (ETc) varying from 70% to 94% during the mid-season, when that ratio for a eustress irrigation management could be around 90%.


Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-678
Author(s):  
Alisson Silva ◽  
Valéria Almeida Jatobá ◽  
Francisco Airderson Lima Nascimento ◽  
Allan Radax Freitas Campos ◽  
Jilcélio Almeida

THREE-DIMENSIONAL WATER EXTRACTION IN THE ROOT ZONE OF DRIP-IRRIGATED TOMATO     FRANCISCO AIRDESSON LIMA DO NASCIMENTO¹; ALISSON JADAVI PEREIRA DA SILA²; VALERIA ALMEIDA JATOBA³; ALLAN RADAX FREITAS CAMPOS4 E JILCÉLIO NUNES DE ALMEIDA³   1- Doutorando em Engenharia Agrícola pela Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB),  Rua Rui Barbosa, 710, Centro, 44.380-000, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brasil, [email protected];   2- Professor Doutor do Intituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano (IF Baiano), Campus Governador Mangabeira, Rua Waldemar Mascarenhas, 656, Centro, 44350-000, Gov. Mangabeira, Bahia, Brasil, [email protected]; 3- Licenciado(a) em Ciências Agrárias pelo Intituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano (IF Baiano), Campus Senhor do Bonfim, Estrada da Igara, s/n, Zona Rural, 48970-000, Senhor do Bonfim, Bahia, Brasil, [email protected]; 4- Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola pela Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia (URFB),  Rua Rui Barbosa, 710, Centro, 44.380-000, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brasil, [email protected].     1 ABSTRACT   Soil water sensing is a common alternative for irrigation management. Due to the difficulty to determine the spatial-temporal variability of water extraction (WE) in the root zone of a crop it is still arbitrary the definition of number and position of water content sensors to be installed for irrigation management purposes. The main objectives of this work are to use Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) to detail –  in three-dimensions – WE in the root zone of tomato plants cultivated in covered and uncovered soil; and, to evaluate if there are differences in the values of tomato crop evapotranspiration (ET) determined through soil water balance (SWB) with one, two, three and four TDR probe monitoring profiles. The study was carried out under semiarid condition. Tomatoes were grown in the field and two drainage lysimeters were installed in the center of cultivation area. In one lysimeter the soil surface was maintained uncovered, while in the other the soil surface was covered with a black plastic canvas. Eight TDR probes were installed within each lysimeter for the three-dimensional monitoring of soil water content (SWC). WE was estimated with SWC data. It was found that WE in tomato root zone is more intense in regions of greater water availability in the soil, i.e, on wet wet bulb formed inside the soil. There are no differences in the estimation of tomato crop evapotranspiration through soil water balance varying the position of two-dimensional soil water content monitoring. However, when soil water balance is performed in three-dimensions there may be large differences in daily tomato crop evapotranspiration estimation compared to the two-dimensional soil water balance.   Keywords: tomato, sensor placement, irrigation management.      NASCIMENTO, F.A. L.; SILVA, A. J.P.; JATOBA, V.A.;  CAMPOS, A.R.F.; ALMEIDA, J.N EXTRAÇÃO TRI-DIMENSIONAL DE ÁGUA NA ZONA RADICULAR DO TOMATEIRO IRRIGADO POR GOTEJAMENTO   2 RESUMO   O sensoriamento de água no solo é uma comum alternativa para o manejo da irrigação. Devido à dificuldade em se determinar a variabilidade espaço-temporal da extração de água na zona radicular dos cultivos, ainda é arbitrária a definição do número e posicionamento de sensores de água no solo a serem instalados para fins de manejo de irrigação. Diante disso, objetivou-se com o referido trabalho utilizar a Reflectometria no Domínio do Tempo (TDR) para detalhar, em três dimensões, a extração de água pelo tomateiro em cultivo com solo coberto e descoberto, e verificar se existem diferenças nos valores de evapotranspiração da cultura determinados pelo balanço de água no solo com um, dois, três e quatro perfis de monitoramento. O trabalho foi conduzido em condição semiárida nas fases de floração e frutificação da cultura. Montou-se um sistema de aquisição de dados, composto por uma TDR 100 e um datalogger modelo CR 800 para leitura e armazenamento de dados do conteúdo de água no solo. Dois lisímetros de drenagem foram instalados no centro de uma área de cultivo, sendo um mantido com a superfície do solo coberto com lona plástica. Em cada lisímetro, foram distribuídas oito sondas de TDR de modo a formar quatro perfis de monitoramento na zona radicular do tomateiro. A extração de água da zona radicular do tomateiro é mais intensa na região de maior disponibilidade de água, especificamente, na região do bulbo molhado. Não há diferença nos valores de evapotranspiração do tomateiro estimado variando-se a posição do perfil bi-dimensional. Entratanto, ao se comparar valores diários de evapotranspiração do tomateiro estimado com balanço de água no solo realizado em duas e três-dimensões, verificou-se haver  largas diferenças.   Palavras-chave: tomate, extração de água no solo, manejo da irrigação.


2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Barros Silva ◽  
José Leonaldo de Souza ◽  
Ricardo Araújo Ferreira Júnior ◽  
Marcos Alex dos Santos ◽  
Renan Cantalice de Souza ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT: Determining actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa) is paramount for irrigation management. The principal measurement methods and physical models generally require crop and weather data that are not readily available. We determined the crop coefficient (Kc) of sweet oranges during the initial development stage and evaluated the performance of the Poulovassilis semi-empirical model coupled with a simple soil water balance for estimating the ETa. The ETa was inferred from the variation in the soil water content over time, measured by time-domain reflectometry. In the Poulovassilis model, the ETa is obtained by multiplying the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) by an adjustment coefficient (ca), which accounts for a reduction in the evapotranspiration caused by soil water depletion. Soil water storage was obtained using the daily and 10-day soil water balances, computed by considering inputs and outputs of water from the system. The empirical parameter, ca, was determined using inverse modeling. The optimal ca value obtained through inverse modeling was 0.05 and 0.03 for the daily and 10-day soil water balances, respectively. The model performed better for the daily soil water balance than the 10-day balance, with performance comparable with the other ETa models. Average Kc during the sweet orange initial crop stage was 0.85.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana belén Mira-García ◽  
Juan Vera ◽  
Wenceslao Conejero ◽  
Mª Carmen Ruiz-Sánchez

&lt;p&gt;Lime tree growing area is increasing in Mediterranean temperate regions. In these areas, climate change scenario is expected to raise air temperature and water shortages. Such scenario requires new approaches to implement a precision irrigation in agriculture. In order to use water more efficiently, it becomes necessary to accurately determining the crop water needs, which are estimated by crop evapotranspiration computations (ETc). In this study the ETc of young lime trees grown under Mediterranean conditions were determined using the soil water balance method. For this purpose, two-year old lime trees (Citrus latifolia Tan., cv. Bearss) grafted on C. macrophylla rootstock were cultivated in pot-lysimeters, equipped with capacitance and granular matric sensors for real-time monitoring of the soil water status. Irrigation, drainage, and pot weight were also monitored continuously. All measurements were integrated into a telemetry platform. Agro-meteorological variables, plant water status (stem (&amp;#936;&lt;sub&gt;stem&lt;/sub&gt;) and leaf (&amp;#936;&lt;sub&gt;leaf&lt;/sub&gt;) water potentials), and leaf gas exchange parameters (stomatal conductance (g&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt;) and net photosynthesis (P&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;)) were measured. Along the experiment, an automated irrigation protocol based on volumetric soil water content (&amp;#952;&lt;sub&gt;v&lt;/sub&gt;) threshold values were programmed, guaranteeing an adequate lime tree water status. Irrigation dose was calculated based on a feed-back strategy maintaining &amp;#952;&lt;sub&gt;v &lt;/sub&gt;within 30% management allowed depletion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;During the experimental period, the lime trees were well irrigated as revealed midday &amp;#936;&lt;sub&gt;stem &lt;/sub&gt;values that were maintained above -0.8 MPa. Also, the mean seasonal values of &amp;#8776; 7 &amp;#181;mol m&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8722;2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8722;1&lt;/sup&gt; and 80 mmol m&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8722;2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8722;1&lt;/sup&gt;, for P&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; and g&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt;, respectively, indicated optimal gas exchange values. The computed water balance parameters yielded values for the crop evapotranspiration from 0.25&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;to 2.56 mm day&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, in winter and summer months, respectively, with maximum values in July when evaporative demand conditions were the highest. This soil water balance was daily validated by the pot weight balance through the year.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, the automated irrigation of young potted lime trees, using soil water content as a control system variable, has ensured an adequate lime tree water status. A simple, robust weighing/drainage lysimeter, with real-time monitoring of the soil water balance parameters, has been proved practical and economical tool for crop evapotranspiration measurements.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acknowledgments: This work was funded by Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigaci&amp;#243;n (PID2019-106226RB-C2-1/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and Fundaci&amp;#243;n S&amp;#233;neca, Regi&amp;#243;n de Murcia (19903/GERM/15) projects.&lt;/p&gt;


Irriga ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcio José De Santana ◽  
Uander Da Costa Pereira ◽  
José Daniel Cambraia Beirigo ◽  
Stefany Silva De Souza ◽  
Talita Mendes Campos ◽  
...  

1 RESUMO Um dos métodos de manejo da irrigação mais utilizado é o tanque classe A, necessitando dos valores dos coeficientes de cultura para cálculo da evapotranspiração. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os coeficientes de cultura (Kc) do tomateiro irrigado para a região de Uberaba, MG. Os dados do balanço de água no solo foram obtidos em uma área experimental com a cultura em tratamentos envolvendo níveis de reposição de água no solo (40%, 70%, 100%, 130%, 160% e 190% da lâmina necessária para elevar a umidade do solo para a condição equivalente à capacidade de campo). Os dados de tensão de água no solo foram coletados nas parcelas de 100% de reposição. A evapotranspiração de referência foi obtida pelo método do tanque classe A e a evapotranspiração da cultura por meio do balanço da água no solo. Concluiu-se que os valores de Kc para as fases inicial, desenvolvimento, intermediário, final e colheita foram, respectivamente, de 0,37; 0,72; 1,03; 1,10 e 0,75. UNITERMOS: Lycopersicon esculentum L., coeficiente de cultura, déficit hídrico.  SANTANA, M.J.; PEREIRA, U.C.; BEIRIGO, J.D.C.; SOUZA, S.S.; CAMPOS, T.M.;VIEIRA, T.A. CROP COEFFICIENT FOR IRRIGATED TOMATO  2 ABSTRACT One of the most utilized irrigation management methods is the class A Pan, which requires crop coefficients to estimate crop evapotranspiration. The objective of this work was to determine crop coefficients  (Kc) of irrigated tomato in the region of Uberaba, MG. Soil water balance data were obtained in an experimental area with the culture under six levels of soil water replacement (40%, 70%, 100%, 130%, 160% and 190% of the depth necessary to raise the soil moisture to the field capacity condition). The soil water tension data were collected in plots of 100% replacement. The reference evapotranspiration was obtained by the class A Pan method and culture evapotranspiration was obtained utilizing soil water balance. Kc values for the initial, development, intermediate, final, and harvest phases were respectively of  0.37; 0.72; 1.03; 1.10 and 0.75. KEY- WORDS: LycopersiconesculentumL., crop coefficient, water deficit.


Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1228
Author(s):  
Tiago B. Ramos ◽  
Lucian Simionesei ◽  
Ana R. Oliveira ◽  
Ramiro Neves ◽  
Hanaa Darouich

The success of an irrigation decision support system (DSS) much depends on the reliability of the information provided to farmers. Remote sensing data can expectably help validate that information at the field scale. In this study, the MOHID-Land model, the core engine of the IrrigaSys DSS, was used to simulate the soil water balance in an irrigated vineyard located in southern Portugal during three growing seasons. Modeled actual basal crop coefficients and transpiration rates were then compared with the corresponding estimates derived from the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) computed from Sentinel-2 imagery. On one hand, the hydrological model was able to successfully estimate the soil water balance during the monitored seasons, exposing the need for improved irrigation schedules to minimize percolation losses. On the other hand, remote sensing products found correspondence with model outputs despite the conceptual differences between both approaches. With the necessary precautions, those products can be used to complement the information provided to farmers for irrigation of vine crop, further contributing to the regular validation of model estimates in the absence of field datasets.


Author(s):  
P. C. Eze ◽  
A. J. Odofin ◽  
I. N. Onyekwere ◽  
J. J. Musa ◽  
P. A. Tsado

A 2 x 3 factorial experiment was conducted at two sites in Maiduguri, Borno State during the 2009 cropping season. The objective was to evaluate the influence of rice husk-mulch on soil water balance components under sorghum and millet crops. The treatments comprised of two test crops (sorghum and millet) and three rates of application (0, 10 and 15 t ha-1) of rice husk mulch, fitted in a split-plot design. The test crops were assigned to the main plot, while the mulch application rates were assigned to the sub-plot. The treatments were replicated three times.  The components of soil water balance determined were annual rainfall, moisture storage within sorghum and millet root zone, drainage below crop root zone and seasonal crop evapotranspiration. Profile moisture content was measured weekly with the aid of a neutron probe installed at a depth of 2.0 m using access tubes. Also, soil (0 – 30 cm depth) moisture content was determined gravimetrically on weekly basis. Rainfall was measured using a manual rain gauge installed at each of the two sites. Findings in this study indicated that, under the prevailing circumstances, annual rainfall was lower than the amount observed over a ten-year period in Maiduguri. Consequently, soil moisture storage, drainage and seasonal crop evapotranspiration generally declined. An average of over 90 % of this low annual rainfall was lost as seasonal crop evapotranspiration. Sorghum plots stored higher moisture within the root zone, had higher drainage and lower seasonal evapotranspiration than millet plots. Moisture storage and drainage increased with increasing mulch application rate, while, seasonal crop evapotranspiration decreased with it.


2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1089-1103
Author(s):  
Márcio J. de Santana ◽  
Leandro B. Lemos ◽  
Stefany S. de Souza ◽  
Talita M. Campos ◽  
Flávia M. da Silva ◽  
...  

The current study intended to determine the optimum water depth, yield and evapotranspiration (ETc) for bean cultivars. The experiment was conducted in the Campus of Unit I of the Triângulo Mineiro Federal Education and Technology Institute in Uberaba, MG, in a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments consisted of four water-replacing levels in the soil (70, 100, 130 and 160% of the crop evapotranspiration) and four bean cultivars (Pérola, BRSMG Madrepérola, BRSMG Majestoso and IAC Alvorada). The average values of ETc obtained for soil water balance for the cultivars Pérola, BRSMG Madrepérola, BRSMG Majestoso and IAC Alvorada were, respectively, of 5.25 mm day-1, 4.59 mm day-1, 4.54 mm day-1 and 4.77 mm day-1. The water depths which provided the highest yields were for the cultivars Pérola, BRSMG Madrepérola, BRSMG Majestoso and IAC Alvorada of 451.61 mm, 454.41 mm, 504.71 mm and 344.30 mm, respectively. The maximum yields found were 4597.87 kg ha-1 (Pérola), 4546.27 kg ha-1 (BRSMG Madrepérola), 4253.39 kg ha-1 (BRSMG Majestoso) and 3958.50kg ha-1 (IAC Alvorada).


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