EXPANSION OF VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS IN THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL: REPORT OF THE FIRST AUTOCHTHONOUS CASE IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF VOLTA REDONDA AND THE DIFFICULTY OF DIAGNOSIS

Visceral Leishmaniasis has been showing remarkable epidemiological changes in recent decades, with marked expansion and an emergence of cases in urban areas of the North, Southeast and Midwest regions of Brazil. The Kala-azar cases reported here, despite being very characteristic, presented a great difficulty of diagnosis, because the disease is not endemic in Volta Redonda. The child underwent two hospitalizations in different hospitals, but got the correct diagnosis only after 11 months of symptom onset. In this report we discuss the main differential diagnoses and call attention to the suspected symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis in patients with prolonged fever, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia, even in areas not traditionally endemic for the disease.

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Factors associated with human visceral leishmaniasis cases during urban epidemics in Brazil: a systematic review

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182021000019 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Cleya da Silva Santana Cruz ◽

David Soeiro Barbosa ◽

Vinícius Cunha Oliveira ◽

Diogo Tavares Cardoso ◽

Nathália Sernizon Guimarães ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Grey Literature ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Individual Level ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The North ◽

Unified Health System

Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic in 70 countries and has been reported in 12 countries of Latin America, with over 90% of the cases reported in Brazil, where epidemics have occurred since 1980. The objective of this review is to describe the factors associated with the occurrence of VL epidemics in humans in urban areas. A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA-P guidelines. The databases PubMed (by Medline), Cochrane Library, Embase, Amed, LILACS and grey literature [Google Scholar and handsearch of the database of the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) of Brazil's Unified Health System] were used. The protocol was registered under PROSPERO (CRD42019128998). Climatic, environmental factors and indicators of urban social structure were described as influencing the outbreaks in the North and Northeast regions. Gender and age characteristics were related to a greater chance of developing VL in the Central-West, Northeast and Southeast regions. Vector indicators showed a positive correlation with the incidence of VL in studies in the Northeast region. In the Southeast and Northeast regions, studies revealed the presence of dogs with positive correlation with VL. Knowledge gaps remain regarding the contribution to the increase in the risk factors described in ecological approaches, as no analysis was performed at the individual level, and it is still necessary to discuss the influence of other associated elements in epidemic episodes in the spread of VL.

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Epidemiological aspects of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil and in international border regions

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v10i12.20684 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. e549101220684

Author(s):

Lara Camila de Oliveira ◽

Neide Martins Moreira

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

The State ◽

Clinical Aspects ◽

Twin Cities ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Twin City ◽

International Border ◽

Mato Grosso Do Sul

Objectives: To verify the number of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases in Brazil and its states and twin cities, with a focus on the state and twin city with the highest number of cases. We investigated social, demographic, laboratory and clinical aspects of these cases. Methodological design: We performed a descriptive study using a quantitative approach and data from 2010 to 2019 that were obtained through a public domain website, the Informatics Department of the Unified Health System. The incidence rate of VL cases was calculated per 100,000 inhabitants. software. Results: In Brazil, 35,886 VL cases were reported, with 2,834 cases in international border states and 148 cases in twin cities. The state and twin city with the highest number of cases were Mato Grosso do Sul (1,834 cases) and Corumbá (94 cases), respectively, with annual mean incidence rates of 6.4 and 8.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. In Mato Grosso do Sul and Corumbá, the disease was more frequent in male and brown-skinned individuals who had up to 8 years of education (age range: 1 to > 80 years old). Most of the cases occurred in urban areas, was diagnosed by laboratory tests and evolved to cure (p < 0.05). Conclusions: A high number of VL cases in Brazil was found during the period of study. The cases were distributed in 10 states with international borders and eight twin cities. These findings draw attention to the greater need for management programs to control and prevent VL.

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IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DÉFENSE PUBLIC POLICY DEFEND THE STATE IN INDONESIAN UNIVERSITIES

10.31219/osf.io/x65k3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yusriadi Yusriadi

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Public Policy ◽

Policy Implementation ◽

Urban Areas ◽

The State ◽

Suicide Bombing ◽

The North ◽

The People ◽

Edward Iii ◽

Public Policy Implementation

Indonesia in May 2018 was again shocked by the act of terrorism in the form of an explosion that occurred in urban areas on three Surabaya churches carried out by one family, the next action was an explosion in the North Surabaya Police Resort City with a suicide bombing involving one family as well. This fact is an indicator that the nation must re-evaluate the country's defence, which is carried out by the people. The perpetrators have been living with the community all this time but have escaped our mutual attention. Terrorism and radicalism cases also continue to thrive among universities, both state and private, especially those in urban areas. Therefore, it is necessary to re-examine how the implementation of state defence which has been carried out in higher education. In this study the method used is descriptive phenomenological quality and the theory used is the theory of public policy implementation George Edward III. The results of the study show that communication between stake holders is still running independently and has not been integrated and coordinated optimally, the resources used are still carried out individually which results in ineffective and inefficient, disposition (authority) regarding state defence still has its own perceptions between agencies, the bureaucratic structure also has not shown the achievement of effective and efficient goals.

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Forty years of visceral leishmaniasis in the State of Piaui: a review

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46652011000100002 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 3-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Karina Oliveira Drumond ◽

Francisco Assis Lima Costa

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Population Growth ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Human Population ◽

The State ◽

Land Occupation ◽

High Incidence ◽

And Migration ◽

Major Factors ◽

Over Time

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been known to occur in the state of Piauí since 1934. The typically rural disease began to appear in urban areas over time, being concentrated mainly in Teresina, the capital of Piauí. Teresina was also affected by the first urban epidemic of VL in Brazil. Over 1,000 cases of the disease were reported during urbanization (1981-1986). Human population growth and migration led to land occupation on the outskirts of Teresina. These factors have contributed to vector proliferation, increasing the incidence of VL. At present, the incidence of human and canine disease is quite high and uncontrolled in Piauí. It seems that some measures, such as the elimination of seropositive dogs, failed to significantly reduce the number of new VL cases in Teresina. Despite previously conducted studies, little is known about VL epidemiology in urban areas. The aim of this review is to reveal the situation of VL in Teresina during the last 40 years, focusing on the major factors that may contribute to the high incidence and persistence of VL infection.

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Epidemiological aspects of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in Ceará in the period 2007 to 2011

Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia ◽

10.1590/1809-4503201400040010 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 911-924 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ítalo José Mesquita Cavalcante ◽

Marcus Raimundo Vale

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Epidemiological Survey ◽

The State ◽

Metropolitan Region ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Urbanization Process ◽

Kala Azar ◽

The City

INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL; kala-azar) is a serious zoonosis that can be lethal, especially in untreated patients. Due to the fact that the State of Ceará is still an important area of transmission of VL, and based on the constant reports of the urbanization process of the disease in the country, it was necessary to monitor the occurrence of cases of leishmaniasis through epidemiological surveillance. OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiology of leishmaniasis cases in Ceará, Brazil. METHODS: We conducted an epidemiological survey of secondary data provided by SINAN/MS from January 2007 to December 2011. RESULTS: VL is an endemic disease in the State of Ceará, with cases notified in approximately 88% of the municipalities, with an average of 596.8 ± 29.6 cases, an incidence of 6.1 cases/100,000 inhabitants and prevalence of 7.1 cases/100,000 inhabitants. The Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza is the microregion with the largest number of cases reported in state (51.9% of cases), with the capital, Fortaleza, being the municipality with the highest number of cases in the country. Traditionally, the main age group affected by the disease are children; however, a reversal has been observed in the profile from 2008, when the population of adult patients exceeded the pediatric population. CONCLUSION: Ceará is still an endemic area for VL, and the city of Fortaleza reported the highest number of cases in the country. In the State, a change in the profile of patients with the disease has been observed, now affecting primarily adults.

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A trend prevalence of visceral Leishmaniasis in West Armachiho District, Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia

Tropical Diseases Travel Medicine and Vaccines ◽

10.1186/s40794-020-00125-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Addisu Gize ◽

Addisu Workineh ◽

Taddesse Hailu

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Protozoan Parasite ◽

Antibody Test ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Obligate Intracellular ◽

The North ◽

Kala Azar ◽

Early Case ◽

Early Case Detection ◽

Intracellular Protozoan Parasite

Abstract Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that affects animals and humans. An estimated 3.2 million people are at risk of VL, and 3700–7400 cases occur annually in Ethiopia. The highest numbers of VL cases have been previously reported from the North Western parts of the country, especially in West Armachiho District. The aim of this study was to determine the trend prevalence of VL at the study area. Methods Health center based retrospective data were collected to determine the trend prevalence of VL among patients who had blood examination from January 2010 to August 2015. The blood samples were collected by finger pricking and the infections were confirmed by using rK39 antibody test. Result Of the 9299 VL suspected cases, 1948 (21%) were positive for rK39 antibody test. Of these, 1757 (90.2%) were primary kala-azar cases, 167 (8.6%) were relapse and the remaining 24 (1.2%) were post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis cases. Conclusions The prevalence of VL is still high in the study area. Therefore, early case detection, diagnosis, treatment, and timely analysis are essential.

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Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) and malaria coinfection in an immigrant in the state of Terengganu, Malaysia: A case report

Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection ◽

10.1016/j.jmii.2011.01.014 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 72-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ahmad Kashfi Ab Rahman ◽

Fatimah Haslina Abdullah

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

The State ◽

Kala Azar

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Ras al Khaimah: further archaeological discoveries

Antiquity ◽

10.1017/s0003598x00150070 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 50 (200) ◽

pp. 216-222

Author(s):

Beatrice De Cardi

Keyword(s):

United Arab Emirates ◽

The State ◽

Focused Attention ◽

North East ◽

The North ◽

History Of ◽

The City

Ras a1 Khaimah is the most northerly of the seven states comprising the United Arab Emirates and its Ruler, H. H. Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammad al-Qasimi, is keenly interested in the history of the state and its people. Survey carried out there jointly with Dr D. B. Doe in 1968 had focused attention on the site of JuIfar which lies just north of the present town of Ras a1 Khaimah (de Cardi, 1971, 230-2). Julfar was in existence in Abbasid times and its importance as an entrep6t during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries-the Portuguese Period-is reflected by the quantity and variety of imported wares to be found among the ruins of the city. Most of the sites discovered during the survey dated from that period but a group of cairns near Ghalilah and some long gabled graves in the Shimal area to the north-east of the date-groves behind Ras a1 Khaimah (map, FIG. I) clearly represented a more distant past.

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A Synopsis of Dicliptera (Acanthaceae) in Brazil, with the Description of Two New Species

Systematic Botany ◽

10.1600/036364420x15862837791186 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 340-348

Author(s):

James Lucas da Costa-Lima ◽

Earl Celestino de Oliveira Chagas

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

South America ◽

The State ◽

Northeastern Brazil ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

The North ◽

New Synonyms ◽

Two New Species ◽

Mato Grosso Do Sul ◽

A New Species

Abstract—A synopsis of Dicliptera (Acanthaceae) for Brazil is presented. Six species are recognized: Dicliptera ciliaris, D. sexangularis, and D. squarrosa, widely distributed in South America; D. purpurascens, which ranges from the North Region of Brazil (in the state of Acre) to eastern Bolivia; D. gracilirama, a new species from the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil; and D. granchaquenha, a new species recorded in dry and semideciduous forests in Bolivia and western Brazil, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Furthermore, we propose new synonyms and designate lectotypes for eleven names. An identification key to the six accepted Dicliptera species in Brazil is provided.

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