scholarly journals Antifungal potential of crude extracts of Trichoderma spp.

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eder Marques ◽  
Irene Martins ◽  
Sueli Correa Marques de Mello
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Volatile Metabolites ◽  
Antibiotic Effect

Abstract Antibiosis is the mechanism by which certain microorganisms respond to the presence of others, secreting compounds or metabolites capable of inhibiting or impeding their development. The crude extract of Trichoderma contains a mixture of secondary compounds, which may show antibiotic effect, and has been used for the prospect of this fungus for biological control and other industrial purposes. Faced with the increasing demand of agriculture for ecologically compatible alternatives for the management of diseases, this work aimed to investigate the spectrum of action of Non-Volatile Metabolites (NVMs) of Trichoderma isolates against different plant pathogenic fungi. The antagonistic potential of NVMs was evaluated through the incorporation method of the filtered liquid extract in PDA medium. The assays showed that all the NVMs produced inhibited the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum similarly. On the other hand, strains CEN1245 and CEN1274, both belonging to the species Trichoderma brevicompactum, showed broad spectrum against Sclerotium rolfsii, Colletotrichum gloesporioides, Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum and Cylindrocladium sp. The present study describes isolates producing non-volatile metabolites with broad spectrum of antifungal action, as well as pathogen-specific. The Trichoderma spp. NVMs obtained from different soil samples cultivated with vegetables, cassava and maize were efficient in inhibiting plant pathogenic fungi belonging to other patossystems, such as forest or fruit, which could increase their potential application in biological control of plant diseases. In addition, these antagonistic fungi should be studied in greater depth for the identification of bioactive molecules of industrial interest or in commercial formulations of products for biological control of plant pathogens.

scholarly journals Near-Complete Genomes of Two Trichoderma Species: A Resource for Biological Control of Plant Pathogens

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1036-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhou ◽  
Yilian Wang ◽  
Kai Chen ◽  
Yuanzheng Wu ◽  
Jindong Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Genome Data ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens

Trichoderma species are widely used to control fungal and nematode diseases of crops. To date, only one complete Trichoderma genome has been sequenced, T. reesei QM6a, a model fungus for industrial enzyme production, while the species or strains used for biological control of plant diseases are only available as draft genomes. Previously, we demonstrated that two Trichoderma strains (T. afroharzianum and T. cyanodichotomus) provide effective control of nematode and fungal plant pathogens. Based on deep sequencing using Illumina and Pacbio platforms, we have assembled high-quality genomes of the above two strains, with contig N50 reaching 4.2 and 1.7 Mbp, respectively, which is greater than those of published draft genomes. The genome data will provide a resource to assist research on the biological control mechanisms of Trichoderma spp.

scholarly journals Identification of Diverse Mycoviruses through Metatranscriptomics Characterization of the Viromes of Five Major Fungal Plant Pathogens

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (15) ◽  
pp. 6846-6863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-Yi Lee Marzano ◽  
Berlin D. Nelson ◽  
Olutoyosi Ajayi-Oyetunde ◽  
Carl A. Bradley ◽  
Teresa J. Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Viral Sequences

ABSTRACTMycoviruses can have a marked effect on natural fungal communities and influence plant health and productivity. However, a comprehensive picture of mycoviral diversity is still lacking. To characterize the viromes of five widely dispersed plant-pathogenic fungi,Colletotrichum truncatum,Macrophomina phaseolina,Diaporthe longicolla,Rhizoctonia solani, andSclerotinia sclerotiorum, a high-throughput sequencing-based metatranscriptomic approach was used to detect viral sequences. Total RNA and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) from mycelia and RNA from samples enriched for virus particles were sequenced. Sequence data were assembledde novo, and contigs with predicted amino acid sequence similarities to viruses in the nonredundant protein database were selected. The analysis identified 72 partial or complete genome segments representing 66 previously undescribed mycoviruses. Using primers specific for each viral contig, at least one fungal isolate was identified that contained each virus. The novel mycoviruses showed affinity with 15 distinct lineages:Barnaviridae,Benyviridae,Chrysoviridae,Endornaviridae,Fusariviridae,Hypoviridae,Mononegavirales,Narnaviridae,Ophioviridae,Ourmiavirus,Partitiviridae,Tombusviridae,Totiviridae,Tymoviridae, andVirgaviridae. More than half of the viral sequences were predicted to be members of theMitovirusgenus in the familyNarnaviridae, which replicate within mitochondria. Five viral sequences showed strong affinity with three families (Benyviridae,Ophioviridae, andVirgaviridae) that previously contained no mycovirus species. The genomic information provides insight into the diversity and taxonomy of mycoviruses and coevolution of mycoviruses and their fungal hosts.IMPORTANCEPlant-pathogenic fungi reduce crop yields, which affects food security worldwide. Plant host resistance is considered a sustainable disease management option but may often be incomplete or lacking for some crops to certain fungal pathogens or strains. In addition, the rising issues of fungicide resistance demand alternative strategies to reduce the negative impacts of fungal pathogens. Those fungus-infecting viruses (mycoviruses) that attenuate fungal virulence may be welcome additions for mitigation of plant diseases. By high-throughput sequencing of the RNAs from 275 isolates of five fungal plant pathogens, 66 previously undescribed mycoviruses were identified. In addition to identifying new potential biological control agents, these results expand the grand view of the diversity of mycoviruses and provide possible insights into the importance of intracellular and extracellular transmission in fungus-virus coevolution.

scholarly journals Microbial antagonists against plant pathogens in Iran: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 404-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Alizadeh ◽  
Yalda Vasebi ◽  
Naser Safaie
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Disease Management ◽  
Published Research

AbstractThe purpose of this article was to give a comprehensive review of the published research works on biological control of different fungal, bacterial, and nematode plant diseases in Iran from 1992 to 2018. Plant pathogens cause economical loss in many agricultural products in Iran. In an attempt to prevent these serious losses, chemical control measures have usually been applied to reduce diseases in farms, gardens, and greenhouses. In recent decades, using the biological control against plant diseases has been considered as a beneficial and alternative method to chemical control due to its potential in integrated plant disease management as well as the increasing yield in an eco-friendly manner. Based on the reported studies, various species of Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus were the most common biocontrol agents with the ability to control the wide range of plant pathogens in Iran from lab to the greenhouse and field conditions.

scholarly journals Biocontrol potential; antifungal activity and plant growth promoting activities of endophytic bacteria from Raphanus sativus

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1143-1150
Author(s):  
Lavanya J ◽  
Chanthosh S ◽  
Reshma Shrii ◽  
Viknesh V ◽  
Deepika S ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Raphanus Sativus ◽  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Effective Strain ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

The study was aimed to find an alternate approach for chemicals used in agriculture to avoid microbial infections. Fungal pathogens cause different types of plant diseases and affect a majority of edible crops by destroying the tissues of the plant in a direct or indirect mechanism. So, an alternative approach led to the development of biocontrol agents using endophytic  bacteria. A total of 8 endophytic bacteria were isolated from the root, stem, and leaves of radish (Raphanus sativus). The antagonistic activity of these bacteria against the 2 isolated plant pathogenic fungi was determined in vitro. Two out of eight bacteria showed more than 50% inhibitory activity against one fungus, were further characterized using the 16s rRNA sequencing method. On the basis of the phylogenetic tree of the 16s rRNA method, the endophytic bacterial samples were identified as Tonsilliphilus suis  and Exiguobacterium aurantiacum against plant pathogenic Aspergillus flavus  isolated from Raphanus sativus, which makes them highly suitable as an alternative for chemical fertilizers to provide resistance to plant pathogenic fungi. The cell wall degrading activities such as protease activity, amylase activity, and plant growth-promoting properties such as Hydrogen cyanide (HCN), Indole acetic acid (IAA), ammonia production of these endophytic bacteria were evaluated. The results show that T. suis  is the most effective strain for radish growth development.

scholarly journals Biochar and Trichoderma spp. in management of plant diseases caused by soilborne fungal pathogens: a review and perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. e296101522465
Author(s):  
Erika Valente de Medeiros ◽  
Lucas Figueira da Silva ◽  
Jenifer Sthephanie Araújo da Silva ◽  
Diogo Paes da Costa ◽  
Carlos Alberto Fragoso de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Health Concept ◽  
Plant Disease Management

A better understanding of the use of biochar with Trichoderma spp. (TRI), considered the most studied tool for biological control, would increase our ability to set priorities. However, no studies exist using the two inputs on plant disease management. Here, we hypothesized that biochar and TRI would be used for the management of soilborne plant pathogens, mainly due to changes in soil properties and its interactions. To test this hypothesis, this review assesses papers that used biochar and TRI against plant diseases and we summarize the handling mechanisms for each input. Biochar acts by mechanisms: induction to plant resistance, sorption of allelopathic and fungitoxic compounds, increase of beneficial microorganisms, changes the soil properties that promote health and nutrient availability. Trichoderma as biocontrol agents by different mechanisms: mycoparasitism, enzyme and secondary metabolic production, plant promoter agent, natural decomposition agent, and biological agent of bioremediation. Overall, our findings expand our knowledge about the reuse of wastes transformed in biochar combined with Trichoderma has potential perspective to formulate products as alternative management tool of plant disease caused by soilborne fungal pathogen and add important information that can be suitable for development of strategy for use in the global health concept.

scholarly journals Survival and probability of transmission of plant pathogenic fungi through the digestive tract of honey bee workers

Apidologie ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 871-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorgiane B. Parish ◽  
Eileen S. Scott ◽  
Raymond Correll ◽  
Katja Hogendoorn
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Honey Bee Workers

AbstractHoney bees, Apis mellifera, have been implicated as vectors of plant pathogens. However, the survival of spores of plant pathogenic fungi through the digestive tract of workers has not been investigated. As workers defecate outside the hive, transport of hives could give rise to biosecurity concerns if fungal spores remain viable following passage through the digestive tract. To determine the likelihood that honey bees serve as vectors, this study investigated the viability of spores of Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum acutatum after passing through the digestive tract of summer and autumn worker bees. For both fungi, the mean viability of spores in faeces suspensions was less than one percent of the initial dose fed to the bees. Although survival was low, the large number of workers per hive implies a high probability of transmission of viable spores through honey bee faeces. Hence, in the case of economically important fungal diseases, transported hives could be a source of inoculum and quarantine restrictions should be considered.

scholarly journals A gain of function mutation in SlNRC4a enhances basal immunity resulting in broad-spectrum disease resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Pizarro ◽  
Meirav Leibman-Markus ◽  
Rupali Gupta ◽  
Neta Kovetz ◽  
Ilana Shtein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Nucleotide Binding Domain ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Gain Of Function ◽  
Agricultural Adaptation ◽  
Basal Defense ◽  
Basal Immunity

AbstractPlants rely on innate immunity to perceive and ward off microbes and pests, and are able to overcome the majority of invading microorganisms. Even so, specialized pathogens overcome plant defenses, posing a persistent threat to crop and food security worldwide, raising the need for agricultural products with broad, efficient resistance. Here we report a specific mutation in a tomato (S. lycopersicum) helper nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat H-NLR, SlNRC4a, which results in gain of function constitutive basal defense activation, in absence of PRR activation. Knockout of the entire NRC4 clade in tomato was reported to compromise Rpi-blb2 mediated immunity. The SlNRC4a mutant reported here possesses enhanced immunity and disease resistance to a broad-spectrum of pathogenic fungi, bacteria and pests, while lacking auto-activated HR or negative effects on plant growth and crop yield, providing promising prospects for agricultural adaptation in the war against plant pathogens that decrease productivity.

scholarly journals Antifungal Activity of Silver Ions and Nanoparticles on Phytopathogenic Fungi

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 1037-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Ki Jo ◽  
Byung H. Kim ◽  
Geunhwa Jung
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Colony Formation ◽  
Magnaporthe Grisea ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
In Planta

Silver in ionic or nanoparticle forms has a high antimicrobial activity and is therefore widely used for various sterilization purposes including materials of medical devices and water sanitization. There have been relatively few studies on the applicability of silver to control plant diseases. Various forms of silver ions and nanoparticles were tested in the current study to examine the antifungal activity on two plant-pathogenic fungi, Bipolaris sorokiniana and Magnaporthe grisea. In vitro petri dish assays indicated that silver ions and nanoparticles had a significant effect on the colony formation of these two pathogens. Effective concentrations of the silver compounds inhibiting colony formation by 50% (EC50) were higher for B. sorokiniana than for M. grisea. The inhibitory effect on colony formation significantly diminished after silver cations were neutralized with chloride ions. Growth chamber inoculation assays further confirmed that both ionic and nanoparticle silver significantly reduced these two fungal diseases on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Particularly, silver ions and nanoparticles effectively reduced disease severity with an application at 3 h before spore inoculation, but their efficacy significantly diminished when applied at 24 h after inoculation. The in vitro and in planta evaluations of silver indicated that both silver ions and nanoparticles influence colony formation of spores and disease progress of plant-pathogenic fungi. In planta efficacy of silver ions and nanoparticles is much greater with preventative application, which may promote the direct contact of silver with spores and germ tubes, and inhibit their viability.

Isolierung von Venturicidin X, dem Aglycon der Venturicidine A und B aus Streptomyceten / Isolation of Venturicidin X, the Aglycon of Venturicidines A and B from Streptopyces sp

1994 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 977-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hartmut Laatsch ◽  
Michael Kellner ◽  
Yong-Se Lee ◽  
Gerhard Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Natural Product ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Streptomyces Sp ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
First Time

Abstract Venturicidin X (la ), the aglycon of the venturicidins A (1b) and B (1c) was isolated for the first time as a natural product from an unidentified Streptomyces sp. Venturicidin X (1a) is highly active against a broad spectrum of plant pathogenic fungi.

scholarly journals Fungal Pathogens Affecting the Production and Quality of Medical Cannabis in Israel

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 882
Author(s):  
Shachar Jerushalmi ◽  
Marcel Maymon ◽  
Aviv Dombrovsky ◽  
Stanley Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Soilborne Pathogens ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Commercial Cultivation

The use of and research on medical cannabis (MC) is becoming more common, yet there are still many challenges regarding plant diseases of this crop. For example, there is a lack of formal and professional knowledge regarding fungi that infect MC plants, and practical and effective methods for managing the casual agents of disease are limited. The purpose of this study was to identify foliar, stem, and soilborne pathogens affecting MC under commercial cultivation in Israel. The predominant major foliage pathogens were identified as Alternaria alternata and Botrytis cinerea, while the common stem and soilborne pathogens were identified as Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani. Other important fungi that were isolated from foliage were those producing various mycotoxins that can directly harm patients, such as Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. The sampling and characterization of potential pathogenic fungi were conducted from infected MC plant parts that exhibited various disease symptoms. Koch postulates were conducted by inoculating healthy MC tissues and intact plants with fungi isolated from infected commercially cultivated symptomatic plants. In this study, we report on the major and most common plant pathogens of MC found in Israel, and determine the seasonal outbreak of each fungus.

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