scholarly journals Force decay evaluation of latex and non-latex orthodontic intraoral elastics: in vivo study

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Ferreira de Carvalho Notaroberto ◽  
Mariana Martins e Martins ◽  
Maria Teresa de Andrade Goldner ◽  
Alvaro de Moraes Mendes ◽  
Cátia Cardoso Abdo Quintão
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Material Degradation ◽  
Force Decay ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Zero Time ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT Objective: This clinical study was conducted in order to evaluate force decay over time of latex and non-latex orthodontic intraoral elastics. Methods: Patients (n = 15) were evaluated using latex and non-latex elastics in the periods of : 0, 1, 3, 12 and 24 hours. The rubber bands were transferred to the testing machine (EMIC DL-500 MF), and force values were recorded after stretching the elastic to a length of 25mm. Paired t test was applied and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the variation of force generated. LSD (Fisher’s least significant difference) post-hoc test was thus employed. Results: As regards the initial forces (zero time), the values of force for non-latex elastic were slightly higher than for the latex elastic. In the subsequent times, the forces generated by the latex elastic showed higher values. Regarding the material degradation, at the end of 24 hours the highest percentage was observed for non-latex elastic. Conclusions: The latex elastics had a more stable behavior during the studied period, compared with non-latex.

scholarly journals Analysis in vitro of strength degradation comparing latex and non-latex elastics

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. e18144
Author(s):  
Daniela Ferreira de Carvalho Notaroberto ◽  
Mariana Martins e Martins ◽  
Maria Teresa de Andrade Goldner ◽  
Cátia Abdo Quintão ◽  
Alvaro de Moraes Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Testing Machine ◽  
Strength Degradation ◽  
Material Degradation ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Loss Of Strength ◽  
Zero Time ◽  
Over Time

Aim: This study was conducted in order to evaluate and compare the behavior of latex and non-latex elastics, as the loss of strength over time in vitro. Methods: The study evaluated 15 of each elastic material for the pre-selected times: 0, 1, 3, 12 and 24 hours. The rubber bands were transferred to the testing machine (EMIC DL-500 MF). The force values were recorded after stretching the elastic to a length of 25mm. Independent t-test was applied. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to check the variation of the forces generated between those determined times. To identify between which times the difference was present, Tukey post-hoc test was accomplished. Results: As regards the initial forces (zero time), the values of force for non-latex elastic were slightly higher than the latex elastic. In subsequent times, the forces generated by the latex elastic showed higher values. Regarding the material degradation, at the end of 24 hours the highest percentage was observed for non-latex elastic. Conclusion: The latex elastic had a more stable behavior during the studied period compared with non-latex.

scholarly journals Using Wearable Cameras to Assess Foods and Beverages Omitted in 24 Hour Dietary Recalls and a Text Entry Food Record App

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1806
Author(s):  
Virginia Chan ◽  
Alyse Davies ◽  
Lyndal Wellard-Cole ◽  
Silvia Lu ◽  
Hoi Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Fats And Oils ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Smartphone App ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Paired T Test

Technology-enhanced methods of dietary assessment may still face common limitations of self-report. This study aimed to assess foods and beverages omitted when both a 24 h recall and a smartphone app were used to assess dietary intake compared with camera images. For three consecutive days, young adults (18–30 years) wore an Autographer camera that took point-of-view images every 30 seconds. Over the same period, participants reported their diet in the app and completed daily 24 h recalls. Camera images were reviewed for food and beverages, then matched to the items reported in the 24 h recall and app. ANOVA (with post hoc analysis using Tukey Honest Significant Difference) and paired t-test were conducted. Discretionary snacks were frequently omitted by both methods (p < 0.001). Water was omitted more frequently in the app than in the camera images (p < 0.001) and 24 h recall (p < 0.001). Dairy and alternatives (p = 0.001), sugar-based products (p = 0.007), savoury sauces and condiments (p < 0.001), fats and oils (p < 0.001) and alcohol (p = 0.002) were more frequently omitted in the app than in the 24 h recall. The use of traditional self-report methods of assessing diet remains problematic even with the addition of technology and finding new objective methods that are not intrusive and are of low burden to participants remains a challenge.

314 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERUM ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE (AMH), OVARIAN RESERVE, AND EMBRYO PRODUCTION IN SUPEROVULATED HOLSTEIN COWS

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 304 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rozner ◽  
J. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Production ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Embryo Recovery ◽  
Multiple Ovulation ◽  
Oocyte Collection ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Over Time

The relations between serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), oocyte numbers, and in vivo embryo production in Holstein heifers were evaluated. The AMH levels of 15 unstimulated cows were followed at weekly intervals during their oestrous cycles and monthly for 4 months. Forty-one superovulated heifers were evaluated at ovum pick-up (OPU) performed 20 h after cystorelin administration, and 125 others were evaluated at embryo recovery. Animals were followed over 3 consecutive cycles induced using a modified Ovsynch protocol with 4 days of FSH (Pluset H, Minitube of America, Verona, WI, USA). Blood samples were collected in serum tubes and spun within 2 h. The samples were stored at –20°C until evaluation using the Minitube of America AMH-bovine specific immunoassay (AMH Fertility Assay™). The statistical analyses (ANOVA and data correlation) were performed using Statview 5 with P < 0.05. Serum AMH ranged from 43 to 960 pg mL–1. The average AMH level of all cows was stable during the oestrous cycle and for each of the 4 monthly measurements. There was a high correlation between all values per animal (r2 = 0.9077; P < 0.01), suggesting that AMH levels are consistent during the cycle and for at least 4 consecutive months. Animals that were repeatedly stimulated showed decreasing AMH levels (509 ± 295, 299 ± 210, 211 ± 119) and a decrease in recovered embryos (7.4 ± 4, 5.6 ± 3.8, 4.2 ± 3.2; P = 0.02). The number of oocytes was not altered by multiple stimulations (10.4 ± 9.8, 11.3 ± 6.2, 8.5 ± 7.6; P = 0.75). As AMH and embryo numbers decreased after multiple stimulations, only the first AMH value and results of the first OPU or flush were used to establish following correlation. Serum AMH showed a positive correlation to the number of oocytes (r2 = 0.245) and embryos collected (r2 = 0.27).When separated into AMH categories, low (<100), normal (100–400), and high (>400 pg mL–1), high-AMH OPU animals yielded significantly higher numbers of oocytes than the animals in the normal or low AMH groups (13.8 ± 9.2 v. 9.2 ± 5.2 and 5.6 ± 3.9; P = 0.001). Flushed animals with high AMH levels had significantly higher numbers of embryos than those with low AMH (10.9 ± 7.9 v. 5.7 ± 5; P = 0.002). Comparison of the first AMH value to the average number of oocytes or embryos collected over the course of 3 collections/animal showed a positive correlation to the average number of oocytes/collection from individual OPU donors (r2 = 0.436) and a positive correlation to the average number of embryos/collection from individual donors (r2 = 0.176). When separated into AMH groups, high-AMH flushed animals had significantly higher numbers of embryos than the normal- or low-AMH animals (9.3 ± 3.1 v. 5.7 ± 3.4 and 4.5 ± 2; P = 0.0001). As OPU animals with low AMH were used only once, average oocyte/collection data was not available for this category. A significant difference was observed between the high- and normal-AMH categories (12 ± 3.6 v. 7 ± 2; P = 0.0001). Circulating AMH is stable over time in unstimulated animals but decreases in repetitively stimulated animals. Anti-Mullerian hormone is highly associated with superovulation response and oocyte and embryo production, and its use should improve animal selection to achieve improve efficiency of multiple-ovulation embryo transfer.

Properties of New Glass-Ionomer Restorative Systems Marketed for Stress-Bearing Areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Fuhrmann ◽  
D Murchison ◽  
S Whipple ◽  
K Vandewalle
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Composite Resin ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Glass Ionomer ◽  
Hardness Tester ◽  
Resin Coating ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Restorative Materials ◽  
Post Hoc

SUMMARY Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the properties (fracture toughness, surface hardness) of newer conventional glass-ionomer restorative materials that are marketed for posterior stress-bearing areas compared with more traditional glass-ionomer restorative materials marketed for non–load-bearing areas and composite-resin restorative materials. Methods and Materials: Notched-beam fracture toughness specimens were created in a mold with each tested material (Equia Forte, GC America, with and without a surface coating of Equia Forte Coat; Ketac Universal, 3M/ESPE; ChemFil Rock, Dentsply; Fuji IX GP Extra, GC; Ionostar Molar, VOCO; Filtek Z250, 3M/ESPE; Filtek Supreme Ultra, 3M/ESPE) and fractured using a universal testing machine after 24 hours of storage. Hardness values were determined on the surface of the fracture toughness specimens using a hardness tester. Data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test per property (alpha=0.05). Results: The composite-resin restorative materials had significantly greater fracture toughness than the glass-ionomer materials. There was no significant difference in fracture toughness between the glass-ionomer materials. The use of a resin coating significantly increased the surface hardness of the newer glass ionomer marketed for stress-bearing areas. Conclusions: Fracture toughness was not improved with the newer glass-ionomer restorative materials marketed for stress-bearing areas compared to the conventional glass-ionomer materials, however a resin coating provided greater surface hardness.

scholarly journals Comparison of Orthodontic Bracket Debonding Force and Bracket Failure Pattern on Different Teeth In Vivo by a Prototype Debonding Device

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Tamzid Ahmed ◽  
Norma Ab Rahman ◽  
Mohammad Khursheed Alam
Keyword(s):  
Failure Pattern ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Orthodontic Bracket ◽  
Adhesive Remnant Index ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Bracket Failure ◽  
One Way Anova

Objective. To compare the orthodontic bracket debonding force and assess the bracket failure pattern clinically between different teeth by a validated prototype debonding device. Materials and Method. Thirteen (13) patients at the end of comprehensive fixed orthodontic treatment, awaiting for bracket removal, were selected from the list. A total of 260 brackets from the central incisor to the second premolar in both jaws were debonded by a single clinician using a validated prototype debonding device equipped with a force sensitive resistor (FSR). Mean bracket debonding forces were specified to ten (10) groups of teeth. Following debonding, Intraoral microphotographs of the teeth were taken by the same clinician to assess the bracket failure pattern using a 4-point scale of adhesive remnant index (ARI). Statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey HSD and independent sample t -test to compare in vivo bracket debonding force, Cohen’s kappa ( κ ), and a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test for the reliability and the assessment of ARI scoring. Results. A significant difference ( p < 0.001 ) of mean debonding force was found between different types of teeth in vivo. Clinically, ARI scores were not significantly different ( p = 0.921 ) between different groups, but overall higher scores were predominant. Conclusion. Bracket debonding force should be measured on the same tooth from the same arch as the significant difference of mean debonding force exists between similar teeth of the upper and lower arches. The insignificant bracket failure pattern with higher ARI scores confirms less enamel damage irrespective of tooth types.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Jenis dan Volumetrik Fiber terhadap Kekuatan Transversal Reparasi Plat Resin Akrilik

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Pramudya Aditama ◽  
Siti Sunarintyas ◽  
Widjijono Widjijono
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Acrylic Resin ◽  
Universal Testing Machine ◽  
Transverse Strength ◽  
Universal Testing ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Hoc

Resin akrilik merupakan bahan yang sering digunakan dalam pembuatan basis gigi tiruan. Kelemahan resin akrilik adalah mudah patah. Salah satu cara untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut adalah dengan menambahkan polyethylene (PE) atau glass fiber. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis dan volumetrik fiber terhadap kekuatan transversal reparasi plat resin akrilik. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua puluh lima plat resin akrilik kuring panas berukuran 65 x 10 x 2,5 mm. Subjek dipreparasi untuk membuat jarak 3 mm dan sudut bevel 45o. Subjek dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok, masingmasing kelompok terdiri dari 5 subjek. Kelompok 1 (kontrol) tanpa penambahan fiber, kelompok II dengan penambahan 3,7% v/v PE fiber, kelompok III dengan penambahan 7,4% v/v PE fiber, kelompok IV dengan penambahan 3,7% v/v E-glass fiber, dan kelompok V dengan penambahan 7,4% v/v E-glass fiber. Seluruh plat direndam dalam air destilasi selama satu hari pada suhu 37oC. Pengujian kekuatan transversal plat resin akrilik dengan menggunakan Universal Testing Machine dan data yang didapat dianalisis menggunakan ANAVA dua jalur dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%. Rerata kekuatan transversal (MPa) reparasi plat resin akrilik yang diperkuat fiber: 3,7% v/v PE fiber (67,77±3,34); 7,4% v/v PE fiber (80,37±8,42); 3,7% v/v E-glass fiber (96,72±5,43); 7,4% v/v E-glass fiber (109,44±4,98); sedangkan reparasi plat resin yang tidak diperkuat fiber menghasilkan kekuatan transversal 56,27±4,7 MPa. Hasil analisis menggunakanANAVA dua jalur menunjukkan variabel jenis dan volumetrik fiber memberikan pengaruh signifikan (p<0,05), sedangkan interaksi antara jenis dan volumetrik fiber tidak berpengaruh signifikan (p>0,05). Uji post hoc Tukey menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan (p<0,05) untuk seluruh kelompok perlakuan. Penambahan E-glass fiber dalam reparasi plat resinakrilik mampu meningkatkan kekuatan transversal lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan menggunakan PE fiber. Peningkatan volumetrik fiber dapat meningkatkan kekuatan transversal reparasi plat resin akrilik. Effect Of Type And Volumetric Fiber On Transverse Strength Of Acrylic Resin Plate Repair. Acrylic resin is the most common denture base material. A disadvantage of acrylic resin is that it is easily fractured. One way to resolve this problem is by adding polyethylene (PE) or glass fibers. The purpose of this research is to find out about the effect of type and volumetric fiber on transverse strength of acrylic resin plate repaired. The experiment involved twenty five plates of heat cured acrylic with the dimensions of 65 x 10 x 2.5 mm. The speciments were prepared to create a 3 mm gap and 45° bevel. The subjects were divided into 5 groups; each group consisted of 5. Group I (control) was without fiber reinforcement, group II reinforced with 3.7% v/v PE fiber, group III reinforced with 7.4% v/v PE fiber, group IV reinforced with 3.7% v/v E-glass fiber, and group V reinforced with 7.4% v/v E-glass fiber. All plates were soaked in distilled water for one day at 37° C temperature. The plates were tested for transverse strength with Universal Testing Machine and all data obtained were analyzed with two way ANOVA at 95% confidence level. The mean of transverse strength (MPa) of the acrylic resin plate repair reinforced with fiber: 3.7% v/v PE fiber was (67.77±3.34); 7.4% v/v PE fiber (80.37±8.42); 3.7% v/v E-glass fiber (96.72±5.43); 7.4% v/v E-glass fiber (109.44±4.98); while the transverse strength of the acrylic resin plate with no fiber reinforced was 56.27±4.7 MPa. Two way ANOVA analysis shows that type and volumetric fiber had significant effect (p<0.05), while the interaction between type and volumetric fiber had no significant effect (p>0.05). Tukey post hoc test shows significant difference (p<0.05) for all groups. The addition of E-glass fibers in the acrylic resin plate repaired increased the transverse strength higher than that with PE fibers. The increase in volumetric fibers might improve the transverse strength of the acrylic resin plate repaired.

scholarly journals Impacts of contracted endodontic cavities compared to traditional endodontic cavities in premolars

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Juan ◽  
Wang weidong ◽  
Li Zhengmao ◽  
Lin Bingpeng ◽  
Zhang Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
Fracture Resistance ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
Root Canal Filling ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Background: This study aims to compare the percentage of dentin removed, instrumentation efficacy, root canal filling and load at fracture between contracted endodontic cavities, and traditional endodontic cavities on root canal therapy in premolars. Methods: Forty extracted intact human first premolars were imaged with micro-CT and randomly assigned to the contracted endodontic cavity (CEC) or traditional endodontic cavity (TEC) groups. CEC was prepared with the aid of a 3D-printed template, canals were prepared with a 0.04 taper M-Two rotary instrument, and cavities were restored with resin. Specimens were loaded to fracture in an Instron Universal Testing Machine after a fatigue phase. The data were analyzed by the independent samples T test and Mann-Whitney U test, appropriate post hoc tests. Results: In the premolars tested in vitro, the percentage of dentin removed in the premolars with two dental roots in the CEC group (3.85% ± 0.42%) was significantly smaller (P < 0.05) than in the TEC group (4.94% ± 0.5%). The untouched canal wall (UCW) after instrumentation for TECs (16.43% ± 6.56%) was significantly lower (P< .05) than the UCW (24.42% ± 9.19%) for CECs in single-rooted premolars. No significant differences were observed in the increased canal volume and surface areas in premolars between the TEC and CEC groups (P > 0.05). CECs conserved coronal dentin in premolars with two dental roots but no impact on the instrument efficacy. There were no differences between the CEC groups and the TEC groups in the percentage of filling material and voids (P > 0.05). In addition, the mean load at failure of premolars did not significantly differ between the CEC and TEC groups and there was no significant difference in the type of fracture (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that CEC could not improve the fracture resistance of the endodontically treated premolars. The instrumentation efficacy and the percentage of filling material did not significantly differ between CECs and TECs in premolars. Keywords: 3D-printed template, contracted endodontic cavities, instrumentation efficacy, root canal filling, fracture resistance

Pimpinella anisum essentiel oil enhances spatial learning performance of rats exposed to Hgcl2 during the developmental period

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 162-166
Author(s):  
Arabi Wafaa ◽  
Kahloula Khaled ◽  
Adli Djallal E.H. ◽  
Ziani Kaddour ◽  
Slimani Miloud
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Mercury Chloride ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Pimpinella Anisum ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Hoc

The essential oil of Pimpinella anisum has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases. This study was aimed to test, in vivo, effect of exposition to mercury chloride (100mg/L) in wistar rats during the gestation and lactation period. On the other hand, treatment of pups with essential oil of P. anisum (0.25 ml/kg) for 21 days. The behavioural patterms evaluated was spatial memory ( Morris water maze) and the determination of mercury concentration in blood and brain. The data were analysed by two way analyses of variance (ANOVAs). When a significant difference was found, the Student Newman Keuls post hoc test was conducted. The results of the present study demonstrated that exposure to mercury in developmental period induced, significantly decrease of the learning performance (p < 0.01; p < 0.05) compared to control rats. Thus, the concentration of mercury in the intoxicated group is high in the blood and brain. However, the administration of P. anisum essential oil resulted into an improvement of learning perfor-mance (p< 0.01; p< 0.05) and reduction of mercury blood and brain mercury. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that mercury exposure during the developmental period induces learning disabilities and remains trapped in blood and brain. This could be improved by the treatment with Pimpinella anisum essential oil.

Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Success of Two commercially Available Pulpotomy Agents in Primary Teeth: An in vivo Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 557-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhika Muppa ◽  
NCh Srinivas ◽  
K Naveen ◽  
Veerakishore K Reddy ◽  
VC Rebecca
Keyword(s):  
Primary Teeth ◽  
Statistical Evaluation ◽  
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate ◽  
Radiographic Evaluation ◽  
Biological Method ◽  
Pulp Chamber ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cotton Pellet ◽  
Paired T Test

ABSTRACT Aim The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare Biodentine and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as pulpotomy agents by clinical and radiological assessments in primary teeth. Materials and methods In this study, 90 decayed primary molars indicated for pulpotomy were chosen and are divided into two groups. Soft enamel and dentinal caries were removed using spoon excavator. Access opening was done using highspeed cool water handpiece. Normal saline was used to irrigate pulp chamber, later saline moistened cotton pellet was used to obtain hemostasis in both groups. Restorations were placed in respective groups and immediate postoperative radiographs were taken. Follow-ups were done at every 3 months intervals, i.e., 3, 6, 9, and 12 months respectively. Results Statistical evaluation was carried out by using paired t-test which showed no significant difference between the two groups (p ≥ 0.05) with high success rate of 95.5%. Conclusion Pulpotomy with MTA and Biodentine is a reliable biological method for pulp treatment of primary teeth. Clinical significance Mineral trioxide aggregate and Biodentine could be considered as a reliable biological method for pulpotomy of primary teeth. How to cite this article Togaru H, Muppa R, Srinivas NCh, Naveen K, Reddy VK, Rebecca VC. Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Success of Two commercially Available Pulpotomy Agents in Primary Teeth: An in vivo Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(7):557-563.

scholarly journals Effects of Veneering Ceramic and Methods on Failure Load of Veneered Zirconia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2129
Author(s):  
Hattanas Kumchai ◽  
Patrapan Juntavee ◽  
Arthur F. Sun ◽  
Dan Nathanson
Keyword(s):  
Glass Ceramic ◽  
Failure Load ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Load To Failure ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Feldspathic Porcelain ◽  
Post Hoc

Background: A variety of veneering options to zirconia frameworks are now available. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of veneer materials, veneering methods, cement materials, and aging on the failure load of bilayered veneer zirconia. Material and methods: Zirconia bars (20 × 4 × 1 mm) were veneered to 2 mm total thickness (n = 10/group). Veneering method groups included: 1. Hand-layered feldsparthic porcelain (VM = Vita VM9, Vident) and fluorapatite glass–ceramic (CR = IPS e.max Ceram, IvoclarVivadent); 2. Pressed feldspathic porcelain (PM = Vita PM9, Vident) and fluorapatite glass–ceramic (ZP = IPS e.max ZirPress, IvoclarVivadent); 3. CAD-/CAM-milled feldspathic ceramic (TF = Vitablocs Triluxe Forte, Vident) and lithium-disilicate glass–ceramic (CAD = IPS e.max CAD, IvoclarVivadent). CAD/CAM veneers were either cemented with resin cements (P = Panavia21, KurarayDental), (R = RelyX Ultimate, 3M ESPE), (M = Multilink Automix, Ivoclar Vivadent) or fused with fusion glass–ceramic (C = CrystalConnect, IvoclarVivadent). A three-point bending test (15 mm span, zirconia on tension side) was performed on Instron universal testing machine (ISO 6872) recording load-to-failure (LTF) of first veneer cracks or catastrophic failure. For group VM, PM, TF-M, TF-C, CAD-M, CAD-C, ten more bars were prepared and aged with cyclic loading (100,000 cycles, 50% LTF) and thermocycling (2000 cycles) before testing. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey HSD post hoc tests, and t-test (α = 0.05). Zirconia veneered with IPS e.max CAD by fusing had significantly higher failure load compared with zirconia veneered with other veneering materials. (p ≤ 0.05). For cemented veneers, the cement type had a significant effect on the failure load of the veneer zirconia specimens. Specimens cemented with Panavia 21 had a lower resistance to loading than other cements. The aging experiment revealed a significant difference in failure load between non-aged and aged bars in groups VM and PM, but not in the groups with CAD-/CAM-milled veneers. In conclusion, veneer materials, veneering methods, and cement materials have a significant effect on the failure load of bilayered veneer zirconia. CAD-/CAM-milled veneer zirconia is not susceptible to aging performed in this study.

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