scholarly journals The concept and measurement of race and their relationship to public health: a review focused on Brazil and the United States

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 660-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Travassos ◽  
David R. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Quality Issues

Race has been widely used in studies on health and healthcare inequalities, especially in the United States. Validity and reliability problems with race measurement are of concern in public health. This article reviews the literature on the concept and measurement of race and compares how the findings apply to the United States and Brazil. We discuss in detail the data quality issues related to the measurement of race and the problems raised by measuring race in multiracial societies like Brazil. We discuss how these issues and problems apply to public health and make recommendations about the measurement of race in medical records and public health research.

Gender Differences in First and Corresponding Authorship in Public Health Research Submissions During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-163
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Bell ◽  
Kelvin C. Fong
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Manuscript Submission ◽  
Gender Based

Objectives. To investigate the rate of manuscript submission to a major peer-reviewed journal (American Journal of Public Health) by gender, comparing periods before and during the pandemic. Methods. We used data from January 1 to May 12, 2020, and defined the start of the pandemic period by country as the first date of 50 or more confirmed cases. We used an algorithm to classify gender based on first name and nation of origin. We included authors whose gender could be estimated with a certainty of at least 95%. Results. Submission rates were higher overall during the pandemic compared with before. Increases were higher for submissions from men compared with women (41.9% vs 10.9% for corresponding author). For the United States, submissions increased 23.8% for men but only 7.9% for women. Women authored 29.4% of COVID-19–related articles. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that the pandemic exacerbated gender imbalances in scientific research.

scholarly journals Editorial: Critical Race Theory - We are all Others

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (Supp 1) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Collins O. Airhihenbuwa ◽  
Chandra L. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Critical Race Theory ◽  
Health Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Critical Race ◽  
Race Theory ◽  
The Past

<p>Over the past two years, the persistence of racism in the United States has been particularly pronounced in the policies and actions of the administration of President Donald J. Trump; however, the structure of the United States has been racialized since its inception. This supplement of <em>Ethnicity &amp; Disease </em>uses Critical Race Theory (CRT) to explore several implications for public health and public health research. We intend for it to spark conversations in the classroom and among researchers on how racial phenomena operate and how we as a field can address racism. <em></em></p><p><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2018;28(Suppl 1):219-222; doi:10.18865/ed.28.S1.219.</p>

scholarly journals Utilizing asynchronous email interviews for health research: overview of benefits and drawbacks

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Amri ◽  
Christina Angelakis ◽  
Dilani Logan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Data Accuracy ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Face To Face

Abstract Objective Through collating observations from various studies and complementing these findings with one author’s study, a detailed overview of the benefits and drawbacks of asynchronous email interviewing is provided. Through this overview, it is evident there is great potential for asynchronous email interviews in the broad field of health, particularly for studies drawing on expertise from participants in academia or professional settings, those across varied geographical settings (i.e. potential for global public health research), and/or in circumstances when face-to-face interactions are not possible (e.g. COVID-19). Results Benefits of asynchronous email interviewing and additional considerations for researchers are discussed around: (i) access transcending geographic location and during restricted face-to-face communications; (ii) feasibility and cost; (iii) sampling and inclusion of diverse participants; (iv) facilitating snowball sampling and increased transparency; (v) data collection with working professionals; (vi) anonymity; (vii) verification of participants; (viii) data quality and enhanced data accuracy; and (ix) overcoming language barriers. Similarly, potential drawbacks of asynchronous email interviews are also discussed with suggested remedies, which centre around: (i) time; (ii) participant verification and confidentiality; (iii) technology and sampling concerns; (iv) data quality and availability; and (v) need for enhanced clarity and precision.

scholarly journals Estimating exposure to neighborhood crime by race and ethnicity for public health research

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evans K. Lodge ◽  
Cathrine Hoyo ◽  
Carmen M. Gutierrez ◽  
Kristen M. Rappazzo ◽  
Michael E. Emch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Police Department ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Crime Data ◽  
Police Data ◽  
Reported Crime ◽  
Reported Data

Abstract Background Police-reported crime data (hereafter “crime”) is routinely used as a psychosocial stressor in public health research, yet few studies have jointly examined (a) differences in crime exposure based on participant race and ethnicity, (b) differences in measures of crime exposure, and (c) considerations for how exposure to police is captured in police-recorded crime data. We estimate neighborhood exposure to crime and discuss the implications of structural differences in exposure to crime and police based on race and ethnicity. Methods Using GPS coordinates from 1188 participants in the Newborn Epigenetics Study, we estimated gestational exposure to crime provided by the Durham, North Carolina, Police Department within (a) 800 m and (b) the Census block group of residence. We controlled for non-overlapping spatial boundaries in crime, Census, residential, and police data to report crime spatial (crime per km2) and population (crime per 1000 people per km2) density. Results We demonstrate dramatic disparities in exposure to crime based on participant race and ethnicity and highlight variability in these disparities based on the type of crime and crime measurement method chosen. Conclusions Public health researchers should give thoughtful consideration when using police-reported crime data to measure and model exposure to crime in the United States, as police-reported data encompasses joint exposure to police and crime in the neighborhood setting.

scholarly journals Avatar Web-Based Self-Report Survey System Technology for Public Health Research: Technical Outcome Results and Lessons Learned

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Savel ◽  
Stan Mierzwa ◽  
Pamina M Gorbach ◽  
Samir Souidi ◽  
Michelle Lally ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Survey System ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data

This paper reports on a specific Web-based self-report data collection system that was developed for a public health research study in the United States. Our focus is on technical outcome results and lessons learned that may be useful to other projects requiring such a solution. The system was accessible from any device that had a browser that can support HTML5. Report findings include: which hardware devices, Web browsers, and operating systems were used, the rate of survey completion, and key considerations for employing Web-based surveys in a clinical trial setting. 

scholarly journals Medical records confidentiality and public health research: two values at stake? An italian survey focus on individual preferences

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Virgilia Toccaceli ◽  
Corrado Fagnani ◽  
Maria Antonietta Stazi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Italian Survey ◽  
Explicit Consent ◽  
Hospital Discharge Records ◽  
Privacy And Confidentiality

In a time when Europe is preparing to introduce new regulations on privacy protection, we conducted a survey among 1700 twins enrolled in the Italian Twin Register about the access and use of their medical records for public health research without explicit informed consent. A great majority of respondents would refuse or are doubtful about the access and use of hospital discharge records or clinical data without their explicit consent. Young and female individuals represent the modal profile of these careful people. As information retrieved from medical records is crucial for progressing knowledge, it is important to promote a better understanding of the value of public health research activities among the general population. Furthermore, public opinions are relevant to policy making, and concerns and preferences about privacy and confidentiality in research can contribute to the design of procedures to exploit medical records effectively and customize the protection of individuals’ medical data.

scholarly journals LATENT//Missing: On Missing Values, Narrative Power, and Data Politics in Discourse of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 671-676
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Petteway
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
National Minority ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Research Education ◽  
Critical Commentary ◽  
National Public Health

April is National Minority Health Month in the United States. The first week of April is National Public Health Week. This year, both occasions passed as the COVID-19 pandemic unfolded and, in the process, rendered remarkably clear the magnitude of the United States’ collective shortcomings in advancing population health equity—particularly as related to dominant narratives of health and data politics. Drawing from critical theory, I use essay to contextualize present COVID-19 discourse and poetry to situate this discourse within a broader historical arc of the United States’ racist, classist, and homophobic proclivities in times of public health crises. I use the combination of essay/poem as creative praxis to analyze and reflect on our present moment in relation to public health pasts and to raise questions about public health research, education, and data futures—offering a critical commentary on the intersections of infectious diseases, structural inequality (e.g., racism), data politics, and public health violence.

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