scholarly journals Selection of Indicator Species of the Tembotrione Sorption in Soils with Different Attributes

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.T. FARIA ◽  
E.M.G. SILVA ◽  
G.A.M. PEREIRA ◽  
M.F. SOUZA ◽  
A.A. SILVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Indicator Species ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Low Concentrations

ABSTRACT: Studies on herbicide behavior in soils may be performed using biological and chemical methods. The efficiency of the biological method depends on the indicator species sensitivity to low herbicide concentrations in the soil solution. Among the herbicides commonly used in Brazil for corn cultivation, tembotrione stands out. In the last agricultural seasons, the intoxication of some crops when cultivated in succession to corn has been reported, which may be attributed to tembotrione recommendations without the knowledge of their interactions with colloids of tropical soils. In this research, we selected an indicator plant species of tembotrione residues in the soil after sorting 12 species. The sorption of this herbicide was estimated in two Oxisols (Latossolo Amarelo and Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, Brazilian Soil Classification) and in a Histosol (Organossolo, Brazilian Soil Classification) with different attributes. Initially, after sorting the 12 plant species, the two most efficient in detecting tembotrione in the soil were selected. In the second stage, the most sensitive species was selected. In the third stage, tembotrione sorption was assessed in the three soils by using the selected species. Among the 12 species, Beta vulgaris and Brassica oleracea var. capitata were the most efficient in detecting tembotrione at low concentrations in the soil, being B. vulgaris (beet) the most sensitive. Thus, due to its ease of cultivation, high sensitivity, and fast initial growth, beet can be used as an indicator species of tembotrione presence in the soil solution. The sorption of this herbicide was higher in the Histosol and it is directly related to the organic matter content.

scholarly journals The status of phosphorus and other fertility parameters in soils of Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 90 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 145-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sotomayor-Ramírez ◽  
Gustavo A. Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Commercial Laboratory ◽  
Soil Fertility Status

There is a need to quantitatively assess the soil fertility status of tropical soils. Descriptive summaries help describe the effectiveness of liming programs, nutritional limitation in soils and the relative risk of off-field nutrient transport. A database of 1,168 soil test results collected from 1989 to 1999 from nearly 400 cultivated farms in Puerto Rico was used. Samples were analyzed for pH, organic matter (Walkley-Black method), extractable phosphorus (P) (Olsen and Bray 1), and exchangeable bases (NH4Oac method) by a commercial laboratory. Thirty-six percent of the samples had acidity problems (pH <5.5). Twenty-three percent of the samples had low organic matter content (<20 g/kg), and 16% had high category (>40 g/kg) values. Fifty-three and 56% of the samples showed a need to fertilize with magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K), respectively, because they had values below the suggested critical levels of 2.5 cmolc/kg for soil exchangeable Mg and of 0.4 cmolc/kg for K. On the basis of current soil fertility criteria, P fertilization would be required in 69% of the samples with pH less than 7.3, but only in 28% of the samples with pH greater than or equal to 7.3. Although the soils grouped with pH >7.3 had a greater proportion of samples in the "extremely high" soil test P category, the potential environmental impact may be lessened because the climatic and topographic conditions where these soils occur favor less runoff. Follow-up studies are needed to assess the spatial variability and the temporal dynamics of the nutritional status of soils of Puerto Rico. 

CADMIUM IN DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES AND ITS AVAILABILITY IN SOILS AS INFLUENCED BY ORGANIC MATTER AND ADDITIONS OF LIME, P, Cd AND Zn

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. MACLEAN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Plant Parts

The Cd concentration in 10 plant species grown in a neutral surface soil (0.65 ppm Cd) varied from 0.18 ppm in potato tubers to 0.99 ppm in soybean roots on a dry matter basis. Addition of 5 ppm Cd increased the concentrations in the plants markedly and they were particularly high in lettuce (10.36 ppm) and tobacco leaves (11.57 ppm). Cd concentrations tended to be lower in the edible portion (seed, fruit, tubers) than in other plant parts. Added Cd affected yields in only a few instances. But in another experiment, Cd added at a rate of 5 ppm to five soils decreased the yield of lettuce in most instances. In a comparison of results for two similarly managed sandy loam soils, nearly neutral in reaction but differing in organic matter content (2.17 vs. 15.95% organic C), the concentration of Cd was lower in lettuce grown in the soil with the higher amount of organic matter. The Cd content of the lettuce was reduced by liming some of the acid soils. Addition of Cd increased the concentration of Zn in the plants appreciably, but added Zn did not affect Cd uptake. In an incubation experiment comprising five soils, DTPA (diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid) extractable Cd decreased with liming of three Cd-treated acid soil samples. In comparisons of two sandy loam soils and of surface and subsoil layers of a sand, extractable Cd increased with higher amounts of soil organic matter.

scholarly journals Microbiological and faunal soil attributes of coffee cultivation under different management systems in Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 894-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Lammel ◽  
L. C. B. Azevedo ◽  
A. M. Paula ◽  
R. D. Armas ◽  
D. Baretta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Biological Parameters

Abstract Brazil is the biggest coffee producer in the world and different plantation management systems have been applied to improve sustainability and soil quality. Little is known about the environmental effects of these different management systems, therefore, the goal of this study was to use soil biological parameters as indicators of changes. Soils from plantations in Southeastern Brazil with conventional (CC), organic (OC) and integrated management systems containing intercropping of Brachiaria decumbens (IB) or Arachis pintoi (IA) were sampled. Total organic carbon (TOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN), microbial activity (C-CO2), metabolic quotient (qCO2), the enzymes dehydrogenase, urease, acid phosphatase and arylsulphatase, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization and number of spores and soil fauna were evaluated. The greatest difference between the management systems was seen in soil organic matter content. The largest quantity of TOC was found in the OC, and the smallest was found in IA. TOC content influenced soil biological parameters. The use of all combined attributes was necessary to distinguish the four systems. Each management presented distinct faunal structure, and the data obtained with the trap method was more reliable than the TSBF (Tropical Soils) method. A canonic correlation analysis showed that Isopoda was correlated with TOC and the most abundant order with OC. Isoptera was the most abundant faunal order in IA and correlated with MBC. Overall, OC had higher values for most of the biological measurements and higher populations of Oligochaeta and Isopoda, corroborating with the concept that the OC is a more sustainable system.

Mobility of metsulfuron-methyl in tropical soils

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Ismail ◽  
K. Kalithasan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Downward Movement ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Metsulfuron Methyl ◽  
Rainfall Total

The mobility of metsulfuron-methyl in 5 soil series with different organic contents was determined in a greenhouse as well as under natural conditions. In these studies, the movement and biological activity of metsulfuron-methyl were determined by the bioassay method using long bean as a bioassay species. Bioactivity and movement of the herbicide down the soil profile were inversely related to the organic matter content of the soil. Phytotoxic levels of metsulfuron-methyl were restricted to the 10-cm depth of the column containing Selangor Series soil except when it received 40 mL of water daily (depth, 10–15 cm). In Munchung Series, the phytotoxic level was also mainly in the 5–10 cm layer. However, when the column received 40 mL daily or every 4 days, the residue was detected in 15–20 cm and 10–15 cm zones, respectively. The phytotoxic level moved downward to the 20–25 cm layer both in Sogomana and Holyrood Series when 40 mL of water was given daily. A phytotoxic level of metsulfuron herbicide was detected in the 20–25 cm layer when the soil column containing Serdang Series was leached with 40 mL of water every 4 days or with 20 mL daily; the phytotoxic level was detected at a depth of 25–30 cm when this soil was watered daily with 40 mL. The downward movement of metsulfuron under natural conditions showed a pattern similar to that found under simulated conditions. Phytotoxic effects of the residue could be detected in the 25–30 cm and 15–20 cm zone of Serdang and Holyrood Series, respectively, after exposure to 20 days of rainfall (total 111·9 mm). Phytotoxic residue in both Sogomana and Munchung Series soil was detected in the 10–15 cm layer, and in the 5–10 cm layer for Selangor Series soil, after exposure to 20 days of rainfall. After exposure to 40 days of rainfall (total 152·8 mm) under natural conditions, the residue could be detected in the 15–20 cm layer of Selangor Series. The phytotoxic level moved deeper in soil with low organic matter after exposure to 40 days of rainfall. Fresh weight reduction was greater in the 20–30 cm layer in Serdang Series than in the top layer.

Hardsetting in the surface horizons of sandy soils and Its implications for soil classification and management

Soil Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 603 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Harper ◽  
RJ Gilkes
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Arid Area ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Classification Schemes ◽  
Surface Conditions ◽  
Measured Strength

Marked variations in hardsetting occur in the sandy surface horizons of duplex deep sandy soils in a semi-arid area of Western Australia. Hardsetting by definition only occurs in dry soils and increases with field texture. Soil strength measured on remoulded samples in the laboratory conformed with field assessments of strength (consistence). Most (79%) of the variation in strength between Ap horizon samples was explained by clay content, with small differences in clay content resulting in large differences in strength. Half of the maximum measured strength in the Ap horizons was achieved at a clay content of only 8%. The A2 horizons were markedly stronger than corresponding Ap horizons, despite similar clay contents, and this difference in strength is related to the larger organic matter content of the Ap horizons. Hardsetting of these sandy soils may be explained in terms of the cementing action provided by clay which forms bridges between particles. Organic material weakens these bridges. Hardsetting may affect the wind erodibility of sandy soils, through differences in surface conditions (i.e. loose v. compact) and by increasing the resistance to abrasion by saltating sand. It is not clear what effect it will have on plant performance. Hardsetting is a continuous, rather than discrete soil attribute, and if it is to be described in the field, and used in soil classification schemes, objectives class limits should be defined, perhaps using dry consistence ratings.

PCA Analysis and Concentration of Heavy Metal in the Soil, Guangdong, China

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 1952-1955
Author(s):  
Chun Lin Yang ◽  
Rui Ping Guo ◽  
Rong Zeng Liu ◽  
Qing Ling Yue ◽  
Xiu Juan Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Geographical Patterns ◽  
Analysis Group ◽  
Soil Parent Material ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Local Anomalies

The concentrations of 9 metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in topsoil in Guangdong were investigated based on 260 samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the data matrix to evaluate the analytical results and to identify the possible sources of metals. The average concentrations (mg/kg) obtained were: Cu 17.37 mg/kg, Ni 17.7 mg/kg, Cr 56.7 mg/kg, Co 6.83 mg/kg, Mn 223.16 mg/kg, Pb 36.63 mg/kg, Hg 0.10 mg/kg, Cd 0.09 mg/kg and Zn 49.75 mg/kg. The results of factor analysis group Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg and Mn in F1 and Cu, Ni, Cr, Co in F2. The spatial heavy metals component maps show definite association of these factors with the soil parent material and soil types. The concentration levels are relatively low in areas of high pH and low organic matter content concentration. The 9 metals in Guangdong have generally low concentrations and distinct geographical patterns. The local anomalies (found in Cu, Zn and Pb) are attributed to anthropogenic influence.

scholarly journals Nickel adsorption and desorption in an acric oxisol as a function of pH, ionic strength and incubation time

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estêvão Vicari Mellis ◽  
José Carlos Casagrande ◽  
Marcio Roberto Soares
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Remediation Strategies ◽  
Adsorption Desorption ◽  
Nickel Adsorption

ABSTRACT Although nickel (Ni) has both important potential benefits and toxic effects in the environment, its behavior in tropical soils has not been well studied. Nickel adsorption-desorption in topsoil and subsoil samples of an acric Oxisol was studied at three pH values (from 3.0 to 8.0). Adsorption-desorption isotherms were elaborated from experiments with increasing Ni concentration (5 to 100 mg L-1), during 0, 4, and 12 weeks, using CaCl2 0.01 and 0.1 M as electrolytic support in order to also verify the effect of Ni-soil time contact and of ionic strength on the reaction. Experimental results of Ni adsorption fitted Langmuir model, which indicated that maximum Ni adsorption (71,440 mg kg-1) occurred at subsoil, after 12 weeks. Nickel affinity (KL) was also greater at subsoil (1.0 L kg-1). The Ni adsorption in the topsoil samples was higher, due to its lower point of zero salt effect (PZSE) and higher organic matter content. The increase in soil pH resulted in the increase of Ni adsorption. Nickel desorbed less from soil samples incubated for 4 or 12 weeks, suggesting that Ni interactions with colloidal particles increase over time. The amount of Ni desorbed increased with increasing ionic strength in both the topsoil and subsoil soil samples. Finally, adsorption-desorption hysteresis was clearly observed. Soil pH, ionic strength of soil solution and the Ni-soil contact time should be considered as criteria for selecting the areas for disposal of residues containing Ni or to compose remediation strategies for acric soils contaminated with Ni.

scholarly journals Sorption and Desorption of Tembotrione and its Metabolite AE 1417268 in Soils with Different Attributes

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.T. FARIA ◽  
C.A. FIALHO ◽  
M.F. SOUZA ◽  
N.M. FREITAS ◽  
A.A. SILVA
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Carryover Effects ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
Low Levels

ABSTRACT: Tembotrione is registered in Brazil for maize and is used in large areas of the country in each harvest. In recent years, producers have reported carryover effects of this herbicide in succeeding crops to maize. This fact can be attributed to tembotrione recommendations without knowing their interactions with tropical soils colloids. In this study, using high-performance liquid chromatography, it was possible to evaluate the influence of chemical and physical attributes on the sorption and desorption of tembotrione, as well as its metabolite AE 1417268, on seven soils from different regions of Brazil. The coefficients referring to sorption and desorption, as well as the hysteresis index (Kf, 1/n and H) of tembotrione and its metabolite were influenced by pH, clay content and organic matter. In soil samples with low levels of clay and organic matter, values of sorption coefficients were reduced as pH increased. The desorption of tembotrione and its metabolite in all soils were low, mainly in the clayey ones and in soils with higher organic matter content. The sorption of tembotrione and its metabolites varies with the attributes of soil, presenting a direct relation with clay and organic matter contents and an inverse one with soil pH. The desorption of tembotrione and its metabolite decreased with the increase in clay and organic matter contents in the evaluated soils.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the lime requirement of tropical soils in terms of other soil characteristics

1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
M. A. Lugo López ◽  
F. Abruña ◽  
J. Roldán
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Significant Regression

The quantity of limestone required to bring the pH of various acid Puerto Rican soils to 6.5 was investigated and found to vary from several hundred to several thousands pounds per acre. To investigate the relation of clay-mineral type, clay content, cation-exchange capacity, organic-matter content, and pH to lime requirement, these properties were determined for several soils. A highly significant regression of lime requirement on pH was obtained which can be expressed by the equation: Y = 18.39 — 3.196 X, where Y is the lime requirement and X is the pH value. Multiple regressions including other factors did not significantly increase the variability which could be explained on terms of the first regression. Further analysis were made by arranging the data according to the predominant clay mineral. For kaolinitic soils highly significant correlations were obtained between lime requirement and either pH or cation exchange capacity. The regressions were: (a) Y = 15.26 — 2.632 pH, and (b) Y = 3.048 + 0.5774 (cation-exchange capacity), where Y is the lime requirement. A regression of lime requirement on both factors did not significantly increase the variability explained by the second equation. No significant regressions were obtained for beidellitic soils.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effects of Organic Matter and Other Soil Characteristics Upon the Aggregate Stability of Some Tropical Soils

1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Lugo-López ◽  
J. Juárez, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Degree Of Stability ◽  
Statistical Studies ◽  
Level Of Significance

This paper reports on statistical studies conducted to evaluate the degree of stability of soil aggregates in terms of the respective organic-matter, clay, and silt contents of selected soils from the Lajas Valley irrigation development project. Simple regression analyses revealed that there was no correlation between aggregate stability and clay or silt content. However, a highly significant correlation was obtained when organic-matter content was considered as the independent variable. In spite of the level of significance only 16 percent of the variability in aggregate stability can be explained on a basis of the soil organic-matter content, thus limiting the possible usefulness of estimates made by using the equation developed.

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