Demographic and socioeconomic conditions associated with food insecurity in households in Campinas, SP, Brazil

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association of food insecurity with demographic and socioeconomic conditions in households in Campinas, São Paulo state, Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on a representative sample of the urban population of the Southern, Southwestern, and Northwestern Health Districts of Campinas, between 2011-2012. Characteristics of the head of household, family history and household patterns were investigated. The dependent variable was food security condition, categorized as food security, mild food insecurity, and moderate/severe food insecurity. All independent variables with p-value <0.20 in the bivariate multinomial logistic regression were included in the final model of multiple multinomial logistic regression, adjusted to household head age; the remaining variables had p-value <0.05. Results: In the 691 households analyzed, there was 65% of food security, 27.9% of mild food insecurity, and 7.1% of moderate/severe food insecurity. The conditions associated with mild food insecurity were monthly per capita income less than the minimum wage, household head unemployed for more than six months between 2004-2010, living in properties given to the family/occupied/other, and density higher than two people per bedroon. The moderate/severe food insecurity was associated with informal employment condition of the household head and the presence of a beneficiary of the Bolsa Família (Family Allowance Program), a cash transfer-type program, in the household. The higher the score of the consumer goods, the lower the probability of mild food insecurity or moderate/severe food insecurity. There was a higher probability of mild food insecurity and moderate/severe food insecurity in unfinished masonry-built houses/other. Conclusion: More than one third of the households investigated experienced some form of food insecurity. Mild food insecurity was associated with demographic conditions, while moderate/severe food insecurity was associated with socioeconomic conditions, especially those related to the household head.

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Sex Differences in the Association Between Food Insecurity and Obesity Among College Students

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa043_032 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 181-181

Author(s):

Aseel El Zein ◽

Karla Shelnutt ◽

Sarah Colby ◽

Geoffrey Greene ◽

Wenjun Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Food Security ◽

Food Insecurity ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

High Food ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to assess the association between food insecurity and obesity and to examine whether it varies by sex. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in spring 2017 among college students from eight U.S. institutions. Participants (n = 683) completed the USDA Adult Food Security Survey and had their weight and height measured by researchers. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the sex-specific associations between food insecurity and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), after adjusting for socioeconomic covariates. Results Overall, 25.4% of students identified as food insecure and 10.5% were obese. The prevalence of obesity increased as the level of food insecurity increased, from 5.2% for those with high food security, 13.4% for those with marginal food security, to 17.4% and 21.6% for students with low and very low food security. In logistic regression analysis, marginal, low and very low food security students had an odds ratio of 2.83 (95% CI: 1.43, 5.57), 3.86 (95% CI: 1.88, 7.91), and 5.05 (95% CI:, 2.44, 10.48) of obesity compared to students with high food security, exhibiting a dose-response relationship. Among females, having marginal (OR = 4.21, 95% CI: 1.70, 9.75), low (OR = 4.51, 95% CI: 1.40, 12.47), or very low food security (OR = 7.08, 95% CI: 2.60, 18.41) predicted higher odds of obesity compared to female students with high food security. Among males, those with low food security had higher odds of obesity (OR = 6.40, 95% CI: 1.78, 20.7). Conclusions The association between food insecurity and obesity in U.S. college students remained after adjustment for multiple socio-economic factors. Overall, food insecure females experienced an increase in the risk of obesity as food insecurity increased; however, only males with low food security had an increased risk of obesity. Programs directed toward obesity prevention need to address any level of food insecurity as a risk factor in females, and target males with low food security. Although beyond the scope of this study, it is possible that programs to reduce food insecurity may help prevent obesity in college students. Funding Sources This material is based upon work that is supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under award number 2014–67,001-21,851.

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The relation of cash transfer programs and food insecurity among families with preschool children living in semiarid climates in Brazil

Cadernos Saúde Coletiva ◽

10.1590/1414-462x201800010341 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 53-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luciano Lima Correia ◽

Hermano Alexandre Lima Rocha ◽

Álvaro Jorge Madeiro Leite ◽

Anamaria Cavalcante e Silva ◽

Jocileide Sales Campos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Food Insecurity ◽

Logistic Models ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

The State ◽

Cash Transfer ◽

Residential Setting ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Transfer Programs

Abstract Background Food insecurity has important effects on human health, particularly in children’s. It continues to increase, with an estimated prevalence of 14.9% in the USA and 35% in Brazil. There have been few studies on the effect of cash transfer programs (CTPs) on the prevalence of food security in Brazil. Objective Evaluate the association between cash transfer programs and reductions in inequity and food insecurity. Method Population-based cross-sectional study in the state of Ceará, Northeast Brazil, with a sample of 8.000 households. Ceará is one of the poorest states. The state population of 8.5 million inhabitants, social security benefits and government grants, “ Bolsa Família”, have become the most stable source of income. The main outcomes measures were food insecurity and CTP participation. Multivariate logistic models were constructed to assess the association between participation in CTPs and food security. Results Participation in CTPs was found to be independently related to the prevalence of food security (APR 2.29 95% CI 1.57-3.33), as are education level, residential setting, and children’s nutritional status. Conclusions CTPs and investment in education are initiatives that might be used to reduce food insecurity.

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Several Components of the Lebanese Mediterranean Diet and Particular Sociodemographic, Medical and Lifestyle Factors may be Associated with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Adults: A Cross-sectional Study in a Middle Eastern Setting

Current Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.2174/1573401316999200518095448 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 82-93

Author(s):

Mary-Joe Youssef ◽

Antoine Aoun ◽

Aline Issa ◽

Lana El-Osta ◽

Nada El-Osta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ◽

Perceived Stress ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Lifestyle Factors ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Gerd Symptoms

Background: The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is increasing worldwide and the related chronic symptoms can be associated with morbidity and poor quality of life. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify foods and beverages consumed by the Lebanese population, dietary habits, socio-demographic and lifestyle factors, health parameters and perceived stress, implicated in increasing GERD symptoms. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was carried among Lebanese adults in 2016. A convenient sample of 264 participants was equally divided into a GERD group and a control group. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle, health status and dietary habits including Lebanese traditional dishes were collected. The perceived stress scale (PSS) was also used to assess the participants’ perception of stress. Logistic regression analyses were conducted with GERD symptoms (presence or absence) being the dependent variable. Results: The GERD symptoms were significantly associated with age (-p-value=0.017), family history of GERD symptoms (-p-value<0.001), smoking (-p-value=0.003) and chronic medical conditions (-p-value<.001). Regarding the dietary factors, participants who ate three meals or less/day, between meals and outside homes were 2.5, 2.9 and 2.4 times at a higher risk of experiencing GERD symptoms than others, respectively. Moreover, the logistic regression model showed that the GERD symptoms were significantly associated with the consumption of coffee (-p-value=0.037), Lebanese sweets (-p-value=0.027), fried foods (-p-value=0.031), ‘Labneh’ with garlic (-p-value<0.001), pomegranate molasses (-p-value=0.011), and tomatoes (-p-value=0.007). Conclusion: Some specific lifestyle factors and components of the Lebanese Mediterranean diet could be associated with GERD symptoms.

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Acute food insecurity and short-term coping strategies of urban and rural households of Bangladesh during the lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic of 2020: report of a cross-sectional survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043365 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. e043365

Author(s):

Subhasish Das ◽

Md. Golam Rasul ◽

Md Shabab Hossain ◽

Ar-Rafi Khan ◽

Md Ashraful Alam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Rural Households ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Food Insecure Households

IntroductionWe conducted a cross-sectional survey to assess the extent and to identify the determinants of food insecurity and coping strategies in urban and rural households of Bangladesh during the month-long, COVID-19 lockdown period.SettingSelected urban and rural areas of Bangladesh.Participants106 urban and 106 rural households.Outcome variables and methodHousehold food insecurity status and the types of coping strategies were the outcome variables for the analyses. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were done to identify the determinants.ResultsWe found that around 90% of the households were suffering from different grades of food insecurity. Severe food insecurity was higher in urban (42%) than rural (15%) households. The rural households with mild/moderate food insecurity adopted either financial (27%) or both financial and food compromised (32%) coping strategies, but 61% of urban mild/moderate food insecure households applied both forms of coping strategies. Similarly, nearly 90% of severely food insecure households implemented both types of coping strategies. Living in poorest households was significantly associated (p value <0.05) with mild/moderate (regression coefficient, β: 15.13, 95% CI 14.43 to 15.82), and severe food insecurity (β: 16.28, 95% CI 15.58 to 16.97). The statistically significant (p <0.05) determinants of both food compromised and financial coping strategies were living in urban areas (β: 1.8, 95% CI 0.44 to 3.09), living in poorest (β: 2.7, 95% CI 1 to 4.45), poorer (β: 2.6, 95% CI 0.75 to 4.4) and even in the richer (β: 1.6, 95% CI 0.2 to 2.9) households and age of the respondent (β: 0.1, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.21).ConclusionBoth urban and rural households suffered from moderate to severe food insecurity during the month-long lockdown period in Bangladesh. But, poorest, poorer and even the richer households adopted different coping strategies that might result in long-term economic and nutritional consequences.

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Food insecurity among the elderly: cross-sectional study with soup kitchen users

Revista de Nutrição ◽

10.1590/s1415-52732013000600007 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 679-691 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Bruna Fernanda do Nascimento Jacinto de Souza ◽

Letícia Marín-León

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Family Income ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Welfare Programs ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Socioeconomic Condition ◽

Soup Kitchen

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether food insecurity is associated with the demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and health conditions of the elderly. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 427 elderly (³60 years) from Campinas, São Paulo; half were users of a government-run soup kitchen and the others, their neighbors of the same sex. Food insecurity was measured by the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Univariate multinomial logistic regression was used for calculating the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval to measure the association between the independent variables and food insecurity. Variables with p<0.20 were included in a multinomial model, and only those with p<0.05 remained. RESULTS: Most respondents (63.2%) were males; 15.2% and 6.6% were experiencing mild and moderate/severe food insecurity, respectively. The final model, adjusted for sex and age, showed that elderly with a total family income ≤2 minimum salaries (OR=3.41, 95%CI=1.27-9.14), who did not have a job (OR=2.95, 95%CI=1.23-7.06), and who were obese (OR=2.01, 95%CI=1.04-3.87) were more likely to be mildly food insecure. Elderly with cancer (OR=4.13, 95%CI=1.21-14.0) and those hospitalized in the past year (OR=3.16, 95%CI=1.23-8.11) were more likely to be moderately/severely food insecure. Finally, elderly living in unfinished houses (OR=2.71; and OR=2.92) and who did not consume fruits (OR=2.95 and OR=4.11) or meats daily (OR=2.04 and OR=3.83) were more likely to be mildly and moderately/severely food insecure. CONCLUSION: Food insecure elderly are more likely to have chronic diseases, poor nutritional status, and poor socioeconomic condition. Therefore, the welfare programs should expand the number of soup kitchens and develop other strategies to assure adequate nutrition to these elderly.

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Parent-Young People Communication on Sexual and Reproductive Health Issues and Associated Factors Among Students in Agaro Town, Ethiopia: A Cross-sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-678931/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daba Abdissa ◽

Workitu Sileshi

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Secondary Education ◽

Young People ◽

Reproductive Health ◽

Primary Education ◽

Educational Status ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract BackgroundSexual and reproductive health (SRH) is at the base of young people's living and wellbeing. A significant number of young peoples are affected by avoidable SRH problems due to a lack of appropriate knowledge regarding SRH. Parent-young communication on SRH is critical in informing them about risk and protective behaviors which in turn decrease the likelihood of involvement in risky sexual behaviors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the parent-young communication on SRH issues among secondary and preparatory school students at Agaro town, Southwestern Ethiopia. MethodsSchool based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 13 to April 20, 2019 using stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected using pretested interviewer-administered structured questionnaire entered into Epi data version 3.1; and analyzed using SPSS version 20. A variable having a p-value of <0.25 in the bivariable logistic regression model was subjected to multivariable logistic regression analysis to avoid the confounding variable’s effect. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated at the 95% confidence interval and considered significant with a p-value of <0.05.ResultsA total of 315 students were included to the study. The mean age of the respondents was 20.2±2.6 years. The study finding showed that 61.3% of the participants were discussed on SRH issues with their parents. Educational status of mother [primary education (AOR=3.67; 95%CI=1.93,6.97),secondary education(AOR:2.86;95%CI=1.20,6.80)],educational status of father[primary education (AOR=5.8;95%CI=2.8,12.3,secondary education (AOR=3.21; 95%CI=1.55,6.59)],having family size of <5 (AOR= 6.4; 95%CI= 3.36,12.37) and having boy/girlfriend(AOR=1.99; 95%CI=1.0,3.8) were significantly associated with parent-young people communication. ConclusionAbout two third of the participants communicate with their parents about SRH issues. Parents’ educational status, family size of <5 and having boy/girlfriend were significantly associated with the parent-young people communication. The main reasons for not communicated was cultural taboos, shame and parents lack of knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to educate and equip students and parents to address the identified problems.

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Exploring the Impact of Crises on Food Security in Lebanon: Results from a National Cross-Sectional Study

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13168753 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (16) ◽

pp. 8753

Author(s):

Maha Hoteit ◽

Youssef Al-Atat ◽

Hussein Joumaa ◽

Suheir El Ghali ◽

Rania Mansour ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Food Insecurity ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Assessment System ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The People ◽

Food Consumption Score ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

This study aims to explore the prevalence and correlates of food insecurity among Lebanese households since the ordeals of COVID-19, economic crisis, and Beirut port explosions. At the core of the study, a mobile application entitled Nutrition Assessment System (NAS) that simplified the data collection was used as toolkit and a technical test was carried out in all Lebanese governorates between November 2020 and March 2021. Findings show that food insecurity is an immediate problem for households in Beirut and in many governorates in Lebanon. Nine in every 16 households ate less than 2 meals per day and more than 70% of them skipped their meals to spare food. Even though half the population studied had a low food consumption score, 82.4% of the people were not relying on livelihood coping strategies. However, more than three out of ten of these households relied on at least three food-based coping strategies. In addition, as for the livelihoods, this assessment found that most Lebanese households reported a drop in income along with an expansion in debt incurrence in the last 24 months to be able to buy food. Improving food security in Lebanon requires effort not only on the part of the government, but through regional and international actions.

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Food insecurity, food expenses and consumption of sugar and soft drinks in households with and without children and/or adolescents

Revista de Nutrição ◽

10.1590/1678-9865202134e200127 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

Author(s):

Bruna Fernanda do Nascimento Jacinto de SOUZA ◽

Daniele Flaviane Mendes CAMARGO ◽

Ana Maria SEGALL-CORRÊA ◽

Letícia MARÍN-LEÓN ◽

Priscila Maria Stolses Bergamo FRANCISCO

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Family Income ◽

Household Head ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

Measurement Scale ◽

Sugar Consumption ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Gender And Education ◽

Households With Children

ABSTRACT Objectives To estimate the frequency of food insecurity in households with and without children/adolescents; compare food expenses, sugar and soft drinks consumption in these households; and to analyze the relationship between food insecurity and demographic/socioeconomic variables with food expenses, and sugar and soft drinks consumption in households with and without children/adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional study with 628 households in Campinas, SP, Brazil. Food insecurity was estimated by the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale. The dependent variables were the proportion of food expenses, and consumption of sugar and soft drinks; and the independent ones included food security/insecurity condition, monthly family income, gender, age and education of the household head. Results The frequency of food insecurity was higher in households with children/adolescents than in households without minors (41.4% vs. 27.9%). The proportion of food expenses was higher in households with children/adolescents and in all households it was associated with lower family income and, in households with minors, to the presence of a female householder. Soft drinks consumption was higher in households with children/adolescents; and was related to higher income in all households, and to the presence of male householder in households with minors. Sugar consumption in households with children/adolescents was associated with higher income, male gender and education level of the household head (<12 years). In households without children/adolescents, the higher sugar consumption was associated with food insecurity and the household head’s education (<8 years). Conclusion In households with children/adolescents there was a greater frequency of food insecurity and a greater commitment of income with food. Food insecurity was associated with increased sugar consumption in households without children/adolescents.

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Abstract TMP55: Polysomnographic and Sleep-related Variables Associated to Leukoaraiosis in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.48.suppl_1.tmp55 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Kevin R Duque ◽

Brian Villafuerte ◽

Fiorella Adrianzen ◽

Rodrigo Zamudio ◽

Andrea Mendiola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Sleep Apnea ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Sleep Time ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Apnea Hypopnea Index ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Obstructive Sleep ◽

Medical Histories

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a biological plausible risk factor for leukoaraiosis (LA). We tested the hypothesis that polysomnographic (PSG) and sleep-related variables are associated to LA in OSA patients. Methods: Cross-sectional study in which PSG records, medical histories and brain 1.5T MRI were collected from all consecutive patients who had attended a Sleep Medicine Center between 2009-2014. LA was graded from 0 to 9 with the ’Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities’ study scale. OSA was defined by The International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 2014, and its severity categorizing according to apnea-hypopnea index (AHI, <15 mild, 15 to <30 moderate, 30 to <45 severe and ≥45 very severe). A multinomial logistic regression was performed to describe the association between OSA severity and LA (divided into 2 groups: mild-to-moderate LA and non-to-minimal LA). The covariates for all regression models were age, gender, BMI, hypertension, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetes and pack-year of smoking. Results: From 82 OSA patients (77% male; mean age 58±9 years, range 19-91), 54 (66%) had LA. Mild-to-moderate LA was found in 13 patients (8 mild and 5 moderate LA) and non-to-minimal LA in 69 (41 minimal and 28 non LA). Spearman’s correlation coefficient between AHI and LA grade was 0.41 (p<0.001). Furthermore, the higher OSA severity, the higher LA severity (p<0.001, for Jonckheere-Terpstra test for ordered alternatives). In the multinomial logistic regression model adjusted for cofounders, severe OSA patients had higher risk for mild or moderate LA (HR 12.8, 95% IC 1.2-141) compared to mild-to-moderate OSA patients. Additionally, self-reported habitual sleep duration from 7 to 9 hours (HR 0.36, 90% IC 0.14-0.90) and proportion of time in apnea/hypopnea over total sleep time (HR 1.04 for one unit increase, 90% IC 1.01-1.08) could be associated with the presence of LA (adjusted only for age and gender). In a multiple regression analysis with all the aforementioned variables, age (p=0.002), diabetes (p=0.003), and OSA severity (p=0.04) were predictors of the presence of LA. Conclusion: Patients with severe OSA had higher risk for mild to moderate LA when compared to patients with mild or moderate OSA.

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Is there an association between ageist attitudes and frailty?

BMC Geriatrics ◽

10.1186/s12877-019-1357-y ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Douglas Salguero ◽

Juliana Ferri-Guerra ◽

Nadeem Y. Mohammed ◽

Dhanya Baskaran ◽

Raquel Aparicio-Ugarriza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Frailty Index ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Frailty Status

Abstract Background Frailty is defined as a state of vulnerability to stressors that is associated with higher morbidity, mortality and healthcare utilization in older adults. Ageism is “a process of systematic stereotyping and discrimination against people because they are old.” Explicit biases involve deliberate or conscious controls, while implicit bias involve unconscious processes. Multiple studies show that self-directed ageism is a risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine whether explicit ageist attitudes are associated with frailty in Veterans. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of Veterans 50 years and older who completed the Kogan’s Attitudes towards Older People Scale (KAOP) scale to assess explicit ageist attitudes and the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to evaluate implicit ageist attitudes from July 2014 through April 2015. We constructed a frailty index (FI) of 44 variables (demographics, comorbidities, number of medications, laboratory tests, and activities of daily living) that was retrospectively applied to the time of completion of the KAOP and IAT. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by multinomial logistic regression models with frailty status (robust, prefrail and frail) as the outcome variable, and with KAOP and IAT scores as the independent variables. Age, race, ethnicity, median household income and comorbidities were considered as covariates. Results Patients were 89.76% male, 48.03% White, 87.93% non-Hispanic and the mean age was 60.51 (SD = 7.16) years. The proportion of robust, pre-frail and frail patients was 11.02% (n = 42), 59.58% (n = 227) and 29.40% (n = 112) respectively. The KAOP was completed by 381 and the IAT by 339 participants. In multinomial logistic regression, neither explicit ageist attitudes (KAOP scale score) nor implicit ageist attitudes (IAT) were associated with frailty in community dwelling Veterans after adjusting for covariates: OR = .98 (95% CI = .95–1.01), p = .221, and OR:=.97 (95% CI = .37–2.53), p = .950 respectively. Conclusions This study shows that neither explicit nor implicit ageist attitudes were associated with frailty in community dwelling Veterans. Further longitudinal and larger studies with more diverse samples and measured with other ageism scales should evaluate the independent contribution of ageist attitudes to frailty in older adults.

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