scholarly journals Gross morphology of the brain of Pseudopimelodus bufonius (Valenciennes, 1840) (Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitor Pimenta Abrahão ◽  
Oscar Akio Shibatta
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Tectum Opticum ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
The Brain

The gross morphology of the brain of the pseudopimelodid Pseudopimelodus bufonius is described and compared with congeners. Observations were made on removed brains after elimination of bones from the top of the skull and severing of the cranial nerves and the spinal cord. Nine morphometric characters associated with the major subdivisions of the brain were identified, seven of which revealed significant differences among the species examined. The corpus cerebelli in all examined species of the genus is the largest structure of the brain. The behavior of the species of Pseudopimelodus is still unknown, but in other teleosts that condition is typically correlated with a higher degree of motor coordination. Relative size proportions of the tectum opticum, eminentia granularis, lobus facialis and lobus vagi, might be related to carnivory and an enhanced capacity for food selection.

Facial Ganglia - Anatomy, Symptomatology of Lesions and Biological Relevance

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Ilya Lebedev ◽  
Alexander Bragin ◽  
Yulia Boldyreva ◽  
Artem Borsukov ◽  
Alexander Tersenov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Facial Pain ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

The article summarizes information about the head ganglia (the sympathetic ganglia and in the sensory cranial nerves). Gives а brief historical background on the history issue and relevance of the topic. Characterized by each node with its topography and lesion clinic. The described process of treatment, and prospects for new therapies. Raised the issue of the significance of the defeat ganglia, namely, the suffering of the sick and forced treatment costs (due to the complex differential diagnosis). In a biological sense, pain first appears in chordates and during evolution, as well as transformations of the brain and spinal cord, it acquires new types, localization and significance for the performance of a living organism. And facial pain, being a nosology with a multidisciplinary approach in diagnosis and treatment, demonstrates both its complexity and importance in human life.

Unknown fatal encephalomyelopolyradiculoneuritis in a child. A case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-106
Author(s):  
Aleksandra I. Pavlyuchkova ◽  
Aleksey S. Kotov
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Active Therapy ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Child Patient ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

In childhood, various infectious, autoimmune, genetic diseases can manifest. We present a case of fatal encephalomyelopolyradiculoneuritis of unknown etiology in a 9-year-old child. Patient N.K. in February 2019, noted an increase in temperature to subfebrile values, received symptomatic and antibiotic therapy without effect. An increase in protein and lymphocytes was found in the cerebrospinal fluid. According to MRI data, the emergence of more and more foci of the pathological signal in the brain and spinal cord, cranial nerves and nerve roots of the lumbar plexus was noted. Known infectious and autoimmune diseases were excluded. Despite active therapy with glucocorticoids, antibiotics, antiviral drugs, immunoglobulin, the disease continued to progress, and the patient died in April 2020.

Low grade b-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) involving the central nervous system (CNS): An analysis from the National Cancer Database (NCDB).

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e13083-e13083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Avinash Pophali ◽  
Gita Thanarajasingam ◽  
Jose Pulido ◽  
Patrick B. Johnston ◽  
Ronald S. Go
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Case Series ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age At Diagnosis ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cns Involvement ◽  
The Brain

e13083 Background: CNS involvement from low grade B-cell NHL is rare and has only been reported as case series. The distribution, demographics and outcomes of patients with low grade B-cell CNS NHLs have not been well characterized. Methods: The NCDB represents ~70% of cancer cases in the United States. Using the 2004-2013 NCDB extranodal NHL database, we identified all CNS B-cell NHLs based on ICD-O-3 site and histology codes. Primary or secondary CNS involvement could not be determined. Results: Out of 9435 CNS NHL cases, 475 [5.03%] had low grade histologies. In this group, the median age at diagnosis was 58 years [range 19-89]. Majority of the cases were female [56%], White, non-Hispanic [72%], privately insured [53%], with no comorbidities [74%] and treated in academic/research programs [38%]. Site of CNS disease was not specified in 22%. HIV status was known in 318 cases (6.3% positive). The brain [44%] was the most common site of involvement followed by spinal cord [19%] and meninges [15%]. Follicular lymphoma (FL) [48%] was the most common histology overall followed by marginal zone (MZL) [37%], small lymphocytic (SLL) [8%] and lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas (LPL) [7%]. MZL was the most common histology in the brain [44%] and meninges [61%] while FL was most common in the spinal cord [77%] and nervous system, NOS [69%]. Cranial nerves and eye (retina/optic nerve) involvement was very rare [2 and 1 case each- both MZL]. The overall survival (OS) of CNS B-cell NHL was significantly better if histology was low grade vs other [5-year OS 74% vs 32%, P < 0.0001]. Among CNS low grade B-cell NHLs, 5-year OS varied by histology [MZL 83%, FL 75%, LPL 56% and SLL 50%, P = 0.0003] and site of disease [spinal cord 89%, meninges 78% and brain 63%, P = 0.03] in addition to age at diagnosis and co-morbidities on both uni- and multivariate analysis. Survival was not influenced by sex, race, insurance, year of diagnosis, facility type or location. Conclusions: CNS involvement with low grade B-cell NHL is rare but has a relatively good outcome with most patients surviving beyond 5 years. FL and MZL are the more common low grade histologies. Both histology and disease site are important factors affecting survival.

The plated bayonet: a new instrument to facilitate surgery for intra-axial neoplasms of the spinal cord and brain stem

1993 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred J. Epstein ◽  
Memet Ozek
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Neoplastic Tissue ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Small Incision ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Print

✓ A new instrument for use in surgically treating intra-axial neoplasms of the spinal cord and brain stem is described. The plated bayonet allows neoplastic tissue in the spinal cord to be separated from functioning neural elements without perforating the adjacent spinal cord. In addition, the plated bayonet facilitates exposure through the very small incision necessary to remove tumors of the brain stem without damaging cranial nerves or other vital structures.

Diffuse cerebrospinal gliomatosis

1978 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuyuki Kawano ◽  
Yoshio Miyasaka ◽  
Kenzoh Yada ◽  
Hideo Atari ◽  
Kenichi Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Gliomatosis Cerebri ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Print

✓ A case of diffuse cerebrospinal gliomatosis is presented, with widespread involvement of the brain, cranial nerves, and spinal cord. This case showed a far more extensive distribution of tumor cells than previously reported cases of gliomatosis cerebri. The clinical picture and oncogenesis of gliomatosis cerebri is briefly discussed.

‘Neurologie: the doctrine of the nerves’

2021 ◽  
pp. 614-662
Author(s):  
Alastair Compston
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
De Anima ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Reflex Movement ◽  
Cerebral Localization ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Chapter 16: ‘Neurologie: the doctrine of the nerves: the brain and nervous stock’ summarizes Willis’s treatises in Cerebri anatome, Nervorumque descriptio et usus (1664), De motu musculari (1670) and De anima brutorum (1672). Willis’s coinage of the term ‘neurologie’, intending this as the doctrine of the nerves based on the anatomy of the cranial nerves rather than the study of diseases affecting the brain and nervous stock, is described. The chapter explains why these treatises are additionally important for assigning function to the cerebrum and cerebellum rather than the ventricles; the concept of cerebral localization; the distinction between voluntary and involuntary, or reflex, movement; Willis’s account of the autonomic nervous system; and his ideas on muscular movement. Apart from these innovative contributions, Willis’s description of the arrangement of blood vessels supplying the brain and spinal cord, for which the book is celebrated, is described. The fifteen engraved plates are included. {148 words}

scholarly journals HIV-Associated Vacuolar Encephalomyelopathy

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory R Madden ◽  
Molly E Fleece ◽  
Akriti Gupta ◽  
M Beatriz S Lopes ◽  
Scott K Heysell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Vacuolar Degeneration ◽  
Central Nervous System Dysfunction ◽  
Vacuolar Myelopathy ◽  
The Brain

Abstract We report a case of HIV-associated vacuolar encephalomyelopathy with progressive central nervous system dysfunction and corresponding vacuolar degeneration of the spinal cord, cranial nerves, and brain, the anatomic extent of which has not previously been described. Vacuolar myelopathy classically presents as a spinal syndrome with progressive, painless gait disturbance in the setting of advanced HIV and AIDS. Vacuolar involvement of the brain and cranial nerves, as illustrated in this case report, is a newly described variant of this condition that we term vacuolar encephalomyelopathy.

scholarly journals Investigation of some aspects of the Neuro-Morphometry of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
I. L Usende
Keyword(s):  
Optic Tectum ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The brain is one of the most important organs, as it controls numerous bodily functions. Due to its crucial regulatory roles, the nervous system of fishes and especially the brain needs more research. Catfish (order Siluriformes or Nematognathi) are ray finned fish, named for their prominent whiskers (barbels), which resembles the whisker of a cat. The Nigerian cultured catfish (Clarias gariepinus) have small eyes and wide mouths, which suggest low dependence on vision, nocturnal activity, and predatory habits. Herein, we describe the gross morphology and morphometrics of the brain of Clarias gariepinus. Five apparently healthy adult catfish (Clarias gariepinus) without sex differences were used. Cranial nerves and spinal cord were severed as the brain case was removed, after which all the morphological descriptions were done. Ten morphometric parameters were also measured. The generated data were graphically illustrated with scatterplot and biplot, as well; the regression analysis showing the stepwise fit for the prediction of the brain weight from other measured parameters was also presented. The olfactory bulb is large, somewhat rounded and rostral. The cerebellumin all examined brain was the largest structure of the brain with a cerebellar length and width of 1.16±0.11 cm and 0.82±0.03, respectively. The optic tectum, lobusvagi, lobusfacialis and eminentiagranularis were also well developed but small in size. Although, the behavior of the catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is still unknown, the relative proportion of the cerebellum, optic tectum, eminentiagranularis, lobusfacialis and lobusvagi, might be related to carnivory and an enhanced capacity for food selection in this species. In conclusion, the report herein has helped to provide useful information for the first time on morphology of the brains of Clarias gariepinus cultured in Nigeria, for understanding of the neurobehaviour and habits of this species.

scholarly journals Perinatal Development of the Motor Systems Involved in Postural Control

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Vinay ◽  
Faïza Ben-Mabrouk ◽  
Frédéric Brocard ◽  
François Clarac ◽  
Céline Jean-Xavier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Prenatal Period ◽  
Motor Systems ◽  
Postnatal Maturation ◽  
Motor Behaviors ◽  
The Brain

Motor behaviors of some species, such as the rat and the human baby, are quite immature at birth. Here we review recent data on some of the mechanisms underlying the postnatal maturation of posture in the rat, in particular the development of pathways descending from the brain stem and projecting onto the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord. A short-lasting depletion in serotonin affects both posture and the excitability of motoneurons. Here we try to extrapolate to human development and suggest that the abnormalities in motor control observed in childhood—e.g, deficits in motor coordination—might have their roots in the prenatal period, in particular serotonin depletion due to exposure to several environmental and toxicological factors during pregnancy.

scholarly journals A Novel Anti-Inflammatory d-Peptide Inhibits Disease Phenotype Progression in an ALS Mouse Model

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1590
Author(s):  
Julia Post ◽  
Vanessa Kogel ◽  
Anja Schaffrath ◽  
Philipp Lohmann ◽  
Nadim Joni Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Motor Deficits ◽  
Disease Phenotype ◽  
Lumbar Spinal ◽  
The Brain

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterised by selective neuronal death in the brain stem and spinal cord. The cause is unknown, but an increasing amount of evidence has firmly certified that neuroinflammation plays a key role in ALS pathogenesis. Neuroinflammation is a pathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders and has been implicated as driver of disease progression. Here, we describe a treatment study demonstrating the therapeutic potential of a tandem version of the well-known all-d-peptide RD2 (RD2RD2) in a transgenic mouse model of ALS (SOD1*G93A). Mice were treated intraperitoneally for four weeks with RD2RD2 vs. placebo. SOD1*G93A mice were tested longitudinally during treatment in various behavioural and motor coordination tests. Brain and spinal cord samples were investigated immunohistochemically for gliosis and neurodegeneration. RD2RD2 treatment in SOD1*G93A mice resulted not only in a reduction of activated astrocytes and microglia in both the brain stem and lumbar spinal cord, but also in a rescue of neurons in the motor cortex. RD2RD2 treatment was able to slow progression of the disease phenotype, especially the motor deficits, to an extent that during the four weeks treatment duration, no significant progression was observed in any of the motor experiments. Based on the presented results, we conclude that RD2RD2 is a potential therapeutic candidate against ALS.

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