Care cost for pregnant and parturient women with diabetes and mild hyperglycemia

OBJECTIVE: To compare inpatient and outpatient care costs for pregnant/parturient women with diabetes and mild hyperglycemia. METHODS: A prospective observational quantitative study was conducted in the Perinatal Diabetes Center in the city of Botucatu, Southeastern Brazil, between 2007 and 2008. Direct and indirect costs and disease-specific costs (medications and tests) were estimated. Thirty diet-treated pregnant women with diabetes were followed up on an outpatient basis, and 20 who required insulin therapy were hospitalized. RESULTS: The cost of diabetes disease (prenatal and delivery care) was US$ 3,311.84 for inpatients and US$ 1,366.04 for outpatients. CONCLUSIONS: Direct and indirect costs as well as total prenatal care cost were higher for diabetic inpatients while delivery care costs and delivery-postpartum hospitalization were similar. Prenatal and delivery-postpartum care costs were higher for these patients compared to those paid by Brazilian National Health System.

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Urgent Care Costs of Uncontrolled Asthma in Canada, 2004

Canadian Respiratory Journal ◽

10.1155/2005/478764 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 435-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Soo Jin Seung ◽

Nicole Mittmann

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Emergency Department Visits ◽

Urgent Care ◽

Uncontrolled Asthma ◽

Physician Visits ◽

Direct And Indirect Costs ◽

Drug Treatments ◽

The Cost ◽

Care Costs

It has been more than a decade since Krahn evaluated the direct and indirect costs of asthma in Canada. Asthma is often uncontrolled and the cost of providing urgent care has not been determined. Hospitalizations, unscheduled physician visits, emergency department visits, drug treatments and ambulance rides are resources used by the uncontrolled asthmatic population, resulting in $162 million in costs annually. Improved control of asthma could decrease these costs.

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Socioeconomic Burden of Disease Due to Asthma in South Korea

Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/1010539520920524 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 188-193

Author(s):

Eun-Whan Lee ◽

Hee-Sun Kim ◽

Wook Kim ◽

Jin-Young Nam ◽

Jae-Hyun Park

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

South Korea ◽

Burden Of Disease ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Primary Diagnosis ◽

Direct And Indirect Costs ◽

National Patient ◽

Socioeconomic Burden ◽

The Cost ◽

Care Costs

This study aimed to estimate the socioeconomic burden of asthma in South Korea. The data were obtained from the National Patient Sample of 2014. The direct costs included health care and non–health care costs, and the indirect costs included loss of productivity. To estimate the prevalence of asthma, this study used both primary diagnoses and treatment-based criteria. The prevalence of asthma was 3.7% using primary diagnosis-based criteria. The total costs of asthma were $645.8 million. The direct and indirect costs were $553.9 million and $92.0 million, respectively. When the treatment-based criteria were applied, the prevalence decreased to 1.8% and the total costs decreased to $465.1 million. The direct and indirect costs were $394.9 million and $70.2 million, respectively. In the future, the cost of asthma, derived from various perspectives, should be regularly estimated and used as a basis for lowering the burden of disease due to asthma.

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The Direct and Indirect Costs of Treating the Victims of the 2016 Nice Terror Attacks in a Single Pediatric Hospital

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness ◽

10.1017/dmp.2021.29 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Federico Solla ◽

Eytan Ellenberg ◽

Virginie Rampal ◽

Julien Margaine ◽

Charles Musoff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Indirect Costs ◽

Medical Costs ◽

Pediatric Hospital ◽

Terror Attack ◽

Direct And Indirect Costs ◽

Terror Attacks ◽

Direct Medical Costs ◽

Annual Budget ◽

The Difference ◽

The Cost

Abstract Objective: To analyze the cost of the terror attack in Nice in a single pediatric institution. Methods: We carried out descriptive analyses of the data coming from the Lenval University Children’s Hospital of Nice database after the July 14, 2016 terror attack. The medical cost for each patient was estimated from the invoice that the hospital sent to public insurance. The indirect costs were calculated from the hospital’s accounting, as the items that were previously absent or the difference between costs in 2016 versus the previous year. Results: The costs total 1.56 million USD, corresponding to 2% of Lenval Hospital’s 2016 annual budget. Direct medical costs represented 9% of the total cost. The indirect costs were related to human resources (overtime, sick leave), revenue shortfall, and security and psychiatric reinforcement. Conclusion: Indirect costs had a greater impact than did direct medical costs. Examining the level and variety of direct and indirect costs will lead to a better understanding of the consequences of terror acts and to improved preparation for future attacks.

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THU0548 THE ECONOMIC BURDEN OF ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS IN SPAIN. RESULTS OF THE SPANISH ATLAS 2017

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.5892 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 514.2-514

Author(s):

M. Merino ◽

O. Braçe ◽

A. González ◽

Á. Hidalgo-Vega ◽

M. Garrido-Cumbrera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽

Health Care Costs ◽

Health Care Cost ◽

Labour Productivity ◽

General Health Questionnaire ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Productivity Losses ◽

The Cost ◽

Care Costs

Background:Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) is a disease associated with a high number of comorbidities, chronic pain, functional disability, and resource consumption.Objectives:This study aimed to estimate the burden of disease for patients diagnosed with AS in Spain.Methods:Data from 578 unselected patients with AS were collected in 2016 for the Spanish Atlas of Axial Spondyloarthritis via an online survey. The estimated costs were: Direct Health Care Costs (borne by the National Health System, NHS) and Direct Non-Health Care Costs (borne by patients) were estimated with the bottom-up method, multiplying the resource consumption by the unit price of each resource. Indirect Costs (labour productivity losses) were estimated using the human capital method. Costs were compared between levels of disease activity using the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) score (<4 or low inflammation versus ≥4 or high inflammation) and risk of mental distress using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) score (<3 or low risk versus ≥3 or high risk).Results:The average annual cost per patient with AS in 2015 amounted to €11,462.3 (± 13,745.5) per patient. Direct Health Care Cost meant an annual average of €6,999.8 (± 9,216.8) per patient, to which an annual average of €611.3 (± 1,276.5) per patient associated with Direct Non-Health Care Cost borne by patients must be added. Pharmacological treatment accounted for the largest percentage of the costs borne by the NHS (64.6%), while for patients most of the cost was attributed to rehabilitative therapies and/or physical activity (91%). The average annual Indirect Costs derived from labour productivity losses were €3,851.2 (± 8,484.0) per patient, mainly associated to absenteeism. All categories showed statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between BASDAI groups (<4 vs ≥4) except for the Direct Non-Healthcare Cost, showing a progressive rise in cost from low to high inflammation. Regarding the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), all categories showed statistically significant differences between GHQ-12 (<3 vs ≥3), with higher costs associated with higher risk of poor mental health (Table 1).Table 1.Average annual costs per patient according to BASDAI and GHQ-12 groups (in Euros, 2015)NDirect Health CostsDirect Non-Health CostsIndirect CostsTotal CostBASDAI<4917,592.0*557.32,426.5*10,575.8*≥43769,706.9*768.05,104.8*15,579.7*Psychological distress (GHQ-12)<31468,146.8*493.6*3,927.2*12,567.6*≥32609,772.9*807.2*4,512.3*15,092.5*Total5786,999.8611.33,851.211,462.3* p <0.05Conclusion:Direct Health Care Costs, and those attributed to pharmacological treatment in particular, accounted for the largest component of the cost associated with AS. However, a significant proportion of the overall costs can be further attributed to labour productivity losses.Acknowledgments:Funded by Novartis Farmacéutica S.A.Disclosure of Interests:María Merino: None declared, Olta Braçe: None declared, Almudena González: None declared, Álvaro Hidalgo-Vega: None declared, Marco Garrido-Cumbrera: None declared, Jordi Gratacos-Masmitja Grant/research support from: a grant from Pfizzer to study implementation of multidisciplinary units to manage PSA in SPAIN, Consultant of: Pfizzer, MSD, ABBVIE, Janssen, Amgen, BMS, Novartis, Lilly, Speakers bureau: Pfizzer, MSD, ABBVIE, Janssen, Amgen, BMS, Novartis, Lilly

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Animal production studies in Jamaica. IV. The costs of developing and maintaining pangola grass pastures

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600060792 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 179-186 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

B. L. Nestel

Keyword(s):

Indirect Cost ◽

Direct Cost ◽

Inverse Relationship ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Animal Production ◽

Direct And Indirect Costs ◽

Production Studies ◽

Total Range ◽

The Cost

The cost of developing and maintaining pangola grass pastures has been examined under a range of conditions. The direct cost of improving pastures to the stage where they were established as 5–10 acre, fenced, watered units of pangola grass was about £30 per acre. Under favourable conditions this cost could be reduced to £20, but with difficult land or poor techniques the cost could rise to £40 or more per acre. In addition to the direct cost of establishment there was an indirect cost due to land being out of use or stock numbers having to be reduced. This indirect cost appeared to be highest on lands where planting costs were least. It was suggested that there might be an inverse relationship between direct and indirect costs which tended to narrow the total range of establishment costs.

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Impact of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) from the perspective of the Canadian beef producer

Animal Health Research Reviews ◽

10.1017/s1466252309990119 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 109-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kee Jim

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Direct Costs ◽

Production Costs ◽

Direct And Indirect Costs ◽

Carcass Disposal ◽

The Cost

AbstractThe costs of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) to the beef producer can be estimated by identifying and summing the direct and indirect costs associated with the disease. The major direct costs are attributable to the cost of the feeder, production costs and carcass disposal. The indirect costs are mainly associated with infrastructure and labour.

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Costs of the management of hemophilia A with inhibitors in Spain

Global & Regional Health Technology Assessment Italian Northern Europe and Spanish ◽

10.33393/grhta.2021.2234 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 35-42

Author(s):

Santiago Bonanad ◽

María Teresa Álvarez ◽

Ramiro Núñez ◽

José Luis Poveda ◽

Beatriz Gil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Healthcare Costs ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Hemophilia A ◽

Productivity Loss ◽

National Health System ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Factor Vii ◽

Direct And Indirect Costs ◽

On Demand ◽

Bypassing Agents

Introduction: Emicizumab is a first-in-class monoclonal antibody, recently authorized for the treatment of hemophilia A with inhibitors. This study aims to estimate the direct and indirect costs of the management of hemophilia A with inhibitors, in adult and pediatric patients, including the prophylaxis with emicizumab. Methods: We calculated the costs of the on-demand and prophylactic treatments with bypassing agents (activated prothrombin complex concentrate and recombinant activated factor VII) and the emicizumab prophylaxis, from the societal perspective, over 1 year. The study considered direct healthcare costs (drugs, visits, tests, and hospitalizations), direct non-healthcare costs (informal caregivers), and indirect costs (productivity loss). Data were obtained from a literature review and were validated by an expert group. Costs were expressed in 2019 euros. Results: Our results showed that the annual costs of the prophylactic treatment per patient varied between €543,062.99 and €821,415.77 for adults, and €182,764.43 and €319,826.59 for children, while on-demand treatment was €532,706.84 and €789,341.91 in adults, and €167,523.05 and €238,304.71 in pediatric patients. In relation to other prophylactic therapies, emicizumab showed the lowest costs, with up to a 34% and 43% reduction in the management cost of adult and pediatric patients, respectively. It reduced the bleeding events and administration costs, as this drug is less frequently administered by subcutaneous route. Emicizumab prophylaxis also decreased the cost of other healthcare resources such as visits, tests, and hospitalizations, as well as indirect costs. Conclusion: In comparison to prophylaxis with bypassing agents, emicizumab reduced direct and indirect costs, resulting in cost savings for the National Health System and society.

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Identification of Problems Associated with the Usage of Friction (Koeppe) Hoists Based on Geodetic Measurements

Geosciences ◽

10.3390/geosciences10110444 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 444

Author(s):

Agnieszka Ochałek ◽

Wojciech Jaśkowski ◽

Mateusz Jabłoński

Keyword(s):

Laser Scanning ◽

Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Measurement Methods ◽

Legal Regulations ◽

Direct And Indirect Costs ◽

Cost Of Materials ◽

The Cost ◽

Assembly Component ◽

Selection Of

The hoist assembly based on the Koeppe friction is a commonly used solution in mining. However, it has some disadvantages. A few centimeters offset of the groove axis can lead to excessive abrasion of linings on the Koeppe friction and pulleys. As a consequence, the mines are forced to bear the direct and indirect costs of replacing the linings such as the cost of materials and service as well as the cost of extended machine and shaft downtime. Last year, the authors undertook a geodetic inventory of the condition of two hoisting machines with a Koeppe winder. Terrestrial laser scanning enhanced with precision total station measurements were performed. Additionally, elements particularly important for the performed analysis (inclination of hoisting machine and rope wheels shafts) were determined by the precision leveling technique. Obtained results were verified using measurements on Szpetkowski’s tribrach. Appropriate selection of the measurement methods in both analyzed examples allowed us to determine the causes of destruction of each hoist assembly component. Based on precise geodetic data, guidelines have been defined for rectification (twisting and shifting the rope pulleys), which seems unavoidable despite the lack of unambiguous legal regulations.

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The Economic Cost of Suicide in Ireland

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910.28.2.89 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 89-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Brendan Kennelly

Keyword(s):

Gross National Product ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Economic Cost ◽

Economic Costs ◽

Total Cost ◽

Direct And Indirect Costs ◽

Education And Health ◽

Human Cost ◽

Human Costs ◽

The Cost

Abstract. Objective: To calculate the costs of suicide in Ireland. Method: The paper identifies all episodes of suicide in Ireland in 2001 and 2002, and projects the economic costs arising from these episodes over subsequent years. All prices have been converted to 2001 euros. Both direct and indirect costs were calculated. Indirect costs included both the cost of lost output and human costs. Results: The total cost of suicide is estimated at over Euro 906 million in 2001, and over Euro 835 million in 2002 (in 2001 prices). This is equivalent to a little under 1% of the gross national product in Ireland for those years. Conclusions: The results show that investment in health education and health promotion can be justified on the basis of the costs associated with suicide in Ireland. These costs fall on individuals, families, and society. The huge human cost of suffering associated with suicide can also be prevented through appropriate intervention to prevent death occurring. It is important that any suicide prevention strategy should include an evaluative framework to ensure that investment occurs in the areas most likely to generate the highest returns in term of suicides prevented and lives saved.

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Cost-effectiveness of emergency preparedness measures in response to infectious respiratory disease outbreaks: a systematic review and econometric analysis

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045113 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. e045113

Author(s):

Constantine Vardavas ◽

Katerina Nikitara ◽

Konstantinos Zisis ◽

Konstantinos Athanasakis ◽

Revati Phalkey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Cost Saving ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Direct And Indirect Costs ◽

Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽

The Cost

ObjectivesRespiratory infectious disease outbreaks pose a threat for loss of life, economic instability and social disruption. We conducted a systematic review of published econometric analyses to assess the direct and indirect costs of infectious respiratory disease outbreaks that occurred between 2003 and 2019.SettingRespiratory infectious disease outbreaks or public health preparedness measures or interventions responding to respiratory outbreaks in OECD countries (excluding South Korea and Japan) so as to assess studies relevant to the European context. The cost-effectiveness of interventions was assessed through a dominance ranking matrix approach. All cost data were adjusted to the 2017 Euro, with interventions compared with the null. We included data from 17 econometric studies.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDirect and indirect costs for disease and preparedness and/or response or cost-benefit and cost-utility were measured.ResultsOverall, the economic burden of infectious respiratory disease outbreaks was found to be significant to healthcare systems and society. Indirect costs were greater than direct costs mainly due to losses of productivity. With regard to non-pharmaceutical strategies, prehospitalisation screening and the use of protective masks were identified as both an effective strategy and cost-saving. Community contact reduction was effective but had ambiguous results for cost saving. School closure was an effective measure, but not cost-saving in the long term. Targeted antiviral prophylaxis was the most cost-saving and effective pharmaceutical intervention.ConclusionsOur cost analysis results provide evidence to policymakers on the cost-effectiveness of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies which may be applied to mitigate or respond to infectious respiratory disease outbreaks.

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