scholarly journals Sugarcane straw decomposition and carbon balance as a function of initial biomass and vinasse addition to soil surface

Bragantia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina Sayuri Yamaguchi ◽  
Nilza Patrícia Ramos ◽  
Cristina Silva Carvalho ◽  
Adriana Marlene Moreno Pires ◽  
Cristiano Alberto de Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Concentration ◽  
Decomposition Rate ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Straw Decomposition ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Sugarcane Straw

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate sugarcane straw decomposition and the potential of increasing soil carbon as a function of the initial biomass and vinasse addition to soil surface. The experimente consisted of incubation (240 days, in the dark, humidity equivalent to 70% of soil water retention capacity and average temperature of 28 °C) of Oxisol soil samples (0-20 cm soil layer) with straw added to soil surface at rates of 2; 4; 8; 16 and 24 t∙ha−1 and with or without vinasse addition (200 m3∙ha-1). The following variables were determined: released C-CO2, remaining straw dry matter, carbon straw and soil carbon concentration. The added biomass did not influence straw decomposition rate, but vinasse treatments provided rates between 70 and 94% compared to 68 to 75% for the ones without vinasse. The straw (16 and 24 t∙ha−1) decomposition rate increased between 14 and 35% due to vinasse addition, but the same behavior was not observed for released C-CO2. This result was explained by the twofold increase of soil carbon concentration, estimated by mass balance and confirmed analytically by the carbon concentration of soil samples. It was concluded that sugarcane straw decomposition, under no limiting conditions of humidity and temperature, did not depend on biomass initially added and that vinasse addition accelerated straw decomposition and potentialized carbon input into the soil.

scholarly journals Litter and deadwood water retention processes in a temperate mixed forest

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius G. Floriancic ◽  
Scott T. Allen ◽  
Peter Molnar
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Temperate Mixed Forest

<p>Countless studies have demonstrated ways in which forests and trees affect catchment water balances. Water balance differences between forested and non-forested landscapes are often attributed to characteristics related to trees’ ability to take up and transpire water, as well as their ability to intercept precipitation. However, another potentially important characteristic of forests that has been largely overlooked in hydrologic studies is the retention and accumulation of debris, litter and deadwood on the forest floor. Here we leverage ongoing measurements at the new hillslope laboratory “Waldlabor” in Zurich, Switzerland, where water retention in forest litter, deadwood and the top soil layer has been investigated using frequent field campaigns and innovative new sensing techniques.</p><p>Several approaches were used to determine the maximum storage capacity as well as the storage dynamics of different types and layers of litter. In-lab saturation experiments revealed the maximum storage capacity of various litter types (i.e., leaf and needle litter). Those values were also supported with field pre- and post- rainfall sampling campaigns to determine in-situ litter storage dynamics, as well as to understand the interplay between litter interception and soil-water recharge. Importantly, recharge was often substantially smaller at plots with litter, compared to those without litter. The storage and water retention capacity of deadwood samples was measured in the field by logging the diurnal differences in deadwood weight over a six month period. Dew and fog deposition during the night led to larger water availability for evaporation during the day. We measured increased humidity at sensors in the forest at 1 and 3m heights respectively, compared to the humidity outside the forest. Daily weight measurements over eight weeks of 40 deadwood pieces at our forest site revealed differences in the storage capacity depended on the degree of decomposition. Additionally, we found that water stored in forest floor spruce cones (daily measurements of 20 pieces) actively contributed to evaporation fluxes.</p><p>The combination of continuous sensor measurements (soil moisture, deadwood water content), field measurements (litter and deadwood grab samples) as well as laboratory work (saturation experiments) revealed the water storage and retention capacity of litter and deadwood in a typical temperate mixed forest and their contribution to evaporation. These measurements are one component of the new ETH Zürich “Waldlabor” research infrastructure, which also includes measurements of precipitation, xylem water, soil water, groundwater, and discharge amounts, isotope ratios, and other chemical characteristics.</p>

Options for increased soil carbon storage and water holding capacity through sustainable agriculture and forestry: modelling results from showcase regions in Austria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagmar Nadja Henner ◽  
Gottfried Kirchengast ◽  
Melannie D. Hartman ◽  
Clara Hohmann
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Bioenergy Crops ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Soil Water Retention ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Water Holding

<p>Sustainable agriculture and forestry are essential topics under climate change and a potential route for increasing long-term soil and biomass carbon storage, soil water retention capacity, and reducing water and wind erosion risks. This study uses two, geographically and climatologically diverse, showcase regions in Southeastern Austria (the Raab and lower Enns catchment regions) for exploring sustainable whole-system options for climate change adaptation and mitigation under increased hot-dry conditions in agriculture and forestry. We consider options as “sustainable whole-system” that jointly achieve accumulation of soil carbon and robustness of soil water retention capacity, an increase of soil quality, reduction of soil erosion and degradation, reduced compaction, stabilisation of slopes, sustainability and resilience in the soil as well as the agricultural and forest production systems. These options are evaluated using site-level data in the regions together with a carefully combined set of hydrologic, biomass, biogeochemical and ecosystem models. This model setup includes the hydrological model WaSiM, the biogeochemical and ecosystem model DayCent, and the biomass models MiscanFor, SalixFor, and PopFor. Based on dense data of the WegenerNet observing network and further hydrometeorological data, combined with hydrological modelling (WaSiM), the current hydrological disturbance potential in the focus regions is assessed. Furthermore, downscaled IPCC climate change scenarios are used for future projections and combined with WaSiM results. These data are evaluated for increasing heat and drought risks for soils and agricultural and forest production. This work provides the hydrological context for modelling the soil water and carbon storage enhancement options that farming, forestry and land-use practices might apply. A first key study aspect is then the sustainable potential of bioenergy crops. Using the local-scale WegenerNet data combined with site-specific land management data obtained from farmer and forest manager communities and where necessary with soil data from the Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD), potential yields for bioenergy from lignocellulosic biomass (forest and Miscanthus, willow, and poplar) are modelled using DayCent, MiscanFor, Salix For, and PopFor for representative local areas in the showcase regions. For the second key aspect of this research, DayCent is used at selected data-rich locations, to develop sustainable system options under future climate change scenarios with a focus on different agricultural, forest management, and land-use practices. For comparison, a set of sample agricultural rotations is modelled with DayCent to place the suggested sustainable whole-system options potential of bioenergy crops in context. Furthermore, various agrarian rotation runs are used to determine the potential of changes in the rotation to increase soil carbon storage and enhance water holding capacity in agricultural soils under climate change. Forest management practice runs are used to investigate the possible changes needed for stable forest soils under increasing heat and drought conditions. Sustainable whole-system options for farmers and forest managers are discussed as the primary results from this study part, together with the next steps towards upscaling the results to the country level.</p>

scholarly journals Effect of Co-Use of Fly Ash and Granular Polyacrylamide on Infiltration, Runoff, and Sediment Yield from Sandy Soil under Simulated Rainfall

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Yang ◽  
Zejun Tang ◽  
Jianzhang Feng
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Coal Fly Ash ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Retention Capacity

Coal fly ash (FA) and polyacrylamide (PAM) are two common amendments for improving hydraulic properties of sandy soil. However, their interaction effect on infiltration-runoff processes in sandy soil has been scarcely reported. In this study, FA and anionic PAM granules were mixed thoroughly with a 0–0.2 m sandy soil layer at FA rates of 0%, 10%, and 15% (w/w soil), and PAM rates of 0%, 0.01%, and 0.02% (w/w soil) along with each FA rate. A simulated rainfall laboratory experiment (slope gradient of 10°, rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm/min) was conducted. During the rainfall, the cumulative runoff yield increased while the average infiltration rate decreased with increasing FA and PAM rates. A higher FA rate of 15% and varying PAM rates resulted in a prominent increase in cumulative sediment yield. After the rainfall, the two-dimensional distribution of water content retained in the soil profile reflected that both FA and PAM increased the water retention capacity of sandy soil, and the effect became more obvious at higher FA and PAM rates. The possible mechanism for the effect of FA and PAM on inhibiting water infiltration during the rainfall and retaining water in the soil layer after the rainfall is attributed to the filling of pores of the coarse soil particles by fine-sized FA particles and flocculation function and binding action of PAM.

scholarly journals Assessment of soil physical health and productivity of Kharkhoda and Gohana blocks of Sonipat district (Haryana), India

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakesh Kumar ◽  
Pramila Aggarwal ◽  
Ravendra Singh ◽  
Debashis Chakraborty ◽  
Ranjan Bhattacharya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Health ◽  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
Aeration Capacity

In order to assess soil health of Kharkhoda and Gohana blocks of Sonipat district (a part of western Yamuna canal irrigated region), important parameters namely pH, electrical conductivity (EC), texture, bulk density (BD), saturated hydraulic conductivity (HC), soil organic carbon (OC), available water retension capacity (AWRC) and non capillary pores (NCP) were measured by collecting undisturbed soil samples in nearly 66 villages. Soil physical rating index (PI) method was used to compute PI which was an indicator of soil physical health of thatregion. Results revealed that in Gohana and Kharkhoda blocks, nearly 90% area had pH <8.0 and EC>4 dS m-1, which indicated that soils were saline. Prediction maps of soil BD showed that 75% of the total area in 15-30 cm soil layer had BD above >1.6 mg m-3, which indicated the presence of hard pan in subsurface. HC data of subsurface layer also showed that 60% of the area had values<0.5 cm hr-1 which reconfirmed the presence of hard pan. For both surface as well as subsurface soil layers, mostly AWC was >10% which indicated adequate water retention capacity of these soils. However 85% of subsurface had poor soil aeration capacity as indicated NCP range < 10 %. Prediction map of PI for subsurface layer showed that majority of area had PI<0.4 which indicated that expected yield of the crop cannot be more than 70% of the potential yield even under normal or higher levels of fertilizer and water inputs.

scholarly journals Effects of straw decomposition degree on leaching and weed control efficacy of tebuthiuron and hexazinone in green sugarcane harvesting

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 808-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.A.P. Tonieto ◽  
J.B. Regitano
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Environmental Fate ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Straw Decomposition ◽  
Sugarcane Straw ◽  
Efficient Control

Green sugarcane harvesting may promote great changes in the dynamics of herbicides in the environment. Our goal was to evaluate the influence of straw decomposition degree on leaching and weed (Ipomoea grandifolia) control efficacy by (14C) tebuthiuron and hexazinone. The presence of straw on the soil surface affected leaching, mainly for hexazinone (leaching reduced from 37 to 5% of the applied amount in the presence of straw). Overall, tebuthiuron showed more efficient control of Ipomoea than hexazinone. The straw decomposition degree affected only hexazinone efficacy that was lowest for the least decomposed straw. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of sugarcane straw on herbicides dissipation, particularly on volatilization and photolysis, to better predict their efficacy and environmental fate.

Combinations of soil materials for granular capillary barriers for minimizing rainfall infiltration and gas emission

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 1580-1591 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.M. Zhang ◽  
Y.Q. Ke
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Silty Sand ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Clayey Sand ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Local Soil

This paper presents a coupled air–water flow analysis to evaluate the performance of a three-layer capillary barrier for controlling water infiltration into and gas emission from a waste containment system in a high precipitation environment, and to optimize combinations of local soil layers for barrier construction. A multi-phase flow model is proposed considering the movements of the gas and water phases simultaneously. The governing partial differential equations are solved in COMSOL Multiphysics software. Several combinations of lean clay with sand (CL), clayey sand with gravel (SC), silty sand with gravel (SM), sandy silt (ML), and well-graded gravel with silt (GW–GM) are examined. The rates of percolation water and gas emission are used as indicators to compare the performance of different combinations. A fine-grained surface soil layer reduces both water infiltration and gas emission due to its low desaturation rate and high water-retention capacity. The coarse middle layer plays a critical role, promoting capillary effects and hindering water infiltration during rainfall as well as draining any infiltrated water or percolated gas.

Decomposition rate of cereal straw as affected by soil placement

Soil Research ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Curtin ◽  
G. S. Francis ◽  
F. M. McCallum
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Straw Decomposition ◽  
Litter Bags ◽  
Litter Bag ◽  
Residue Contact ◽  
Co2 Output ◽  
Soil Residue

Decomposition rates for crop residues have generally been estimated based on data obtained using buried litter bags. Because of limited soil–residue contact, the litter bag technique may not adequately simulate decomposition when residues are mixed through the soil. In field microplots, decomposition of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) straw (autumn-incorporated at a rate of 7 t/ha) mixed through the 0–0.20 m soil layer was compared with straw decomposition in fibreglass bags (4-mm mesh) buried at a depth of 0.20 m. A surface-placed straw treatment and a no-straw control were included for comparison. Emissions of CO2 were monitored from the incorporated straw treatments and undecomposed straw was recovered after 158 days (mean soil temperature during the trial period was 8°C at 0.10 m). Emissions of CO2 from the soil‐mixed straw treatment were generally greater than from the buried bag treatment in the 2 months following incorporation. Output of CO2-C over the first 73 days averaged 83 g/m2 for the soil-mixed straw treatment compared with 61 g/m2 for the litter bag treatment and 34 g/m2 for the no-straw control. Over the entire trial, CO2-C attributable to straw (CO2-C output from straw-treated plots minus CO2-C emitted from the control) was 66% greater for soil‐mixed straw than for litter bag straw, indicating that within soil placement can have a strong and persistent effect on straw decomposition. Straw type had a small but significant (P < 0.05) effect on CO2 output (barley > wheat). Straw mass loss during the trial averaged 66% for soil-mixed straw, 32% for litter bag straw, and 13% for straw placed on the soil surface. The low recovery of soil‐mixed straw is partly due to difficulty of extracting small (<2 mm) residue fragments from the soil; however, such fragments could legitimately be considered part of the soil organic matter. The results confirm that straw that is well distributed through the soil may decompose more rapidly than would be anticipated from litter bag measurements.

Migration and Accumulation of Cadmium in Paddy Soil

2015 ◽  
Vol 733 ◽  
pp. 407-410
Author(s):  
Yu Tao Luo ◽  
Shao Hong You ◽  
He Yang ◽  
Jie Liu
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Cadmium Content ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Background Value ◽  
Standard Values ◽  
Huanjiang County ◽  
Soil Cd

Soil samples were collected from a paddy field at Fulong village, Huanjiang County, and Cd concentrations in soils were determined. Soil Cd risk was evaluated using Nemerow index method. The results showed that the content of cadmium in soil layer of 0~20cm is 2 times than the level two standard values and 6 times than the background value of Huanjiang soil. In addition, the soil layer of 20~100cm in cadmium content did not exceed the national level two standard values, but is about 2 times the background value of soil in Huanjiang county. In addition, Cadmium pollution is mainly focused on the soil surface.

scholarly journals Evolutive and regressive soil sequences for characterization of soils in laurel forest (Tenerife, Canary Islands) .

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Asterio Guerra-García ◽  
Carmen Dolores Arbelo ◽  
Antonio Rodríguez-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Laurel Forest ◽  
Degradation Processes

Soil degradation processes have achieved the recognition of a global environmental problem in recent years. It has been suggested by various international forums and organizations that in order to adequately establish methods to combat land degradation, it is necessary to evaluate this degradation locally and at a detailed scale. The evaluation of soil degradation of natural ecosystems at a detailed scale requires the definition of standards to which to compare this degradation. To define these standards and properly handle the processes that give rise to variations in soil quality and degradation, it is necessary to establish in some detail the pedogenic processes that have or have not taken place in a particular area and which lead to the formation of a mature soil. A mature soil should be considered as standard in these situations and, therefore, a non-degraded soil. This paper presents the possible evolutive and regressive sequences of soil, and provides some examples of using this methodology to evaluate the degradation of the same in the Monteverde of the island of Tenerife. It also presents some physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of climacic mature soils, degraded soils and low quality soils, and examines their similarities and differences in this bioclimatic environment and on different parent materials. Thus it is observed that the main processes of degradation in these areas are related to plant cover modifications that lead to the decreasing protection of the soil surface, which results in the long term, in the onset of degradation processes such as water erosion, biological degradation, loss of andic properties, compaction and sealing and crusting surface, loss of water retention capacity, illuviation, etc. Climacic soils that can be found in areas of steep lava flows are Leptosols, while gently sloping areas are Cambisols and Andosols. On pyroclastic materials there are vitric Andosols and andic Andosols according to their degree of evolution. The most characteristic regressive processes are illuviation/leaching, resulting in Luvisols, Lixisols and Alisols; and water erosion, causing the presence of secondary Leptosols.

scholarly journals Response of Eragrostis plana and Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv. submitted on flooded soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e47557
Author(s):  
Bruno Wolffenbüttel Carloto ◽  
Otávio dos Santos Escobar ◽  
Vinicius Severo Trivisiol ◽  
Mariane Peripolli ◽  
Maicon Pivetta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Chlorophyll Pigments ◽  
Hypoxic Environment ◽  
Moisture Conditions

The development of Eragrostis plana and Eragrostis pilosa was evaluated in a greenhouse when submitted to different soil moisture conditions. The design was completely randomized, consisting of a factorial 2x3, with the following factors: Eragrostis accessions and soil moisture levels (50% of water retention capacity (WRC), 100% of WRC and soil with water depth of 10 cm). The morphological-anatomical parameters of the plants were evaluated and the aerenchyma and adventitious roots were quantified. In addition, the photosynthetic pigments and the electron transport capacity of the photosynthetic chain were quantified, with the intention of verifying if the amount of water in the soil interferes with these parameters. Similar responses were observed between the two species when submitted to a water table environment, where there were larger aerenchymal formations in the roots and stems, as well as adventitious roots at the soil surface, inferring adaptations for survival to anaerobic stress. Negative effects on the transport of electrons and the formation of chlorophyll pigments were observed for both species when submitted to the hypoxic environment and, consequently, there was reduction of dry mass of shoot and roots, as well as reduction in the emission of tiller. It is concluded that the irrigation water management and the water blade in the rice crop are important, together with the control of invasive plants, considering the negative effects caused to the growth and development of these plants

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