scholarly journals Epidemiological aspects of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in Ceará in the period 2007 to 2011

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 911-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ítalo José Mesquita Cavalcante ◽  
Marcus Raimundo Vale
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
The State ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Urbanization Process ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
The City

INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL; kala-azar) is a serious zoonosis that can be lethal, especially in untreated patients. Due to the fact that the State of Ceará is still an important area of transmission of VL, and based on the constant reports of the urbanization process of the disease in the country, it was necessary to monitor the occurrence of cases of leishmaniasis through epidemiological surveillance. OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiology of leishmaniasis cases in Ceará, Brazil. METHODS: We conducted an epidemiological survey of secondary data provided by SINAN/MS from January 2007 to December 2011. RESULTS: VL is an endemic disease in the State of Ceará, with cases notified in approximately 88% of the municipalities, with an average of 596.8 ± 29.6 cases, an incidence of 6.1 cases/100,000 inhabitants and prevalence of 7.1 cases/100,000 inhabitants. The Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza is the microregion with the largest number of cases reported in state (51.9% of cases), with the capital, Fortaleza, being the municipality with the highest number of cases in the country. Traditionally, the main age group affected by the disease are children; however, a reversal has been observed in the profile from 2008, when the population of adult patients exceeded the pediatric population. CONCLUSION: Ceará is still an endemic area for VL, and the city of Fortaleza reported the highest number of cases in the country. In the State, a change in the profile of patients with the disease has been observed, now affecting primarily adults.

Spatiotemporal clustering, social inequities and the risk of leptospirosis in an endemic area of Brazil: a retrospective spatial modelling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katyucia O C de Souza ◽  
José Augusto P Góes ◽  
Matheus S Melo ◽  
Paula M G Leite ◽  
Lucas A Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Regression ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The State ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Social Inequities

Abstract Background Leptospirosis is an endemic disease in Brazil of social and economic relevance related to behavioural and socioenvironmental factors. This study aimed to analyse the spatiotemporal distribution of the incidence of leptospirosis and its association with social determinants in health in a state of northeastern Brazil. Methods An ecological study of temporal series with techniques of spatial analysis using secondary data of the cases of leptospirosis notified in the Information System of Notifiable Diseases of the state of Sergipe (2008–2017) was conducted. The analysis of temporal trends was performed using Poisson regression. Spatial analyses were performed using the Moran index, the local empirical Bayesian model, scan statistics and spatial regression. Results The incidence rate decreased from 3.66 to 1.44 cases per 100 000 inhabitants in 2008 and 2017, respectively. Leptospirosis was associated with social inequities, mostly affecting males aged 20–49 y living in urban areas. The space-time scan indicated the formation of a risk cluster in municipalities in the metropolitan region of the state. Conclusions The data indicated the persistence of leptospirosis transmission, maintaining a pattern of high endemicity in some municipalities associated with social inequities. The study showed the temporal and spatial dynamics of the disease to better target specific actions for prevention and control.

scholarly journals EXPANSION OF VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS IN THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL: REPORT OF THE FIRST AUTOCHTHONOUS CASE IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF VOLTA REDONDA AND THE DIFFICULTY OF DIAGNOSIS

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Henrique Conde Sangenis ◽  
Sebastião Roberto de Almeida Lima ◽  
Cíntia Xavier de Mello ◽  
Daniela Trindade Cardoso ◽  
Jurema Nunes Mello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
The State ◽  
Differential Diagnoses ◽  
The North ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Epidemiological Changes

Visceral Leishmaniasis has been showing remarkable epidemiological changes in recent decades, with marked expansion and an emergence of cases in urban areas of the North, Southeast and Midwest regions of Brazil. The Kala-azar cases reported here, despite being very characteristic, presented a great difficulty of diagnosis, because the disease is not endemic in Volta Redonda. The child underwent two hospitalizations in different hospitals, but got the correct diagnosis only after 11 months of symptom onset. In this report we discuss the main differential diagnoses and call attention to the suspected symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis in patients with prolonged fever, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia, even in areas not traditionally endemic for the disease.

scholarly journals Risk factors associated with the severity of COVID-19 in a region of the Brazilian Amazon

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Melo Sardinha ◽  
Rosane do Socorro Pompeu de Loiola ◽  
Ana Lúcia da Silva Ferreira ◽  
Carmem Aliandra Freire de Sá ◽  
Yan Corrêa Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
The State ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Brazilian Amazon Region

AbstractThe Brazilian Northern region registered a high incidence of COVID-19 cases, particularly in the state of Pará. The present study investigated the risk factors associated with the severity of COVID-19 in a Brazilian Amazon region of 100,819 cases. An epidemiological, cross-sectional, analytical and demographic study, analyzing data on confirmed cases for COVID-19 available at the Brazilian Ministry of Health's surveillance platform, was conducted. Variables such as, municipalities of residence, age, gender, signs and symptoms, comorbidities were included and associated with COVID-19 cases and outcomes. The spatial distribution was performed using the ArcGIS program. A total of 100,819 cases were evaluated. Overall, patients had the mean age of 42.3 years, were female (51.2%) and with lethality reaching 4.79% of cases. Main symptoms included fever (66.5%), cough (61.9%) and sore throat (39.8%). Regarding comorbidities, most of the patients presented cardiovascular disease (5.1%) and diabetes (4.2%). Neurological disease increased risk of death by nearly 15 times, followed by obesity (5.16 times) and immunodeficiency (5.09 time). The municipalities with the highest incidence rate were Parauapebas, Canaã dos Carajás and Jacareacanga. Similarity between the Lower Amazon, Marajó and Southwest mesoregions of Pará state were observed concerning the highest morbidity rates. The obtained data demonstrated that the majority of cases occurred among young adults, females, with the classic influenza symptoms and chronic diseases. Finally, data suggest that the highest incidences were no longer in the metropolitan region of the state. The higher lethality rate than in Brazil may be associated with the greater impacts of the disease in this Amazonian population, or factors associated with fragile epidemiological surveillance in the notification of cases of cure.

scholarly journals Epidemiological aspects of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in State of Alagoas, Northeast, Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. N. Rocha ◽  
T. J. Matos-Rocha ◽  
C. M. B. Ribeiro ◽  
S. R. O. Abreu
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The State ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Canine Infection ◽  
Genus Leishmania ◽  
Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis

Abstract Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL), caused by protozoans of the genus Leishmania, it is a worldwide of great importance disease. In the northeast region of Brazil, the state of Alagoas has an endemic status for ZVL. Thus, this work aimed to analyze the epidemiological situation of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in Alagoas, Northeast, Brazil, from 2007 to 2013. We conducted a descriptive, observational, retrospective study using secondary data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System, the Center of Zoonosis Control of Maceió, and the Central Laboratory of Public Health of Alagoas. During the studied period, it was observed that the highest incidence of human visceral leishmaniasis was in 2011 and the lowest in 2013. On the other hand, canine visceral leishmaniasis had its highest incidence in 2007 and its lowest in 2012. Of the 55 municipalities in the State of Alagoas that showed human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL), São José da Tapera presented an average of 4.4 cases over the past five years, being classified as of intense transmission. Regarding canine visceral leishmaniasis, in the same studied period, 45,112 dogs were examined in the State, of which 4,466 were positive. It resulted, thus, in a 9.9% positivity rate. Conclusions: Our data are important because canine infection is an important risk factor for the human disease.

scholarly journals Study of Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in Children of Nepal

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Durga Datt Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Zoonotic Disease ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Kala Azar

Introduction: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar is a potentially fatal vector-borne (sand fly phlebotomies spp) zoonotic disease caused by a protozoan parasite, Leishmania donovani. In Nepal, the disease is restricted to the Eastern Terai region which lies adjacent to the Bihar state of India. Although leishmaniasis is regarded as a significant health problem in Nepal by the Ministry of Health, there is no active case detection programme in the country. Objective: Objectives of this study were to determine the up-to-date morbidity and mortality trend for VL in children of Nepal. Method: The epidemiological surveillance team from the NZFHRC visited to eight zonal hospitals in Terai region during the month from September to December of each year 2003 to 2007. The morbidity and mortality data up to the year 2007 were collected every year. The team has also collected 66 blood serum samples of which 18 samples from children were collected for the diagnosis. Results: A total 25890 cases with 599 deaths were reported during the year 1980-2006. The case fatality rate (CFR) varied from 0.23% to 13.2%. Districtwise analysis showed that, during 2003, highest incidence was in Mahottari district (184/100,000), followed by Sarlahi (100/100,000) and Sunsari (96/100,000). The highest CFR was in Dhanusha (2.9%) followed by Bara (2.4%) and Saptari (2.0%). Majority (70.9%) of persons affected by VL were aged 15 years and above, followed by 10-14 years (13.9%), 5-9 years (11.9%) and 1-4 years (3.3%). VL cases recorded from different district of Nepal for the year 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 are recorded. CFR for the year 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 were 3.2%, 3.7%, 16.67% and 11.42% respectively. Conclusions: There should be regular surveillance research work to be carried out in endemic area. Mass public health education, to make the people aware about preventive aspects of the disease is important. The possibility of the existence of animal reservoirs as zoonotic disease should also be considered. This disease is very much serious in children below 15 years of age both in male and female, therefore it is essential to have paediatrician post at least in all VL six endemic districts. Key words: Epidemiology, Leishmaniasis, Kala-azar, Sandfly   doi: 10.3126/jnps.v29i2.2041 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol 29, No. 2, pp.67-73

scholarly journals Seroepidemiology of Leishmania infantum in dogs in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 4077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Caetano Teixeira ◽  
Neusa Saltiel Stobbe ◽  
Verônica Schmidt ◽  
Valéria Marçal Felix de Lima ◽  
Ana Luisa Tartarotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
The State ◽  
Canine Leishmaniasis ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
The City

Leishmaniosis are zoonoses that present several clinical manifestations in humans and have dogs as their main reservoir in the urban environment. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe form of the parasitosis and has been increasing in Brazil, despite the actions of public health agencies. Until 2002, the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) was considered free of human and canine leishmaniasis. The first human case of cutaneous leishmaniasis in RS was recorded in 2003. In 2009, the first autochthonous cases of human VL and canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) were confirmed in São Borja, RS, and the occurrence of the insect vector was recorded for the first time in the state. In 2010, the first confirmed case of CVL was reported and seropositive dogs were identified in the city of Porto Alegre, RS. Given the importance of this zoonosis and the difficulties of a reliable diagnosis in dogs, this study aimed to identify epidemiological aspects of CVL in dogs in an area of Porto Alegre where cases of the disease have been reported. A total of 300 blood samples were collected from dogs in this area, which were then tested by the methods of RT-DPP® and ELISA for diagnosis of Leishmania infantum. An epidemiological questionnaire was completed by dog owners, containing aspects related to care of the animals, characteristics of their environment, and their living conditions. We observed that 83% (250/300) of the studied dogs were of mixed breed, 58% (175/300) were female, 78% (238/300) slept outdoors, and 61% (183/300) shared their living quarters with other species. Clinically, we observed that 90% (270/300) of the animals were infested by ectoparasites, 70% (210/300) had dermatopathies, 24% (72/300) presented weight loss and anorexia, and 22% (65/300) had ocular disorders. The results of the two serological tests were 100% concordant for the three seropositive samples (1%), and the remaining 297 (99%) were negative for both tests. We conclude that despite the low prevalence of L. infantum seropositive dogs, conditions in the region are favorable for CVL transmission, creating a risk of VL for the human population in the city of Porto Alegre.

scholarly journals Influence of climatic variables on the epidemiological situation of dengue in the Ceará- Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e181101220313
Author(s):  
Selene Maia de Morais ◽  
Silvana Silveira de Farias
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The State ◽  
Climatic Variables ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Pearson’S Correlation ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Pearson's Correlation ◽  
Average Relative Humidity ◽  
The City

Dengue is a worldwide public health problem; studies show a correlation between dengue and climatic variables. Thus, this research aimed to investigate the correlation of the number of cases of patients with primary dengue symptoms (NCPPDS) with the compensated average temperature (TCA), average precipitation (PA) and compensated average relative humidity (RHCA) for the state of Ceará (2013-2018), in addition to identifying the municipalities most affected by the disease. For this analysis, institutional databases were collected and the data were compiled and processed through Statistical Package for the Social Science software. The association between climatic variables and NCPPDS was made using Pearson's correlation. It was noted that the city of Fortaleza was the municipality most affected by the disease, followed by its metropolitan region. Pearson's correlation was significant and inversely proportional between the NCPPDS and TCA in the years studied. In the NCPPDS analysis and PA, a directly proportional significant correlation was observed in the years 2013, 2017 and 2018. Regarding RHCA during the years 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2018, a directly proportional significant correlation to dengue cases was also observed. These results showed that precipitation and humidity directly influenced the number of dengue cases in the state of Ceará, and in accordance with studies in other Brazilian regions, these findings represent a general picture for dengue spreading.

scholarly journals Penanggulangan Gelandangan Pada Jabatan Kebajikan Negeri Kedah Malaysia Melalui Layanan Konseling Islam

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Nurul Husna Binti Abd Malek ◽  
M. Fahli Zatrahadi
Keyword(s):  
Homeless People ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Problem Formulation ◽  
Research Field ◽  
The State ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City

This research is based on the assumption that the rise of homeless and beggars in the City of Alor Setar. This condition has caused disrupt the beauty and comfort of the city as a result of cancer suffered by the city and the State. For this reason, the government through the Kedah Community Virtue Position has built a transit house as a temporary stopover place for which they are then given guidance on Islamic counseling. Based on the facts above, this study answers the problem formulation, namely how to guide Islamic counseling in tackling homelessness in the City of Alor Setar by the Office of Benevolent Society of the State of Kedah, Malaysia. To answer these questions, this study uses descriptive qualitative methods.This study aims to describe the techniques of Islamic Counseling Guidance conducted by Counselor officers in counseling activities carried out by counselors from the Department of Public Virtue to the homeless in the City of Alor Setar. This research is a qualitative research, namely a type of field research field research, the nature of descriptive research, this study uses interview, observation, and documentation data collection techniques. Interviews were conducted with counselors and midfielders who had participated in Islamic counseling activities in the City of Alor Setar Negeri Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia. Observation was carried out Islamic counseling guidance techniques used and the process of Islamic counseling in the Office of Benevolence of the Community of Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia. Photo documentation of Islamic counseling activities. The data source of this research is primary data and secondary data. Qualitative data analysis with deductive deduction method. From the results of this study the Islamic counseling process in the public virtue  position using three homeless people can follow the stages of counseling well so that the homeless can be firm in his faith, especially mental and mental health, can control themselves and understand what is ordered and forbidden by Allah SWT so that when the homeless people have come out to the outside community they no longer feel inferior and can also adjust to society.

scholarly journals Relations between Depression, Alcohol and Gender in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 2425-2434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana de Almeida Prado ◽  
Florence Kerr-Corrêa ◽  
Maria Cristina Pereira Lima ◽  
Giovanni Gurgel Aciole da Silva ◽  
Jair Lício Ferreira Santos
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
Urban Sample ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The City ◽  
Alcohol Related Problems

As part of the GENACIS project, this paper sought to assess the prevalence of depression in an urban sample in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, as well as the association between depression and alcohol abuse according to gender. To achieve this, an epidemiological survey was conducted using a stratified probability sample, including 2,083 adults. CIDI SF was used to identify depression. The Rao Scott test and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. The response rate was 74.9%. Females (58.3%) under 40 years of age (52%) were predominant. The prevalence of depression was 28.3% for women and 12.7% for men. Most men declared being drinkers (61.1%) in the last year. Depression was associated with an alcohol drinking pattern, mostly binge drinking, in addition to the occurrence of problems derived from alcohol use. Most women declared being abstainers (69.5%). Depression was associated with cohabiting with spouses with alcohol-related problems. Results reveal that the association between depression and alcohol consumption is distinct between genders.

scholarly journals Zoneamento Ambiental como Instrumento de Suporte e Planejamento de Uso e Ocupação do Solo do Município de Aquiraz/CE (Environmental Zoning of Support as a Tool for Planning and Land Use and Occupation of the City of Aquiraz/CE)

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 738
Author(s):  
José Lidemberg de Sousa Lopes ◽  
Luiz Antonio Cestaro ◽  
Fátima Maria Soares Kelting
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
The City

A Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza (RMF) é composta por quinze municípios, destacando-se entre eles Aquiraz. O município possui uma excelente estância balneária e grande importância devido a seus aspectos socioculturais e históricos. Foi uma das primeiras vilas e primeira capital do Ceará, sendo fundada em 1699 e sede administrativa da capitania do Siará-Grande até o ano de 1726. O crescimento urbano local, que vem ocorrendo de forma desordenada nas últimas décadas, em função, da inserção da indústria do turismo ao longo do litoral cearense, é incompatível com a baixa capacidade de suporte do meio natural, configurando-se insustentável e degradante do meio ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o planejamento adequado do uso e ocupação do solo, de Aquiraz, e isso inferiu no zoneamento ambiental da área, baseado na gerência dos interesses e das necessidades sociais e econômicas em consonância com a preservação do meio ambiente e as características naturais do município. A pesquisa utilizou-se para atingir o objetivo pretendido, a utilização de imagem de satélites LANDSAT e SPOT (2002) e fotografias aéreas de escala de 1:8000, além de dados secundários, obtidos em órgãos públicos, bibliografia e dados primários, obtidos junto à população local e visita de campo.Palavras-chaves: Zoneamento Ambiental, Uso e Ocupação do Solo, Unidades Ambientais, Município de Aquiraz, Estado do Ceará.  Environmental Zoning of Support as a Tool for Planning and Land Use and Occupation of the City of Aquiraz/Ce  ABSTRACTThe Metropolitan Region from Fortaleza is composed by fifteen municipalities; among others we can emphasize Aquiraz. It has an excellent watering place and it’s very important due to sociocultural aspects and historics. It was one of the first villages and the first capital of Ceará, being founded in 1699 and the administrative seat of the captaincy of Siará-Grande until 1726. The local urban growth which is occurring in a disorderly few decades later because tourism industry starts to developing throughout cearense coast, its incompatible high with the low capacity from environment, becoming unsustainable and degrading. The objectives of this work was adequate planning for use and occupy Aquiraz soil, and inferred that the environmental zoning area, based on interests economics and social needs therefore to preserve the environment and natural details from this municipality. The survey was used to achieve the desired goal, was used the satellite images from LANDSAT and SPOT (2002) and Aerial photographs of scale 1:8000, beside secondary data obtained from public agencies, bibliographic and primary data obtained with the local population and field visits. Keywords: Environmental Zoning. Use and Occupation from the Soil. Environmental Units. Aquiraz Municipality. Ceará State.

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