scholarly journals Evolution of inequalities in mortality in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, 1991/2006

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (suppl 2) ◽  
pp. s176-s184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley Andrade Cruz ◽  
Ligia Maria Vieira-da-Silva ◽  
Maria da Conceição Nascimento Costa ◽  
Jairnilson Silva Paim
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Proportional Mortality ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality ◽  
The City

An ecological study was carried out with the aim of analyzing the evolution of inequalities in mortality in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, between 1991 and 2006. The city was divided into four social strata from 95 geographic Information Zones. The variables used for social stratification were education level and income of heads of households. Crude and age-standardized mortality rates, age specific mortality rates, proportional Infant mortality and the proportional mortality ratio, were calculated for each zone and social strata. Data was obtained from Death Certificates and the Populational Census. Although differences between strata were smaller in 2000 than in 1991, they persist and are still high, ranging from 28.7% to 65.5%. The differences between Information Zones were as much as 575%. The authors discuss the shortcomings of information systems, recommending that health indicators should be estimated by social classes and pointing out the limits and possibilities of the methodology used here.

scholarly journals Trends in mortality from ill-defined causes among the elderly in Brazil, 1979-2013: ecological study

2016 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. 437-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davi Félix Martins Junior ◽  
Ridalva Dias Martins Felzemburg ◽  
Acácia Batista Dias ◽  
Tania Maria Costa ◽  
Pedro Nascimento Prates Santos
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
Temporal Trend ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Proportional Mortality ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Health Situation

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Mortality measurements are traditionally used as health indicators and are useful in describing a population's health situation through reporting injuries that lead to death. The aim here was to analyze the temporal trend of proportional mortality from ill-defined causes (IDCs) among the elderly in Brazil from 1979 to 2013. DESIGN AND SETTING: Ecological study using data from the Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. METHODS: The proportional mortality from IDCs among the elderly was calculated for each year of the study series (1979 to 2013) in Brazil, and the data were disaggregated according to sex and to the five geographical regions and states. To analyze time trends, simple linear regression coefficients were calculated. RESULTS: During the study period, there were 2,646,194 deaths from IDCs among the elderly, with a decreasing trend (ß -0.545; confidence interval, CI: -0.616 to -0.475; P < 0.000) for both males and females. This reduction was also observed in the macroregions and states, except for Amapá. The states in the northeastern region reported an average reduction of 80%. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality from IDCs among the elderly has decreased continuously since 1985, but at different rates among the different regions and states. Actions aimed at improving data records on death certificates need to be strengthened in order to continue the trend observed.

scholarly journals Social inequalities and the rise in violent deaths in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil: 2000-2006

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (suppl 2) ◽  
pp. s298-s308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Antonio Chaves Viana ◽  
Maria da Conceição Nascimento Costa ◽  
Jairnilson Silva Paim ◽  
Ligia Maria Vieira-da-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
External Causes ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality ◽  
The City

An ecological study was carried out using information zones as units of analysis in order to assess the evolution of socio-spatial inequalities in mortality due to external causes and homicides in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, in 2000 and 2006. The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE) and the City Health Department (Secretaria Municipal de Saúde) provided the data sources, and causes of death were reviewed and reclassified based on reports from the Institute of Legal Medicine (Instituto Médico Legal). The information zones were classified into four social strata according to income and schooling. The ratio between mortality rates (inequality ratio) was calculated and confirmed a rise of 98.5% in the homicide rate. In 2000, the risk of death due to external causes and murders in the stratum with the worst living conditions was respectively 1.40 and 1.94 times greater than in the reference stratum. In 2006 these figures were 2.02 and 2.24. The authors discuss the implications for inter-sectoral public policies, based on evidence from the study's findings.

Effectiveness of Official Development Assistance in the Health Sector in Africa: A Case Study of Uganda

2020 ◽  
pp. 0272684X2091804
Author(s):  
Cyriaque Rene Sobtafo Nguefack
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Development Assistance ◽  
Maternal Mortality Ratio ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Official Development Assistance ◽  
Mortality Ratio

This qualitative explanatory case study assessed the influence of Official Development Assistance on selected health development indicators in Uganda between 2005 and 2013 by reviewing development partners’ perceptions. Key health indicators included the following: (a) under 5-year-old mortality rates, (b) infant mortality rates, and (c) maternal mortality ratio. Results indicated slow progress in reducing infant mortality and under-5 mortality rates and almost no progress in the maternal mortality ratio despite the disbursement of a yearly average of nearly $400 million USD in the last 7 years to the health sector in Uganda. Five bottlenecks in the influence of development assistance on health indicators were identified: (a) poor governance and accountability framework in the country, (b) ineffective supply chain of health commodities, (c) negative cultural beliefs, (d) insufficient government funding to health care, and (e) insufficient alignment of development assistance to the National Development Plan and noncompliance with the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness.

Schizophrenia and Social Class

1963 ◽  
Vol 109 (463) ◽  
pp. 785-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Goldberg ◽  
S. L. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Mental Hospital ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Admission Rate ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Class V ◽  
Hospital Admission Rate ◽  
Admission Rates ◽  
Poor Individual ◽  
The City

Since Faris and Dunham (1939) found that the mental hospital admission rate for schizophrenia was higher in the central slum districts of Chicago than in the rest of the city, many studies have been carried out on the association between low social status and hospital admission with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. With few exceptions (for example, Clausen and Kohn, 1959; Jaco, 1954) these studies have confirmed that those in the lowest social group (in this country class V in the Registrar-General's scheme) have the highest admission rates. Some of these investigations have been “ecological” or “indirect”; i.e., admission rates have been calculated for areas of a city defined, for example, as slum, working, or middle class areas, and the rates for these areas compared; other studies have been “individual” or “direct”, where admission rates have been calculated for aggregates of individuals, defined as belonging to particular social classes, and the rates for the classes compared. An ecological study, like that of Faris and Dunham, may show that rates are higher in poor districts, but it does not necessarily follow that the patients admitted are themselves poor. Individual studies, however, do show that men in unskilled jobs have the highest admission rates.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Disparities in All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Rates among Municipalities in Japan, 1999–2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 9213
Author(s):  
Tasuku Okui
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Socioeconomic Disparities ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Cause Of Deaths ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
The Difference

Differences in all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates depending on municipal socioeconomic status (SES) in Japan have not been revealed over the last 20 years. This study exposes the difference in 1999 and 2019 using the Vital Statistics. All of the municipalities were grouped into five quintiles based on their SES, and standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of each municipal quintile compared with all of Japan was calculated for all-cause mortality and representative cause of deaths. As a result, although SMR for all-cause mortality for women tended to be lower in low SES quintiles in 1999, the reverse phenomenon was observed in 2019. Additionally, although SMR for all-cause of mortality for men was the lowest in the highest SES quintiles already in 1999, the difference in the SMR for all-cause mortality rates between the lowest and highest SES quintiles increased in 2019. The improvement of the SMR in the highest SES quintile and the deterioration in the lowest was also observed in representative types of cancer, heart disease, stroke, pneumonia, liver disease, and renal failure for men and women. Therefore, this study indicates a disparity in mortality depending on municipal SES enlarged in the last 20 years.

scholarly journals ESTUDO ECOLÓGICO: PERFIL DA MORBIMORTALIDADE POR HANSENÍASE NO BRASIL ENTRE 2015 E 2019

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
Guilherme Ribeiro Ferreira ◽  
Anna Luiza Rodrigues Brito ◽  
Isabela dos Santos Rodolfo ◽  
Rafaela Spolador Orbolato
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Mycobacterium Leprae ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Slight Improvement ◽  
Epidemiological Profile ◽  
Adequate Management

Leprosy is a chronic, infectious disease transmitted through the inhalation of aerosols containing Mycobacterium leprae. The present study was carried out to investigate the epidemiological profile of leprosy in Brazil between 2015 and 2019, evaluating the prevalence rate of hospital admissions, incidence rate, number of admissions due to recurrence and mortality rates. It is an ecological study conducted from data collected in information systems available at the Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS). In the considered time interval, a slight improvement in the investigated health indicators was evidenced. It is possible to infer that the country carried out an adequate management of leprosy between 2015 and 2019, probably because of good prophylactic actions, good interventions and efficient awareness of those infected.

scholarly journals Effect of Co-Morbidities on Mortality from COVID-19 in Mexico: an Ecological Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 07-13
Author(s):  
Nicolás Padilla-Raygoza ◽  
Oscar Ulises Vega-Jimenez ◽  
Andrea García Juárez ◽  
María de Jesús Gallardo-Luna ◽  
Efraín Navarro-Olivos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Underlying Diseases

With the emergence of a SARS-CoV-2 infection pandemic in China and its spread to other countries, mortality was shown to be high and to a greater extent if there were underlying pathologies. It is said {or an ecological analytical cross-sectional study, of the open records of confirmed and discarded cases for COVID-19 of the General Directorate of Epidemiology of the Secretary of Health of Mexico. A specific mortality of 9.79% is reported; being higher in men between the ages of 20 to 59 and over 60 years. Mortality rates from underlying diseases were higher than those reported in the USA in early May 2020. Asthma was found to be a protective factor for COVID-19 mortality. It is concluded that mortality was higher in the presence of comorbidities.

scholarly journals The rising marriage mortality gap among Whites

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip N. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Death Certificate ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
The Social ◽  
Hispanic Men ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Mortality Ratio

Although the decline in marriage has been cited as a possible contributor to the “despair” afflicting marginalized White communities, these studies have not directly considered mortality by marital status. This paper uses complete death certificate data from the Mortality Multiple Cause Files with American Community Survey data to examine age-specific mortality rates for married and non-married people from 2007 to 2017. The overall rise in White mortality is limited almost exclusively to those who are not married, for men and women. By comparison, mortality for Blacks and Hispanics has fallen or remained flat regardless of marital status (except for young, single Hispanic men). Analysis by education level shows death rates have risen most for Whites with the lowest education, but have also increased for those with high school or some college. Because mortality has risen faster for unmarried Whites at all but the lowest education levels, there has been an increase in the marriage mortality ratio. Mortality differentials are an increasingly important component of the social hierarchy associated with marital status.

scholarly journals Geographical inequalities in the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic: An ecological study of inequalities in mortality in the first wave and the effects of the first national lockdown in England

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire E Welsh ◽  
Viviana Albani ◽  
Fiona E Matthews ◽  
Clare Bambra
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Primary Outcome Measure ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Geographical Inequalities ◽  
The Right ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality ◽  
Study Setting

Objectives This is the first study to examine how geographical inequalities in COVID–19 mortality rates evolved in England, and whether the first national lockdown modified them. This analysis provides important lessons to inform public health planning to reduce inequalities in any future pandemics. Design Longitudinal ecological study Setting 307 Lower-tier local authorities in England Primary outcome measure Age-standardised COVID–19 mortality rates by local authority and decile of index of multiple deprivation. Results Local authorities that started recording COVID–19 deaths earlier tended to be more deprived, and more deprived authorities saw faster increases in their death rates. By 2020–04–06 (week 15, the time the March 23rd lockdown could have begun affecting deaths) the cumulative death rate in local authorities in the two most deprived deciles of IMD was 54% higher than the rate in the two least deprived deciles. By 2020–07–04 (week 27), this gap had narrowed to 29%. Thus, inequalities in mortality rates by decile of deprivation persisted throughout the first wave, but reduced somewhat during the lockdown. Conclusions This study found significant differences in the dynamics of COVID–19 mortality at the local authority level, resulting in inequalities in cumulative mortality rates during the first wave of the pandemic. The first lockdown in England was fairly strict – and the study found that it particularly benefited those living in the more deprived local authorities. Care should be taken to implement lockdowns early enough, in the right places – and at a sufficiently strict level – to maximally benefit all communities, and reduce inequalities.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document