scholarly journals Heterogeneity of math difficulties and its implications for interventions in multiplication skills

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariuche Rodrigues de Almeida Gomides ◽  
Gizele Alves Martins ◽  
Isabela Starling Alves ◽  
Annelise Júlio-Costa ◽  
Antônio Jaeger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Simple Calculation ◽  
Number System ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Training Interventions ◽  
Multiplication Facts ◽  
Lower Accuracy ◽  
Math Difficulties

Abstract Math learning disability (MLD) is a heterogeneous condition characterized by severe and persistent difficulties in learning math, including difficulties in learning multiplication facts. Objective: In this article, we compared the responses of two MLD children to multiplication facts training. Methods: One of the children was a 9 year-old girl (HV) who presented mild math difficulties associated with lower accuracy of the Approximate Number System (ANS). The other was an 11 year-old boy (GA) who presented severe math difficulties related to impaired phonological processing due to developmental dyslexia. Both children underwent an intervention for multiplication, comprising conceptual instructions and retrieval practice of the times table. Results: HV’s accuracy and response speed improved consistently on both training tasks, while GA’s accuracy improved on the Simple Calculation Task only. Error analyses indicated that, after training, HV produced fewer errors of the type “close miss”, and GA produced less omission but more operand errors. Conclusion: We argue that these differences between their responses to the training tasks were caused by differences in the mechanisms underlying their math difficulties. These results support the notion that individual specificities regarding math disabilities should be taken into account during preparation of training interventions.

Playing With BEARS: Balancing Effort, Accuracy, and Response Speed in a Semantic Feature Verification Anomia Treatment Game

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
William S. Evans ◽  
Robert Cavanaugh ◽  
Yina Quique ◽  
Emily Boss ◽  
Jeffrey J. Starns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Semantic Feature ◽  
System Calibration ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Practice Efficiency ◽  
Speed Accuracy

Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop and pilot a novel treatment framework called BEARS (Balancing Effort, Accuracy, and Response Speed). People with aphasia (PWA) have been shown to maladaptively balance speed and accuracy during language tasks. BEARS is designed to train PWA to balance speed–accuracy trade-offs and improve system calibration (i.e., to adaptively match system use with its current capability), which was hypothesized to improve treatment outcomes by maximizing retrieval practice and minimizing error learning. In this study, BEARS was applied in the context of a semantically oriented anomia treatment based on semantic feature verification (SFV). Method Nine PWA received 25 hr of treatment in a multiple-baseline single-case series design. BEARS + SFV combined computer-based SFV with clinician-provided BEARS metacognitive training. Naming probe accuracy, efficiency, and proportion of “pass” responses on inaccurate trials were analyzed using Bayesian generalized linear mixed-effects models. Generalization to discourse and correlations between practice efficiency and treatment outcomes were also assessed. Results Participants improved on naming probe accuracy and efficiency of treated and untreated items, although untreated item gains could not be distinguished from the effects of repeated exposure. There were no improvements on discourse performance, but participants demonstrated improved system calibration based on their performance on inaccurate treatment trials, with an increasing proportion of “pass” responses compared to paraphasia or timeout nonresponses. In addition, levels of practice efficiency during treatment were positively correlated with treatment outcomes, suggesting that improved practice efficiency promoted greater treatment generalization and improved naming efficiency. Conclusions BEARS is a promising, theoretically motivated treatment framework for addressing the interplay between effort, accuracy, and processing speed in aphasia. This study establishes the feasibility of BEARS + SFV and provides preliminary evidence for its efficacy. This study highlights the importance of considering processing efficiency in anomia treatment, in addition to performance accuracy. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14935812

Numerical skills and aphasia

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARGARETE DELAZER ◽  
LUISA GIRELLI ◽  
CARLO SEMENZA ◽  
GIANFRANCO DENES
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Simple Calculation ◽  
Verbal Processing ◽  
Language Deficit ◽  
Multiplication Facts ◽  
Quantitative Level ◽  
Language Problems ◽  
Calculation Procedures

The aim of this study was to investigate numerical difficulties in 50 patients with left hemispheric lesions. Aphasic patients were grouped according to their type of aphasia diagnosed by the Aachener Aphasia Test. The overall error rate in various transcoding and calculation tasks was clearly correlated with the severity of the language deficit, global aphasics being the most impaired patients. Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics scored similarly at the quantitative level, and amnesic aphasics were less impaired. Interestingly, qualitative analysis of the errors indicated that each group presented with specific difficulties, partially reflecting the nature of the language problems. In simple calculation, multiplication was found to be the most impaired operation, in particular in Broca's aphasics. This result supports the hypothesis that the retrieval of multiplication facts is preferentially mediated by verbal processing. Calculation procedures were mainly impaired in Wernicke's and global aphasics. (JINS, 1999, 5, 213–221.)

A REVIEW OF LABORATORY STUDIES OF ADULT SECOND LANGUAGE VOCABULARY TRAINING

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-470
Author(s):  
Caitlin A. Rice ◽  
Natasha Tokowicz
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Adult Learners ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Spaced Repetition ◽  
L2 Vocabulary

AbstractThis review examines and integrates studies of second language (L2) vocabulary instruction with adult learners in a laboratory setting, using a framework provided by a modified version of the Revised Hierarchical Model (Kroll & Stewart, 1994), the Revised Hierarchical Model-Repetition Elaboration Retrieval. By examining how various training methods promote or fail to promote the development of high-quality orthographic, phonological, and meaning representations, and strong connections between these representations, we reconceptualize the current body of knowledge, and highlight gaps in the existing literature. We review evidence that training methods that only promote L1 to L2 form connections (e.g., massed repetition) are generally ineffective, but can become highly effective when paired with methods that also strengthen L2 form-meaning connections (e.g., spaced repetition training with retrieval practice or semantic elaboration requiring user-generated responses). We discuss the implications of these findings for researchers and educators interested in improving L2 vocabulary learning outcomes.

scholarly journals The Training of Short Distance Sprint Performance in Football Code Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Nicholson ◽  
Alex Dinsdale ◽  
Ben Jones ◽  
Kevin Till
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Training Effects ◽  
Primary Methods ◽  
Moderator Variables ◽  
Training Interventions ◽  
Performance Development

Abstract Background Short-sprint (≤ 20 m) performance is an important quality for success in the football codes. Therefore, developing an evidence base for understanding training methods to enhance short-sprint performance is key for practitioners. However, current systematic reviews are limited by (1) a lack of focus on football code athletes, (2) a lack of consideration of all training modalities and (3) a failure to account for the normal training practices undertaken by intervention groups within their analysis. Therefore, this review aimed to (1) conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature evaluating training interventions upon short-sprint performance within football code athletes, (2) undertake a meta-analysis to assess the magnitude of change of sport-sprint performance following training interventions and (3) identify how moderator variables affect the training response. Methods A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to establish standardised mean difference with 95% confidence intervals. This identified the magnitude and direction of the individual training effects of intervention subgroups (primary, secondary, combined-specific, tertiary and combined training methods) on short-sprint performance while considering moderator variables (i.e., football code, sex, age, playing standard, phase of season). Results 121 studies met the inclusion criteria, totalling 3419 athletes. Significant improvements (small-large) were found between pre- and post-training in short-sprint performance for the combined, secondary, tertiary and combined-specific training methods. No significant effect was found for primary or sport only training. No individual mode was found to be the most effective. Between-subgroup analysis identified that football code, age, playing standard and phase of season all moderated the overall magnitude of training effects. Conclusions This review provides the largest systematic review and meta-analysis of short-sprint performance development methods and the only one to assess football code athletes exclusively. Practitioners can apply combined, secondary and tertiary training methods to improve short-sprint performance within football code athletes. The application of sport only and primary methods does not appear to improve short-sprint performance. Regardless of the population characteristics, short-sprint performance can be enhanced by increasing either or both the magnitude and the orientation of force an athlete can generate in the sprinting action. Trial Registration OSF registration https://osf.io/kshqn/.

The Interaction Between Vocabulary Size and Phonotactic Probability Effects on Children's Production Accuracy and Fluency in Nonword Repetition

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 421-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Edwards ◽  
Mary E. Beckman ◽  
Benjamin Munson
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Processing ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Phonological Acquisition ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Phonotactic Probability ◽  
Lower Accuracy ◽  
Frequency Sequence ◽  
Production Accuracy

Adults' performance on a variety of tasks suggests that phonological processing of nonwords is grounded in generalizations about sublexical patterns over all known words. A small body of research suggests that children's phonological acquisition is similarly based on generalizations over the lexicon. To test this account, production accuracy and fluency were examined in nonword repetitions by 104 children and 22 adults. Stimuli were 22 pairs of nonwords, in which one nonword contained a low-frequency or unattested two-phoneme sequence and the other contained a high-frequency sequence. For a subset of these nonword pairs, segment durations were measured. The same sound was produced with a longer duration (less fluently) when it appeared in a low-frequency sequence, as compared to a high-frequency sequence. Low-frequency sequences were also repeated with lower accuracy than high-frequency sequences. Moreover, children with smaller vocabularies showed a larger influence of frequency on accuracy than children with larger vocabularies. Taken together, these results provide support for a model of phonological acquisition in which knowledge of sublexical units emerges from generalizations made over lexical items.

scholarly journals The Role and Development of Sprinting Speed in Soccer

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 432-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Haugen ◽  
Espen Tønnessen ◽  
Jonny Hisdal ◽  
Stephen Seiler
Keyword(s):  
Research Literature ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Sprint Training ◽  
Training Interventions ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Progression Model ◽  
Time Motion ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Sprinting Speed ◽  
Efficiency Effects

The overall objective of this review was to investigate the role and development of sprinting speed in soccer. Time–motion analyses show that short sprints occur frequently during soccer games. Straight sprinting is the most frequent action before goals, both for the scoring and assisting player. Straight-line sprinting velocity (both acceleration and maximal sprinting speed), certain agility skills, and repeated-sprint ability are shown to distinguish groups from different performance levels. Professional players have become faster over time, indicating that sprinting skills are becoming more and more important in modern soccer. In research literature, the majority of soccer-related training interventions have provided positive effects on sprinting capabilities, leading to the assumption that all kinds of training can be performed with success. However, most successful intervention studies are time consuming and challenging to incorporate into the overall soccer training program. Even though the principle of specificity is clearly present, several questions remain regarding the optimal training methods within the larger context of the team-sport setting. Considering time-efficiency effects, soccer players may benefit more by performing sprint-training regimens similar to the progression model used in strength training and by world-leading athletics practitioners, compared with the majority of guidelines that traditionally have been presented in research literature.

Assessment and Monitoring of Ballistic and Maximal Upper-Body Strength Qualities in Athletes

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieran P. Young ◽  
G. Gregory Haff ◽  
Robert U. Newton ◽  
Tim J. Gabbett ◽  
Jeremy M. Sheppard
Keyword(s):  
Bench Press ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Dynamic Strength ◽  
Peak Force ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Specific Training ◽  
Training Interventions ◽  
Moderate Load ◽  
Induced Changes

Purpose:To evaluate whether the dynamic strength index (DSI: ballistic peak force/isometric peak force) could be effectively used to guide specific training interventions and detect training-induced changes in maximal and ballistic strength.Methods:Twenty-four elite male athletes were assessed in the isometric bench press and a 45% 1-repetition-maximum (1RM) ballistic bench throw using a force plate and linear position transducer. The DSI was calculated using the peak force values obtained during the ballistic bench throw and isometric bench press. Athletes were then allocated into 2 groups as matched pairs based on their DSI and strength in the 1RM bench press. Over the 5 wk of training, athletes performed either high-load (80–100% 1RM) bench press or moderate-load (40–55% 1RM) ballistic bench throws.Results:The DSI was sensitive to disparate training methods, with the bench-press group increasing isometric bench-press peak force (P = .035, 91% likely), and the ballistic-bench-throw group increasing bench-throw peak force to a greater extent (P ≤ .001, 83% likely). A significant increase (P ≤ .001, 93% likely) in the DSI was observed for both groups.Conclusions:The DSI can be used to guide specific training interventions and can detect training-induced changes in isometric bench-press and ballistic bench-throw peak force over periods as short as 5 wk.

A Review of the In-service Training of Nurses in Behaviour Therapy

1985 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Milne
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Methods Course ◽  
Institutional Constraints ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Nurse Training ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Course Content ◽  
Training Interventions ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Service Training

This article presents an examination of 17 empirical studies of the in-service training of psychiatric and mental handicap nurses in behaviour therapy. Particular attention is given to subject characteristics, training methods, course content and evaluation. It is concluded that the integrity of both independent and dependent variables in this literature is suspect, and that it may therefore be premature to consider abandoning nurse training as a vehicle of institutional change. In contrast, what is needed are more systematic investigations, especially those which relate training interventions to institutional constraints, since both variables appear to be necessary conditions for successful innovations in patient care.

scholarly journals Curricula and methods for physician compassion training: protocol for a systematic review

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. e024320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sundip Patel ◽  
Alexis Pelletier-Bui ◽  
Stephanie Smith ◽  
Michael B Roberts ◽  
Hope J Kilgannon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Individual Patient Level ◽  
Training Interventions ◽  
Ethical Approval

IntroductionCompassionate patient care has been associated with improved clinical outcomes for patients. However, current evidence suggests that healthcare is experiencing a compassion crisis, with physicians frequently overlooking opportunities to treat patients with compassion. Although there is evidence that compassionate care can be enhanced through training interventions, it is currently unclear what specific skills and behaviours ought to be taught and how best to transfer this information to the learner. The objectives of this systematic review are to collate the world’s literature on compassion training to determine (1) the specific skills and behaviours that should be taught (curriculum), and (2) the methods of training that are most effective at improving compassionate patient care.Methods and analysisWe will perform a qualitative systematic review of studies aimed at improving compassionate patient care among physicians and physicians in training. We will comprehensively search CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL. Additional recommended techniques for systematic reviews of complex evidence will be performed including pursuing selected ‘references of references’, electronic citation tracking and consulting experts in the field. Two investigators will independently review all search results. After identification and inclusion of papers, we will use a standardised form for data extraction. We will use tables to describe the study populations, interventions tested (including specific skill/behaviours taught and training methods used), outcome measures and effects of interventions on outcome measures compared with control groups. Where appropriate, meta-analysis will be used for quantitative analysis of the data.Ethics and disseminationThe proposed systematic review does not require ethical approval since no individual patient-level data will be collected. Results of this study will contribute to the understanding of compassion training and help inform the development of compassion training curricula.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018095040.

scholarly journals Effects of Small-Sided Games vs. Running-Based High-Intensity Interval Training on Physical Performance in Soccer Players: A Meta-Analytical Comparison

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo ◽  
José Afonso ◽  
Hugo Sarmento
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Analytical Comparison ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Training Interventions ◽  
High Intensity Interval

Objectives: This systematic review with meta-analysis (SRMA) was conducted to compare the effects of SSG-based interventions vs. running-based HIIT interventions on soccer players' sprinting time (ST), vertical height jump (VJH), and change of direction time (CODt).Data Sources: The data sources utilized were Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and PubMed.Results: An electronic search yielded 650 articles, six of which were included in the present study. Between-group analysis found a significant favoring effect of HIIT-based over SSG-based training interventions for the improvement of linear sprinting time (ES = 0.42; p = 0.012). A within-group analysis revealed a significant favoring effect of HIIT-based training interventions for improving linear sprinting time (ES = 0.42; p = 0.008) and CODt (ES = 1.04; p = 0.005) despite a non-significant effect on VJH (ES = 0.47; p = 0.22).Conclusions: The meta-analytical comparison revealed favoring the effect of running-based HIIT over SSG-based interventions in sprinting performance, although no significant differences were observed for jumping and CODt performance. The findings suggest that SSG-based programs should be supplemented by other training methods that benefit determinant capacities in soccer players.

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