scholarly journals Maize: Key agricultural crop in food security and sovereignty in a future with water scarcity

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 648-654
Author(s):  
Josana A. Langner ◽  
Alencar J. Zanon ◽  
Nereu A. Streck ◽  
Lia R. S. Reiniger ◽  
Marielen P. Kaufmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Transformation ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Adaptation Mechanisms ◽  
Considerable Portion ◽  
Maize Plants

ABSTRACT The objective in this review was to discuss the importance of maize currently and the crucial role it may play in the future for food production in scenarios of water shortage, as well as the importance of conserving its landrace cultivars, which have a considerable portion of the reserve of genetic variability. Maize plants, when exposed to water deficit, may develop physiological, morphological, biochemical and anatomical adaptation mechanisms. With the aid of genetic improvement, characteristics that impart tolerance are fixed in plants through conventional methods. In this context, ‘Tuxpeño Sequia’ cultivars were developed in Mexico, while in Africa, one of the most important strategies was the development of ‘DT’ (Drought-tolerant) cultivars. In the United States, one of the most important processes was the development of PionerAquamax® hybrids, while in Brazil, it was the development of cultivars with the ‘Maya Latente’ gene. Through genetic transformation, the hybrid ‘MON 87460’ was developed. However, it should be mentioned that, for a cultivar to be well accepted by producers, besides having one or more adaptation characteristics, it must have a high grain yield. Biotechnological tools such as the use of molecular markers, genetic transformation, and modeling through bioinformatics, associated with conventional selection, will be fundamental to guarantee the advancement of water deficit tolerance in maize.

scholarly journals CULTIVARS SELECTION OF CARIOCA BEANS TYPE TO BE HARVESTED IN ARID FARMLANDS

Irriga ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastião Soares de Oliveira Neto ◽  
Douglas Mariani Zeffa ◽  
Maria Márcia Pereira Sartori ◽  
Vania Moda Cirino
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Selection Of

CULTIVARS SELECTION OF CARIOCA BEANS TYPE TO BE HARVESTED IN ARID FARMLANDS  SEBASTIÃO SOARES DE OLIVEIRA NETO1; DOUGLAS MARIANI ZEFFA2; MARIA MÁRCIA PEREIRA SARTORI3 E VANIA MODA CIRINO4 1Engenheiro-agrônomo. Doutorando em Agronomia (Agricultura). Departamento de Produção e Melhoramento Vegetal. Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA/UNESP - Campus Botucatu), Rua José Barbosa de Barros, 1.780, CEP: 18610-307. Botucatu-SP – Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]ônomo. Doutorando em Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas. Departamento de Agronomia. Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]ática. Pesquisadora do Departamento de Produção e Melhoramento Vegetal. Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA/UNESP – Campus de Botucatu). Rua José Barbosa de Barros, 1780. CEP: 18.610-307, Botucatu-SP - Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] Engenheira-agrônoma. Pesquisadora do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), Área de Melhoramento e Genética Vegetal. Caixa Postal 481, CEP: 86001-970, Londrina-PR - Brasil. E-mail:[email protected]  1 ABSTRACT Brazil is a major bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) producer. Nevertheless, the unfavorable weather conditions (water deficit, mainly) cause the country’s average productivity to be far below its real potential. To avoid the drought effects, the use of tolerant cultivars is the most economical farming practice. This paper aims to evaluate the reactions and damages caused by water shortage in the production and growth components of five cultivars of Carioca beans and to select those with higher potential of being used in low rainfall conditions. The experiment was conducted at the IAPAR Experimental Station in Londrina, PR, during the 2011 water season, using the random delineation of blocks with split plots, so that the cultivars could be allocated in the sub-plot and in treatments with and without water deficit in the plots. The water deficit began in the pre-blooming stage and was kept for 20 days in the plots submitted to stress. Plants were collected for leaf area index and dry matter rate analyses 35, 47, 54 and 70 days after emergency. On the physiological maturity stage, the productivity characters were determined. The reduction index was calculated for each assessed variant. BRS Talismã proved to be drought-tolerant. Keywords:  Phaseolus vulgaris L., Water deficit, Drought tolerant.  OLIVEIRA NETO, S. S.; ZEFFA, D. M.; SARTORI, M. M. P.; MODA-CIRINO, V.SELEÇÃO DE CULTIVARES DE FEIJÃO DO GRUPO COMERCIAL CARIOCA PARA CULTIVO EM AMBIENTES COM DEFICIÊNCIA HÍDRICA   2 RESUMO O Brasil é um grande produtor de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), no entanto, as condições climáticas desfavoráveis (déficit hídrico, principalmente) tornam a produtividade média do país bem abaixo do seu real potencial. Para evitar os efeitos da seca, as cultivares tolerantes são a prática agrícola mais econômica. Este trabalho visa avaliar as reações e os danos causados pela falta de água nos componentes de produção e crescimento de cinco cultivares de feijão carioca e selecionar aqueles com maior potencial de uso em condições de poucas chuvas. O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental do IAPAR em Londrina-PR, na safra das águas de 2011, usando o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, de modo que as cultivares foram alocadas na sub-parcela e os tratamentos com e sem déficit de água, nas parcelas. O déficit hídrico começou no estágio pré-florescimento e foi mantido durante 20 dias nas parcelas submetidas ao estresse. Foram coletadas plantas para a análise de índice de área foliar e taxa de matéria seca aos 35, 47, 54 e 70 dias após a emergência. Na fase de maturação fisiológica foram determinados os caracteres de produtividade. O índice de redução foi calculado para cada variável avaliada. BRS Talismã mostrou ser tolerante à seca. Palavras-chave: Phaseolus vulgaris L., Déficit hídrico, Tolerante à seca.

scholarly journals Italianness in the United States between migrants’ informal gardening practices and agricultural diplomacy (1880–1912)

Modern Italy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Gilberto Mazzoli
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental History ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Food Production ◽  
East Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Us Cities ◽  
Political Radicalism

During the Age of Mass Migration more than four million Italians reached the United States. The experience of Italians in US cities has been widely explored: however, the study of how migrants adjusted in relation to nature and food production is a relatively recent concern. Due to a mixture of racism and fear of political radicalism, Italians were deemed to be undesirable immigrants in East Coast cities and American authorities had long perceived Italian immigrants as unclean, unhealthy and carriers of diseases. As a flipside to this narrative, Italians were also believed to possess a ‘natural’ talent for agriculture, which encouraged Italian diplomats and politicians to propose the establishment of agricultural colonies in the southern United States. In rural areas Italians could profit from their agricultural skills and finally turn into ‘desirable immigrants’. The aim of this paper is to explore this ‘emigrant colonialism’ through the lens of environmental history, comparing the Italian and US diplomatic and public discourses on the potential and limits of Italians’ agricultural skills.

scholarly journals EMS Derived Wheat Mutant BIG8-1 (Triticum aestivum L.)—A New Drought Tolerant Mutant Wheat Line

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5314
Author(s):  
Marlon-Schylor L. le Roux ◽  
Nicolas Francois V. Burger ◽  
Maré Vlok ◽  
Karl J. Kunert ◽  
Christopher A. Cullis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Drought Response ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Drought Tolerant

Drought response in wheat is considered a highly complex process, since it is a multigenic trait; nevertheless, breeding programs are continuously searching for new wheat varieties with characteristics for drought tolerance. In a previous study, we demonstrated the effectiveness of a mutant known as RYNO3936 that could survive 14 days without water. In this study, we reveal another mutant known as BIG8-1 that can endure severe water deficit stress (21 days without water) with superior drought response characteristics. Phenotypically, the mutant plants had broader leaves, including a densely packed fibrous root architecture that was not visible in the WT parent plants. During mild (day 7) drought stress, the mutant could maintain its relative water content, chlorophyll content, maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) and stomatal conductance, with no phenotypic symptoms such as wilting or senescence despite a decrease in soil moisture content. It was only during moderate (day 14) and severe (day 21) water deficit stress that a decline in those variables was evident. Furthermore, the mutant plants also displayed a unique preservation of metabolic activity, which was confirmed by assessing the accumulation of free amino acids and increase of antioxidative enzymes (peroxidases and glutathione S-transferase). Proteome reshuffling was also observed, allowing slow degradation of essential proteins such as RuBisCO during water deficit stress. The LC-MS/MS data revealed a high abundance of proteins involved in energy and photosynthesis under well-watered conditions, particularly Serpin-Z2A and Z2B, SGT1 and Calnexin-like protein. However, after 21 days of water stress, the mutants expressed ABC transporter permeases and xylanase inhibitor protein, which are involved in the transport of amino acids and protecting cells, respectively. This study characterizes a new mutant BIG8-1 with drought-tolerant characteristics suited for breeding programs.

scholarly journals Resistance to Bt Maize by Western Corn Rootworm: Effects of Pest Biology, the Pest–Crop Interaction and the Agricultural Landscape on Resistance

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Aaron Gassmann
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Continuous Cultivation ◽  
Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Corn Rootworm ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Bt Maize ◽  
Bt Toxin ◽  
Resistance Evolution

The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is among the most serious pests of maize in the United States. Since 2003, transgenic maize that produces insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been used to manage western corn rootworm by killing rootworm larvae, which feed on maize roots. In 2009, the first cases of field-evolved resistance to Bt maize were documented. These cases occurred in Iowa and involved maize that produced Bt toxin Cry3Bb1. Since then, resistance has expanded to include other geographies and additional Bt toxins, with some rootworm populations displaying resistance to all commercially available Bt traits. Factors that contributed to field-evolved resistance likely included non-recessive inheritance of resistance, minimal fitness costs of resistance and limited adult dispersal. Additionally, because maize is the primary agricultural crop on which rootworm larvae can survive, continuous maize cultivation, in particular continuous cultivation of Bt maize, appears to be another key factor facilitating resistance evolution. More diversified management of rootworm larvae, including rotating fields out of maize production and using soil-applied insecticide with non-Bt maize, in addition to planting refuges of non-Bt maize, should help to delay the evolution of resistance to current and future transgenic traits.

scholarly journals Development of a Protocol and a Diagrammatic Scale for Quantification of Bacterial Leaf Streak Disease on Young Plants of Maize

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 2921-2927
Author(s):  
Renata Rodrigues Robaina ◽  
Talita Vigo Longhi ◽  
Douglas Mariani Zeffa ◽  
Leandro Simões Azeredo Gonçalves ◽  
Rui Pereira Leite
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Streak ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Diagrammatic Scale

Bacterial leaf streak (BLS), caused Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum (Xvv), has become a major concern for maize production, mainly in the United States and South America. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a protocol for Xvv inoculation in young maize plants under controlled conditions and to develop and validate a diagrammatic scale for evaluation of maize hybrids in regard to BLS resistance. The study was carried out in three steps: the establishment of a protocol for inoculation of Xvv in young maize plants under controlled conditions; the development and validation of a diagrammatic scale for BLS severity evaluation; and the screening for BLS resistance of 45 hybrids using the proposed protocol for bacterial inoculation and the diagrammatic scale developed in this study. Besides reproducing a more natural Xvv infection, the bacterial suspension spraying without injury inoculation method induced higher disease incidence and severity, as well as reproducibility of results under the experimental conditions established in this study. The proposed diagrammatic scale allowed evaluating BLS severity with up to 97.49% of the leaf area affected by the disease. Further, the use of the diagrammatic scale resulted in an increase of accuracy from 0.909 up to 0.992. The reaction of 45 maize hybrids to BLS allowed establishing six major groups of susceptibility to the disease. The most resistant maize hybrids to BLS formed a group of 13 hybrids, with disease severity below 5%.

Relationships between physiological traits and productivity of sugarcane in response to water deficit

2012 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. DE A. SILVA ◽  
J. L. JIFON ◽  
J. A. G. DA SILVA ◽  
C. M. DOS SANTOS ◽  
V. SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Leaf Relative Water Content ◽  
Sugarcane Productivity ◽  
Response To Water

SUMMARYThe relationships between physiological variables and sugarcane productivity under water deficit conditions were investigated in field studies during 2005 and 2006 in Weslaco, Texas, USA. A total of 78 genotypes and two commercial varieties were studied, one of which was drought-tolerant (TCP93-4245) and the other drought-sensitive (TCP87-3388). All genotypes were subjected to two irrigation regimes: a control well-watered treatment (wet) and a moderate water-deficit stress (dry) treatment for a period of 90 days. Maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), estimated chlorophyll content (SPAD index), leaf temperature (LT), leaf relative water content (RWC) and productivity were measured. The productivity of all genotypes was, on average, affected negatively; however, certain genotypes did not suffer significant reduction. Under water deficit, the productivity of the genotypes was positively and significantly correlated with Fv/Fm, SPAD index and RWC, while LT had a negative correlation. These findings suggest that genotypes exhibiting traits of high RWC values, high chlorophyll contents and high photosynthetic radiation use efficiency under low moisture availability should be targeted for selection and variety development in programmes aimed at improving sugarcane for drought prone environments.

scholarly journals Metabolite profiling and molecular responses in a drought-tolerant savory, Satureja rechingeri exposed to water deficit

3 Biotech ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anahita Shariat ◽  
Ghasem Karimzadeh ◽  
Mohammad Hassan Assareh ◽  
Javad Hadian
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Metabolite Profiling ◽  
Molecular Responses ◽  
Drought Tolerant

scholarly journals ROOT SYSTEM IN MAIZE PLANTS CULTIVATED UNDER WATER DEFICIT AND APPLICATION OF CHITOSAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
LORENA GABRIELA ALMEIDA ◽  
EDER MARCOS DA SILVA ◽  
PAULO CÉSAR MAGALHÃES ◽  
DÉCIO KARAM ◽  
CAROLINE OLIVEIRA DOS REIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Specific Behavior ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Corn Plants

Low water availability is characterized as an abiotic stressthat limits the agricultural production. Due to the physical and chemicalcharacteristics of the chitosan (CHT), this substance might stimulatephysiological responses on plants to tolerate the water deficit. In this sense,we submitted corn plants to water deficit and application of chitosan on theleaves (140 mg/L) during pre flowering stage. It were analyzed two cornhybrids genotypes contrasting for water deficit tolerance: DKB 390 (tolerant)and BRS1010 (sensitive). Then, we performed evaluations on the rootsystem and production components. Corn plants submitted to the applicationof chitosan presented a specific behavior: when compared the hybrids,the tolerant one presented a root system that was more developed and anexpressive agronomical yield. These results highlight the fact that the chitosanstimulates plant growth, enhancing their root system and contributing toincrease the availability and absorption of water and nutrients. The chitosanpresents a potential to reduce the negative effects of water deficit on the rootsystems, without compromising the agronomical yield.

Safe until Sorry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norah MacKendrick
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Personal Care Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Personal Care ◽  
Regulatory Oversight ◽  
Agriculture And Food

This chapter outlines the United States’ uneven and contradictory relationship with the precautionary principle as a policy ethic, and, more specifically points to how the safe-until-sorry model at the regulatory level helps to explain why precaution has flourished as an individualized, consumer principle. In outlining this relationship, it documents the serious gaps in regulatory oversight in what is a vast, fractured policy framework that oversees chemicals used in agriculture and food production, and in the manufacturing of cosmetics, personal care products and consumer goods.

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