scholarly journals Dynamics of humoral immune response in pregnant mares and foals vaccinated with Theileria equi recombinant EMA-2

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1105-1109
Author(s):  
Alice C. Santos ◽  
Fábio P.L. Leite ◽  
Ana M. Vianna ◽  
Guilherme B. Weege ◽  
Ilusca S. Finger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACT: Theileria equi is an infectious hemoprotozoan agent of equine piroplasmosis, a disease that has severe economic and sanitary impact internationally. In addition to its common clinical features, piroplasmosis can cause gestational losses and neonatal damage, which makes neonates susceptible to this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of humoral immune response to recombinant EMA-2 of T. equi in pregnant mares and foals, as well as the transfer of vaccine antibodies through the colostrum ingested by sucking foals. For vaccine production, the EMA-2 expression gene was cloned and expressed in the yeast species, Pichia pastoris. Thirty-six horses were used, of which 18 were pregnant mares and 18 were foals. The mares were divided into control and vaccinated groups, and the vaccinated group received three doses of rEMA-2 every 21 days starting at 300 days of gestation. Foals from vaccinated and control groups were evaluated until the sixth month of life. The production of antibodies by foals on the rEMA-2 vaccination schedule was also evaluated from the second month of life. Foals in the vaccinated group had received three doses of the vaccine every 21 days. The method used to evaluate serum and colostrum samples was indirect ELISA, and plates were sensitized with the rEMA-2 protein. At the end of the vaccination schedule, vaccinated mares showed a 2.3-fold increase in antibody levels when compared to baseline values. The colostrum of vaccinated mares presented antibody levels of 1.0432±0.33. Foals delivered by vaccinated mares presented levels of antibodies greater than those of foals delivered by control mares after their first time sucking (at about twelve hours after birth). Foals vaccinated in the second month of life showed an 8.3-fold increase in antibody levels when compared to baseline values. The vaccination schedule with rEMA-2 was able to stimulate humoral immunity in pregnant mares. Vaccine immunoglobins were concentrated in the colostrum of vaccinated mares and foals delivered by these mares showed an increase in serum levels of vaccine antibodies after the first-time sucking.

scholarly journals Maternally Derived Antibody Levels Influence on Vaccine Protection against PCV2d Challenge

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2231
Author(s):  
István Kiss ◽  
Krisztina Szigeti ◽  
Zalán G. Homonnay ◽  
Vivien Tamás ◽  
Han Smits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Subunit Vaccine ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Vaccine Protection ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Antibody Levels

Piglets from a porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) stable farm of low and high levels of maternally derived antibodies (MDA) against PCV2 were vaccinated either with a whole virus type or a PCV2 ORF2 antigen-based commercial subunit vaccine at three weeks of age. Two non-vaccinated groups served as low and high MDA positive controls. At four weeks post vaccination, all piglets were challenged with a PCV2d-2 type virus strain and were checked for parameters related to vaccine protection over a four-week observation period. MDA levels evidently impacted the outcome of the PCV2d-2 challenge in non-vaccinated animals, while it did not have a significant effect on vaccine-induced protection levels. The humoral immune response developed faster in the whole virus vaccinates than in the subunit vaccinated pigs in the low MDA groups. Further, high MDA levels elicited a stronger negative effect on the vaccine-induced humoral immune response for the subunit vaccine than for the whole virus vaccine. The group-based oral fluid samples and the group mean viraemia and faecal shedding data correlated well, enabling this simple, and animal welfare-friendly sampling method for the evaluation of the PCV2 viral load status of these nursery piglets.

scholarly journals Antibody response against HERV-W env surface peptides differentiates multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 205521731774242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giannina Arru ◽  
Elia Sechi ◽  
Sara Mariotto ◽  
Alessia Farinazzo ◽  
Chiara Mancinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Antigenic Peptides ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Humoral Immune

Background A specific humoral immune response against HERV-W envelope surface (env-su) glycoprotein antigens has been reported in serum of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, it has not been evaluated to date in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Objective The objective of this paper is to investigate whether antibody (Ab) response against HERV-W env-su antigenic peptides differs between NMOSD and MS. Methods Serum samples were collected from 36 patients with NMOSD, 36 patients with MS and 36 healthy control individuals (HCs). An indirect ELISA was set up to detect specific Abs against HERV-W env-su peptides. Results Our data showed that two antigenic peptides, particularly HERV-Wenv93–108 and HERV-Wenv248–262, were statistically significantly present only in serum of MS compared to NMOSD and HCs. Thus, the specific humoral immune response against HERV-W env-su glycoprotein antigens found in MS is widely missing in NMOSD. Conclusion Increased circulating serum levels of these HERV-W Abs may be suitable as additional biomarkers to better differentiate MS from NMOSD.

B subunit ofEscherichia coliheat-labile enterotoxin as adjuvant of humoral immune response in recombinant BCG vaccination

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 677-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andréa da Silva Ramos Rocha ◽  
Fabricio Rochedo Conceição ◽  
André Alex Grassmann ◽  
Valeska Lizzi Lagranha ◽  
Odir Antônio Dellagostin
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Adjuvant Effect ◽  
Strong Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
B Subunit ◽  
Th2 Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Recombinant Bcg

The B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LTB), a nontoxic molecule with potent biological properties, is a powerful mucosal and parenteral adjuvant that induces a strong immune response against co-administered or coupled antigens. In this paper, the effect of LTB on the humoral immune response to recombinant BCG (rBCG) vaccination was evaluated. Isogenic mice were immunized with rBCG expressing the R1 repeat region of the P97 adhesin of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae alone (rBCG/R1) or fused to LTB (rBCG/LTBR1). Anti-R1 systemic antibody levels (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgM, and IgA) were measured by ELISA using recombinant R1 as antigen. With the exception of IgM, LTB doubled the anti-R1 antibody levels in rBCG vaccination. The IgG1/IgG2a mean ratio showed that both rBCG/LTBR1 and rBCG/R1 induced a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response. Interestingly, anti-R1 serum IgA was induced only by rBCG/LTBR1. These results demonstrate that LTB has an adjuvant effect on the humoral immune response to recombinant antigens expressed in BCG.

scholarly journals Antibody Responses 3-5 Months Post-Vaccination with mRNA-1273 or BNT163b2 in Nursing Home Residents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Breznik ◽  
Ali Zhang ◽  
Angela Huynh ◽  
Matthew S. Miller ◽  
Ishac Nazy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Nursing Home ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Wild Type Strain ◽  
Nursing Home Residents ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Antibody Levels

AbstractNursing home residents often fail to mount robust responses to vaccinations and recent reports of breakthrough infections, particularly from variants of concern, raise questions about whether vaccination regimens elicit a sufficient humoral immune response or if booster doses are warranted. We examined SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and neutralizing capacity in nursing home residents 3-5 months after 2 doses of mRNA-1273 or BNT163b2 vaccination as per recommended schedules.Nursing home residents were recruited from eight long-term care homes in Ontario, Canada, between March and July 2021. Antibody levels and neutralization capacity from a previously published convalescent cohort were used as a comparator. Serum SARS-CoV-2 IgA/G/M against spike (S) protein and its receptor-binding domain (RBD) were measured by validated ELISA, with assay cut-off at the mean and 3 standard deviations of a pre-COVID-19 population from the same geographic region. Antibody neutralization was measured against the wild-type strain of SARS-CoV-2 and the beta variant of concern (B.1.351).No neutralizing antibodies were detected in ∼20% of residents to the wild-type virus (30/155; 19%) or beta variant (27/134; 20%). Residents that received BNT163b2 had a ∼4-fold reduction in neutralization to the wild-type strain, and a ∼2-fold reduction in neutralization to the beta variant relative to those who received mRNA-1273.Current mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine regimens may not have equivalent efficacy in nursing home residents. Our findings imply that differences in the humoral immune response may contribute to breakthrough infections, and suggest that consideration of the type of vaccine administered to older adults will have a positive impact on the generation of protective immunity.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate-rich high-molecular-mass antigens are strongly recognized during experimental Histoplasma capsulatum infection

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrine Sales Massafera Tristão ◽  
Paula César Leonello ◽  
Luciene Airy Nagashima ◽  
Ayako Sano ◽  
Mário Augusto Ono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
High Molecular Mass ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Enzymelinked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
First Time

INTRODUCTION: During histoplasmosis, Histoplasma capsulatum soluble antigens (CFAg) can be naturally released by yeast cells. Because CFAg can be specifically targeted during infection, in the present study we investigated CFAg release in experimental murine histoplasmosis, and evaluated the host humoral immune response against high-molecular-mass antigens (hMMAg. >150 kDa), the more immunogenic CFAg fraction. METHODS: Mice were infected with 2.2x10(4) H. capsulatum IMT/HC128 yeast cells. The soluble CFAg, IgG anti-CFAg, IgG anti-hMMAg, and IgG-hMMAg circulating immune complexes (CIC) levels were determined by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay, at days 0, 7, 14, and 28 post-infection. RESULTS: We observed a progressive increase in circulating levels of CFAg, IgG anti-CFAg, IgG anti-hMMAg, and IgG-hMMAg CIC after H. capsulatum infection. The hMMAg showed a high percentage of carbohydrates and at least two main immunogenic components. CONCLUSIONS: We verified for the first time that hMMAg from H. capsulatum IMT/HC128 strain induce humoral immune response and lead to CIC formation during experimental histoplasmosis.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Humoral Immune Response Induced after Infection with Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV)

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gökce Nur Cagatay ◽  
Denise Meyer ◽  
Michael Wendt ◽  
Paul Becher ◽  
Alexander Postel
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Congenital Tremor

Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is a widely distributed pathogen causing congenital tremor (CT) in piglets. So far, no data are available regarding the humoral immune response against APPV. In this study, piglets and their sows from an affected herd were tested longitudinally for viral genome and antibodies. APPV genome was detected in the majority of the piglets (14/15) from CT affected litters. Transient infection of gilts was observed. Kinetics of Erns- and E2-specific antibodies and their neutralizing capacity were determined by recently (Erns) and newly (E2) developed antibody ELISAs and virus neutralization assays. Putative maternally derived antibodies (MDA) were detected in most piglets, but displayed only low to moderate neutralizing capacity (ND50 ≤ 112). Horizontal APPV transmission occurred when uninfected and infected piglets were mingled on the flat deck. Horizontally infected piglets were clinically inapparent and showed only transient viremia with subsequently consistently high E2 antibody levels. For piglets from CT affected litters, significantly lower neutralizing antibody titers were observed. Results indicate that E2 represents the main target of neutralizing antibodies. Characterization of the humoral immune response against APPV will help to provide valuable serological diagnosis, to understand the epidemiology of this novel pathogen, and to implement tailored prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Association between Antibody Responses to Epstein-Barr Virus Glycoproteins, Neutralization of Infectivity, and the Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

mSphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian-Ying Zhu ◽  
Xiang-Wei Kong ◽  
Cong Sun ◽  
Shang-Hang Xie ◽  
Allan Hildesheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Ebv Infection ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Antibody Levels

ABSTRACT While Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the major cause of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the value of the humoral immune response to EBV glycoproteins and NPC development remains unclear. Correlation between antiglycoprotein antibody levels, neutralization of EBV infectivity, and the risk of NPC requires systematic study. Here, we applied a cytometry-based method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure neutralization of infectivity and antibody response to EBV glycoproteins (gH/gL, gB, gp350, and gp42) of plasma samples from 20 NPC cases and 20 high-risk and 20 low-risk healthy controls nested within a screening cohort in Sihui, southern China. We found that NPC cases have similar plasma neutralizing activity in both B cells and epithelial cells and EBV glycoprotein-specific IgA and IgG antibody levels compared with those of healthy controls. Significant correlations were observed between gH/gL IgG and gB IgG and the neutralizing ability against EBV infection of epithelial cells and B cells. These results indicate that a high level of glycoprotein antibodies may favor protection against primary EBV infection, instead of being low-risk biomarkers for NPC in long-term EBV-infected adults. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the humoral immune response to EBV infection and NPC development, providing valuable leads for future research that is important for prevention and treatment of EBV-related diseases. IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human oncogenic gammaherpesvirus that infects over 90% of humans in the world and is causally associated with a spectrum of epithelial and B-cell malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). A prophylactic vaccine against EBV is called for, but no approved vaccine is available yet. Therefore, EBV remains a major public health concern. To facilitate novel vaccines and therapeutics for NPC, it is of great importance to explore the impact of humoral immune response to EBV glycoproteins before the development of NPC. Therefore, in this study, we systematically assessed the correlation between antiglycoprotein antibody levels, neutralization of EBV infectivity, and the risk of NPC development. These results provide valuable information that will contribute to designing effective prevention and treatment strategies for EBV-related diseases such as NPC.

scholarly journals ВПЛИВ ГРИБА GANODERMA LUCIDUM (CURT.:FR.) P. KARST. НА ГУМОРАЛЬНУ ІМУННУ ВІДПОВІДЬ У МИШЕЙ ЛІНІЇ CBA/CA З ВТОРИННИМ ІМУНОДЕФІЦИТОМ

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
В. Т. Підченко ◽  
І. В. Ніженковська ◽  
Н. Г. Бичкова ◽  
Н. А. Бісько ◽  
А. Є. Родніченко
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Ganoderma Lucidum ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Submerged Cultivation ◽  
Secondary Immunodeficiency ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Thymus Weight ◽  
Antibody Levels

<p><strong>INFLUENCE OF MUSHROOM GANODERMA LUCIDUM (CURT.: FR.) P. KARST. ON THE HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE LINE CBA / Ca WITH SECONDARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY.</strong></p><p><strong>V.T. Pidchenko*, I.V. Nizhenkovska*, N.G. Bychkova*, N.A. Bisko**, A.Y. Rodnichenko***</strong></p><p>*Bogomolets National medical university, Kyiv</p><p>**M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany NASU, Kyiv</p><p>***The State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative MedicineNAMSUkraine, Kyiv</p><p> </p><p><strong>Summary:</strong> The article shows the results of the investigation of the influence of biomass powder of mushroom Ganoderma lucidum on the humoral immune response in mice line CBA / Ca in terms of the simulated secondary immunodeficiency. To simulate the immunodeficiency was used the immunosuppressant cyclophosphamide, which was administered once a dose of 150 mg / kg, intraperitoneally, the first day of the experiment. Results of the study show that the application of Ganoderma Lucidum biomass powder in mice line CBA / Ca with induced immune deficiency, causes a significant increase in the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen and antibody levels in serum.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Key words:</strong> Ganoderma lucidum, humoral immune response, cyclophosphamide, immunodeficiency.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Introduction.</strong> Searching and development of remedies of natural origin is an actual problem today. In recent decades, basidiomycetes and biologically active substances extracted from them, attracted attention of scientists in Asia andNorth America. Ganoderma lucidum, a native biosidiomycetous fungus, has been used inChina,Japan andKorea to prevent and treat bronchitis, chronic hepatitis, hypertension, atherosclerosis, tumor growth and immunological disorders for over 2000 years. The influence of biomass powder of mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, grown by submerged cultivation, at various immunity in immunodeficient conditions is not studied. Therefore the aim of our study was to determine the influence of biomass powder of mushroom Ganoderma lucidum on humoral immune response in mice with secondary immunodeficiency in vivo.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> The biomass of mushroom Ganoderma lucidum was grown by submerged cultivation. To simulate the immunodeficiency was used the immunosuppressant cyclophosphamide, which was administered once a dose of 150 mg / kg, intraperitoneally, the first day of the experiment. The number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen and antibody levels in serum were discovered. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using Student`s t-test.<strong></strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Results and discussion.</strong></p><p>The introduction of biomass powder of mushroom Ganoderma lucidum for 10 days to mice line CBA / Ca with secondary experimental immunodeficiency causes a significant increase in the number of cells in femur.</p><p>The recovery of thymus weight, relative thymus weight, thymus settlement index and number of lymphoid cells in the organ to the level of data in a group of control mice after the administration of biomass powder was not found.</p><p>The introduction of biomass powder of mushroom Ganoderma lucidum to mice line CBA / Ca with secondary experimental immunodeficiency causes a significant increase in the relative number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen in 2 times, the absolute number of antibody-producing cells in 2,1 times compared with the group of mice treated with cyclophosphamide. The antibody levels increase in 6,7 times (hemolysin titer) and 2,4 times (hemagglutinin titer).</p><p><strong>Conclusions.</strong> Thus, the results of the study show that the introduction of biomass powder fungus Ganoderma lucidum to mice line CBA / Ca with secondary experimental immunodeficiency causes a significant increase in the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen and antibody levels in serum, which may indicate the immunomodulatory effect of biomass powder of fungus Ganoderma lucidum on humoral immune response.</p>

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 infection in fully vaccinated individuals of old age strongly boosters the humoral immune response

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Müller ◽  
Marcel Andrée ◽  
Philipp Niklas Ostermann ◽  
Nathalie Jazmati ◽  
Greta Flüh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Local Health Authority ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Prophylactic Vaccination ◽  
Antibody Levels

Introduction: Prophylactic vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is one of the most important measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. Recently, break-through infections following vaccination against this virus have been reported. Here, we describe the humoral immune response of break-through infections in fully vaccinated individuals of old age from an outbreak in a nursery home. Methods: In cooperation with the local health authority, blood samples from fully vaccinated and infected as well as fully vaccinated and uninfected residents of the nursery home were collected four weeks after the onset of the outbreak. The humoral immune response was determined in a neutralisation assay with replication-competent virus isolates and by a quantitative ELISA. Results: In this outbreak a total of 23 residents and four health care workers were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Four residents were unvaccinated, including one with a severe course of disease who later deceased. Despite their old age, all vaccinated residents showed no or only mild disease. Comparison of the humoral immune response revealed significantly higher antibody levels in fully vaccinated infected individuals compared to fully vaccinated uninfected individuals (p<0.001). Notably, although only a minority of the vaccinated uninfected group showed neutralisation capacity against SARS-CoV-2, all vaccinated and infected individuals showed high-titer neutralisation of SARS-CoV-2 including the alpha and beta variant. Discussion: Large SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks can occur in fully vaccinated populations, but seem to associate with mild disease. SARS-CoV-2 infection in fully vaccinated individuals is a strong booster of the humoral immune response providing enhanced neutralisation capacity against immune evasion variants.

scholarly journals Antibiotics Modulate Vaccine-Induced Humoral Immune Response

1999 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 832-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick C. Y. Woo ◽  
Hoi-Wah Tsoi ◽  
Lei-Po Wong ◽  
Harry C. H. Leung ◽  
Kwok-Yung Yuen
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Antibody Level ◽  
Tetanus Toxoid ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Antibody Levels

ABSTRACT The effects of antibiotics on the antigen-specific humoral immune response are not known. Macrolides, tetracyclines, and beta-lactams are commonly prescribed antibiotics. The first two are known to have immunomodulatory activities. The effects of clarithromycin, doxycycline, and ampicillin on the primary and secondary antibody responses to tetanus toxoid, a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, a hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) vaccine, and live attenuatedSalmonella typhi (Ty21a) were investigated using a mouse model. For the mice receiving the tetanus toxoid, the immunoglobulin M (IgM) level of the clarithromycin group at day 7 was significantly lower than the corresponding antibody level of the normal saline (NS) group. For the mice receiving the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, the total antibody and IgM levels of the clarithromycin group and the IgM level of the doxycycline group at day 7 were significantly lower than the corresponding antibody levels of the ampicillin and NS groups. For the mice receiving the HBsAg vaccine, the IgM level of the doxycycline group at day 7 was significantly lower than the corresponding antibody levels of the clarithromycin and NS groups, while the IgM level of the clarithromycin group at day 28 was significantly lower than the corresponding antibody levels of the doxycycline, ampicillin, and NS groups. For the mice receiving all three vaccines, there were no statistically significant differences between any of the antibody levels of the ampicillin group and the corresponding antibody levels of the NS group. For the mice receiving Ty21a, the total antibody levels of the ampicillin group at days 7 and 21 were significantly higher than the corresponding antibody levels of the NS group. Moreover, the IgM levels of the clarithromycin, doxycycline, and ampicillin groups at days 7 and 21 were significantly higher than the corresponding antibody levels of the NS group. Furthermore, the total antibody level of the ampicillin group at day 21 was significantly higher than the corresponding antibody level of the doxycycline group. For all four vaccines, there were no statistically significant differences among the serum levels of interleukin-10 and gamma interferon for the mice treated with the various antibiotics. We conclude that clarithromycin and doxycycline, but not ampicillin, suppress the antibody responses of mice to T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent antigens, whereas all three antibiotics enhance the antibody response to live attenuated mucosal bacterial vaccines.

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