Helicobacter pylori and colorectal neoplasms: a concise review

ABSTRACT Helicobacter pylori is the main etiological agent of all malignant tumors caused by an infectious disease. It is a major, at times dominant, factor in the pathogenesis of a large spectrum of diseases such as acute and chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastric carcinoma, and lymphoma. Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that H. pylori chronic infection may be related to different extragastric diseases, including colorectal neoplasms. This concise review aims to explore the association of H. pylori infection with colorectal cancer and adenoma, including the recent epidemiological findings, the diagnostic methods employed to detect H. pylori and virulent factors, and the potentially involved mechanisms. Furthermore, is attempted to establish the current data integration for causal inference using the Bradford-Hill causality criteria. The weak, although global, strength of the epidemiological positive association between H. pylori infection and colonic neoplasms associated to new mechanisms postulated to explain this interaction, including intestinal dysbiosis, should stimulate future studies. Prospective confirmatory studies to establish the role of H. pylori eradication in the process of carcinogenic transformation of the colonic epithelium may define its eventual role in the treatment and prevention of colonic neoplasms.

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A Retrospective Experience of Helicobacter pylori Histology in a Large Sample of Subjects in Northern Italy

Life ◽

10.3390/life11070650 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 650

Author(s):

Davide Giuseppe Ribaldone ◽

Carlo Zurlo ◽

Sharmila Fagoonee ◽

Chiara Rosso ◽

Angelo Armandi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Large Population ◽

Population Data ◽

Signet Ring Cell ◽

Current Data ◽

Low Grade ◽

Gastric Cardia Adenocarcinoma ◽

Significant Difference ◽

H Pylori ◽

The Impact

Updated data about the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and its correlation with histological results are scarce. The aim of our study was to provide current data on the impact of H. pylori in a third-level endoscopy service. We performed a large, retrospective study analyzing the results of all histological samples of gastroscopy from the year 2019. In total, 1512 subjects were included. The prevalence of H. pylori was 16.8%. A significant difference between the prevalence in subjects born in Italy and those from eastern Europe, south America, or Africa was found (p < 0.0001, p = 0.006, and p = 0.0006, respectively). An association was found between H. pylori and active superficial gastritis (p < 0.0001). Current H. pylori and/or a previous finding of H. pylori was related to antral atrophy (p < 0.0001). Fifteen patients had low-grade dysplasia. There were no statistically significant associations with current or past H. pylori infection. One patient presented gastric cardia adenocarcinoma with regular gastric mucosa. One patient, H. pylori positive, was diagnosed with gastric signet ring cell adenocarcinoma in a setting of diffuse atrophy, without metaplasia.. Our study provides updated, solid (biopsy diagnosis and large population) data on the prevalence of H. pylori infection in a representative region of southern Europe.

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Histopathological Changes in Helicobacter pylori Associated Gastritis and Scope of Special Stain and Immunohistochemistry as Diagnostic Aids

Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare ◽

10.18410/jebmh/2020/618 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (50) ◽

pp. 3027-3032

Author(s):

Ruby Elizabeth Elias ◽

Bindiya Gisuthan ◽

Sreeganesh A.S

Keyword(s):

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Positive Predictive Value ◽

Negative Predictive Value ◽

Chronic Gastritis ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

P Value ◽

Special Stain ◽

Frequent Finding ◽

H Pylori

BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori associated chronic gastritis plays a vital role in the development of majority of gastric adenocarcinomas and most gastric MALT (Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue) lymphomas. Many diagnostic methods are available for the identification of this organism. However, in gastroenterology practice, histopathological examination of biopsy samples provides visual identification of the pathogen and the associated mucosal changes with special stains like Giemsa. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three stains H & E- (Haematoxylin and Eosin), Giemsa and IHC (Immunohistochemistry) in the identification of H. pylori. Associated histologic changes were noted and the relationship between the degree of colonisation and the activity and chronicity of gastritis were analysed. METHODS 585 gastric biopsies taken from dyspeptic patients were evaluated for gastritis, based on updated Sydney System. In 250 randomly selected cases, three staining methods were used. RESULTS Out of 585 cases, 413 (70.60 %) had features of chronic gastritis. Mild chronic gastritis was the commonest finding and is seen in most cases of mild H. pylori colonisation. When activity was monitored, mild activity was the most frequent finding [225 (38.46 %)]. Majority of the severe activity cases showed severe H. pylori colonisation. 13.16 %, 4.79 % and 7.35 % showed intestinal metaplasia, atrophy and dysplastic changes respectively. Out of 250 cases, H & E and Giemsa stains showed 45.6 % and 57.2 % positivity while IHC demonstrated maximum number of positivity (156 cases - 62.4 %). Sensitivity and specificity of H & E was found to be 77.90 % and 98.95 %, positive predictive value was 99.13 % and negative predictive value was 69.18 %. For Giemsa stain, sensitivity was 91.67 %, specificity was 100 %, positive predictive value was 100 % and negative predictive value was 87.85 %. DISCUSSION H. pylori gastritis was a frequent finding in dyspeptic patients in southern part of India. When chi-square test was done, a significant statistical relationship between the severity of H. pylori colonisation, activity and chronicity of gastritis was noted. P value was < 0.001. With the use of special stain, Giemsa and ancillary techniques like IHC, the detection rate of H. pylori was enhanced considerably. CONCLUSIONS With increasing number of H. pylori in the mucosa, there was increase in the chronicity and activity of gastritis. Although immunohistochemistry revealed more cases of H. pylori, Giemsa can be a cost-effective substitute, because of its high specificity and positive predictive value. KEYWORDS H. pylori Gastritis, Giemsa, Haematoxylin and Eosin Stain, Immunohistochemistry

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Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Diagnostic Methods in the Middle East and North Africa Region

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina56040169 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 169

Author(s):

Faten A. S. Alsulaimany ◽

Zuhier A. Awan ◽

Ahmad M. Almohamady ◽

Mohammed I. Koumu ◽

Bassam E. Yaghmoor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Middle East ◽

North Africa ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Mena Region ◽

Screening Guidelines ◽

Mena Countries ◽

H Pylori

Background and Objectives: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is common worldwide and may cause gastroduodenal complications, including cancer. In this review, we examine the prevalence and distribution of various H. pylori genotypes and the risk factors for H. pylori infection, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. We also introduce different global screening methods and guidelines and compare them to those currently in use in the MENA region. Materials and Methods: We searched the Google Scholar, PubMed, and Saudi Digital Library (SDL) databases for clinical trials and articles published in English. The data collection was mainly focused on MENA countries. However, for H. pylori genotypes and diagnostic methods, studies conducted in other regions or reporting global practices and guidelines were also included to allow a comparison with those in the MENA region. We also included studies examining the prevalence of H. pylori infection in healthy participants. Results: H. pylori infection is highly prevalent in the MENA region, mainly because of the accumulation of risk factors in developing countries. Herein, we highlight a lack of good quality studies on the prevalence of various H. pylori genotypes in the MENA region as well as a need for standard diagnostic methods and screening guidelines. Due to the complications associated with H. pylori, we recommend routine screening for H. pylori infection in all gastroenterology patients admitted in the MENA region. Conclusion: Concerted effort will first be required to validate affordable, non-invasive, and accurate diagnostic methods and to establish local guidelines with adapted cut-off values for the interpretation of the test results.

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Development of an Automatic Electrokinetically-Controlled Microfluidic Immunoassay for the Detection of Helicobacter Pylori

ASME 3rd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, Part B cont’d ◽

10.1115/icmm2005-75148 ◽

2005 ◽

Author(s):

Yali Gao ◽

Guoqing Hu ◽

Frank Y. H. Lin ◽

Philip M. Sherman ◽

Dongqing Li

Keyword(s):

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Detection Limit ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Lab On A Chip ◽

Protein Antigens ◽

Immunoassay Technique ◽

Microfluidic Immunoassay ◽

Colorimetric Immunoassay ◽

On Chip ◽

H Pylori

A novel automatic electrokinetically-controlled immunoassay lab-on-a-chip was developed in this paper. The microchip was made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/glass using photolithography and replica molding. The immunoassay technique using anti-Helicobacter pylori antibody was applied to detect H. pylori protein antigens. Rhodamine-labeled secondary antibody was employed for signal generation. Experiments were first conducted on a straight microchannel to prove the feasibility of an electrokinetically-driven immunoassay. The detection limit for the coating antigen was found to be 1 ng/μL. Automatic electrokinetically-controlled immunoassay experiments were further carried out on a microchannel network. Numerical simulation and experimental studies were combined for the first time to demonstrate an integrated, electrokinetically-controlled immunoassay lab-on-a-chip. The electrokinetically driven, time-dependent reagent delivery processes were simulated using finite element method (FEM). Fully automatic on-chip experiments were accomplished by sequentially changing the applied electric field. It was found that the lab-on-a-chip can realize much shorter assay time, reduced reagent consumptions and automation while the detection limit is better than the conventional colorimetric immunoassay.

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Comparison of rapid cassette test and micro ELISA method for Helicobacter pylori diagnosis in patients with gastric complaints

10.21203/rs.2.18466/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Sadik Akgun ◽

Sezgin Barutcu ◽

Sumeyya Capuk ◽

Arzu Tanriverdi ◽

Serihan Kübra Emikoglu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Elisa Test ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Clinical Microbiology Laboratory ◽

Test Results ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Study Results ◽

H Pylori

Abstract Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a significant contributor of various gastrointestinal disorders and cancers all around the world. Its diagnosis is dependent on several qualitative and quantitative methods. The present study aims to compare the results of rapid cassette and micro ELISA test methods for diagnosis of H. pylori and determining associations with patient endoscopy reports. Methods: The study was performed using blood samples collected from 224 patients (142 (63%) females and 82 (37%) males) in various clinics between January 2018 and August 2019, which were sent to the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of Training Hospital. Serum samples obtained after centrifugation of the blood samples were initially tested with rapid H. pylori IgG cassette method, and afterwards in the auto analyzer using ELISA assays specific for H. pylori. Results: Upper gastrointestinal system endoscopy was performed in 88 of these patients, and biopsy results confirmed definitive diagnosis of H. pylori infection in 63 of the patients. Rapid H. pylori cassette test results of the 224 patients were negative for 158 (70.5%) patients and positive for 66 (29.5%) patients, whereas micro ELISA IgA test results were negative for 110 (49.1%) patients and positive for 114 (50.9%) patients. Micro ELISA IgG test results were negative for 85 (37.9%) patients and positive for 139 (62.1%) patients. Conclusions: Invasive diagnostic methods for H. pylori infection may sometimes be inconvenient, and therefore the diagnosis may have to rely on non-invasive tests. Bases on the study results, we believe micro ELISA test results are more reliable with regard to avoidance of missed diagnosis. Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, Rapid casette test, ELISA, Gastric ulcer

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Direct detection of Helicobacter pylori from biopsies of patients in Lagos, Nigeria using real-time PCR—a pilot study

BMC Research Notes ◽

10.1186/s13104-021-05505-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

A. Ajayi ◽

T. Jolaiya ◽

S. I. Smith

Keyword(s):

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

16S Rrna ◽

Real Time ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Direct Detection ◽

Low Cost ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Combined Cycle ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

H Pylori

Abstract Objective Prompt diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection is essential for proper treatment and eradication of the pathogen because prolonged infection could lead to gastric cancer. Sensitive and cost effective diagnostic methods are key to guiding treatment options that will reduce mortality. This study was aimed at detecting H. pylori from biopsies of peptic ulcer patients. Real-time PCR using TaqMan and EvaGreen assays targeting 16S rRNA and ureA genes were used to detect H. pylori DNA extracted from 40 biopsy samples comprising 20 biopsies obtained from the antrum and 20 from the corpus of 20 patients undergoing endoscopy for duodenal ulcer investigation in Lagos, Nigeria. Results H. pylori was detected in 80% of the biopsy samples by combined cycle threshold (Ct) and melting temperature (Tm) values. Mean Ct value for ureA gene ranged from 21.40 to 37.53 and 22.71 to 35.44 for 16SrRNA gene. Average melting temperatures (Tm) of 81.57 and 82.90 °C among amplicons of ureA and 16S rRNA were observed respectively. H. pylori DNA was generally detected in biopsies collected from antrum and corpus. Real-time PCR in the diagnosis of H. pylori can be considered a simple, low cost and efficient alternative or addition to the gold standard.

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Application of 16S rRNA gene sequencing in Helicobacter pylori detection

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.9099 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e9099 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aleksander Szymczak ◽

Stanisław Ferenc ◽

Joanna Majewska ◽

Paulina Miernikiewicz ◽

Jan Gnus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

16S Rrna ◽

16S Rrna Gene ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Gene Sequencing ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

H Pylori

Helicobacter pylori is one of the major stomach microbiome components, promoting development of inflammation and gastric cancer in humans. H. pylori has a unique ability to transform into a coccoidal form which is difficult to detect by many diagnostic methods, such as urease activity detection, and even histopathological examination. Here we present a comparison of three methods for H. pylori identification: histological assessment (with eosin, hematoxylin, and Giemsa staining), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of urease (ureA specific primers), and detection by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The study employed biopsies from the antral part of the stomach (N = 40). All samples were assessed histologically which revealed H. pylori in eight patients. Bacterial DNA isolated from the bioptates was used as a template for PCR reaction and 16S rRNA gene sequencing that revealed H. pylori in 13 and in 20 patients, respectively. Thus, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was the most sensitive method for detection of H. pylori in stomach biopsy samples.

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Current Helicobacter pylori Diagnostics

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics11081458 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1458

Author(s):

Dmitry S. Bordin ◽

Irina N. Voynovan ◽

Dmitrii N. Andreev ◽

Igor V. Maev

Keyword(s):

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Diagnostic Tests ◽

Precancerous Lesions ◽

Primary Diagnosis ◽

Blue Laser ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Stool Antigen Test ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Non Invasive ◽

H Pylori

The high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and the variety of gastroduodenal diseases caused by this pathogen necessitate the use of only accurate methods both for the primary diagnosis and for monitoring the eradication effectiveness. There is a broad spectrum of diagnostic methods available for detecting H. pylori. All methods can be classified as invasive or non-invasive. The need for upper endoscopy, different clinical circumstances, sensitivity and specificity, and accessibility defines the method chosen. This article reviews the advantages and disadvantages of the current options and novel developments in diagnostic tests for H. pylori detection. The progress in endoscopic modalities has made it possible not only to diagnose precancerous lesions and early gastric cancer but also to predict H. pylori infection in real time. The contribution of novel endoscopic evaluation technologies in the diagnosis of H. pylori such as visual endoscopy using blue laser imaging (BLI), linked color imaging (LCI), and magnifying endoscopy is discussed. Recent studies have demonstrated the capability of artificial intelligence to predict H. pylori status based on endoscopic images. Non-invasive diagnostic tests such as the urea breathing test and stool antigen test are recommended for primary diagnosis of H. pylori infection. Serology can be used for initial screening and epidemiological studies. The histology showed its value in detecting H. pylori and provided more information about the degree of gastric mucosa inflammation and precancerous lesions. Molecular methods are mainly used in detecting antibiotic resistance of H. pylori. Cultures from gastric biopsies are the gold standard and recommended for antibiotic susceptibility tests.

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A REVIEW OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION DISEASES, ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND DIAGNOSIS

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i12.24745 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 566

Author(s):

Bolai Paul ◽

Senthil Adimoolam ◽

Mohd Javed Qureshi ◽

Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail

Keyword(s):

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Gastric Ulcers ◽

Rapid Urease Test ◽

Stool Antigen Test ◽

Urease Test ◽

H Pylori

Objective: The aim of the study was designed to assess the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori, affecting disease by this infection and diagnostic methods which are used to detect H. pylori.Methods: A wide literature search was performed using PubMed, Medline, Cinahl, Embase, Educational Resources Information Center, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, and review of appropriate epidemiologic studies conducted from 1995 to 2017 for studies fully published investigating a contribution between H. pylori infection, antibiotic resistance, and diagnosis of H. pylori infection.Results: H. pylori infection is extremely contributed to the main symptoms and death that is currently affecting 50–75% of the people in the world. It is more affected in developing countries compared to developed countries. These infections are regarded to be the most important reasons for gastric cancer, peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas, and gastric adenocarcinoma. About 90–100% of duodenal ulcers and 60–90% of gastric ulcers were associated with H. pylori infections. At present, antibiotic resistance is a growing problem for the eradication of H. pylori infection; it contains metronidazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and levofloxacin resistance. Diagnosis of H. pylori infection is a crucial part for the better treatment of those diseases. Different types of testing method for H. pylori infection are used including invasive (endoscopic image, histology, rapid urease test, and culture) and non-invasive (urea breath test, stool antigen test, and serological).Conclusion: H. pylori antibiotic resistance is the major contributor to the failure of H. pylori treatment. Appropriate diagnostic method selected in detecting H. pylori antibiotic resistance may lead to reduced treatment failures and less antibiotic resistance.

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Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori Eradication Regimens in Lithuania during the Years 2013–2020: Data from the European Registry on Helicobacter pylori Management (Hp-EuReg)

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57070642 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (7) ◽

pp. 642

Author(s):

Paulius Jonaitis ◽

Juozas Kupcinskas ◽

Olga P. Nyssen ◽

Ignasi Puig ◽

Javier P. Gisbert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Triple Therapy ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Line Treatment ◽

Second Line ◽

First Line ◽

Intention To Treat ◽

H Pylori ◽

Cure Rates ◽

European Registry

Background and Objectives: The prevalence of H. pylori in Eastern Europe remains quite high; however, there is insufficient data on the eradication regimens and their effectiveness. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic methods and treatment of H. pylori infection as well as their adherence to Maastricht V/Florence consensus during the years 2013–2020 in Lithuania. Materials and Methods: Sub-study of the “European Registry on H. pylori Management” (Hp-EuReg), international multicenter prospective non-interventional registry of the routine clinical practice. Lithuanian data from the years 2013–2020 were analyzed for effectiveness on a modified intention-to-treat (mITT) basis. 2000 adult patients, diagnosed with H. pylori infection, were included. Data were compared to the European Maastricht V guidelines. Results: Triple-therapy was used in 90% of the cases. In 91% of the first-line prescriptions, standard triple therapy (STT) was used. The most common second-line treatment was a combination of PPI, amoxicillin and levofloxacin (PPI+A+L) (47%). The overall effectiveness in 552 cases valid for analysis was 90% by mITT. In first-line treatment, the STT effectiveness was 90% and second-line treatment with PPI+A+L achieved 92% by mITT. Increasing overall H. pylori eradication rates were observed: from 72% in 2013 to more than 90% in 2018–2020, as well as a shift from 7 to 10–14 days treatments duration throughout 2013–2020. Conclusions: In Lithuania, the prescribed eradication regimens for H. pylori were in accordance with the international guidelines but diagnostic methods and treatment duration only partially met Maastricht V/Florence guidelines. The eradication effectiveness was improved progressively during the years 2018–2020, reaching ≥90% cure rates.

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