scholarly journals Geographical inequalities in the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic: An ecological study of inequalities in mortality in the first wave and the effects of the first national lockdown in England

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire E Welsh ◽  
Viviana Albani ◽  
Fiona E Matthews ◽  
Clare Bambra
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Primary Outcome Measure ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Geographical Inequalities ◽  
The Right ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality ◽  
Study Setting

Objectives This is the first study to examine how geographical inequalities in COVID–19 mortality rates evolved in England, and whether the first national lockdown modified them. This analysis provides important lessons to inform public health planning to reduce inequalities in any future pandemics. Design Longitudinal ecological study Setting 307 Lower-tier local authorities in England Primary outcome measure Age-standardised COVID–19 mortality rates by local authority and decile of index of multiple deprivation. Results Local authorities that started recording COVID–19 deaths earlier tended to be more deprived, and more deprived authorities saw faster increases in their death rates. By 2020–04–06 (week 15, the time the March 23rd lockdown could have begun affecting deaths) the cumulative death rate in local authorities in the two most deprived deciles of IMD was 54% higher than the rate in the two least deprived deciles. By 2020–07–04 (week 27), this gap had narrowed to 29%. Thus, inequalities in mortality rates by decile of deprivation persisted throughout the first wave, but reduced somewhat during the lockdown. Conclusions This study found significant differences in the dynamics of COVID–19 mortality at the local authority level, resulting in inequalities in cumulative mortality rates during the first wave of the pandemic. The first lockdown in England was fairly strict – and the study found that it particularly benefited those living in the more deprived local authorities. Care should be taken to implement lockdowns early enough, in the right places – and at a sufficiently strict level – to maximally benefit all communities, and reduce inequalities.

scholarly journals Evolution of inequalities in mortality in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, 1991/2006

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (suppl 2) ◽  
pp. s176-s184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley Andrade Cruz ◽  
Ligia Maria Vieira-da-Silva ◽  
Maria da Conceição Nascimento Costa ◽  
Jairnilson Silva Paim
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Proportional Mortality ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality ◽  
The City

An ecological study was carried out with the aim of analyzing the evolution of inequalities in mortality in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, between 1991 and 2006. The city was divided into four social strata from 95 geographic Information Zones. The variables used for social stratification were education level and income of heads of households. Crude and age-standardized mortality rates, age specific mortality rates, proportional Infant mortality and the proportional mortality ratio, were calculated for each zone and social strata. Data was obtained from Death Certificates and the Populational Census. Although differences between strata were smaller in 2000 than in 1991, they persist and are still high, ranging from 28.7% to 65.5%. The differences between Information Zones were as much as 575%. The authors discuss the shortcomings of information systems, recommending that health indicators should be estimated by social classes and pointing out the limits and possibilities of the methodology used here.

The Implementation Approach of LCCF Checklist in Development Control: Challenges for policymakers

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
T B A
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Development Control

Global warming, climate change is now affecting the world. The effort of the leaders to achieving the sustainable development is from New Urban Agenda (NUA), Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) and local level is local authorities.  SDG’s goal number 13 takes urgent action to combat climate change and its impact also SDG’s number 11 to sustainable cities and communities. The gap of this paper  Different cities face different challenges and issues. Local authorities will play a significant role in undertaking policy initiatives to combat carbon emissions of the city. Low Carbon Cities (LCC) is to reduce carbon emissions in all human activities in cities.  The objective of this paper is by applying the LCCF Checklist in planning permission for sustainable development. The methodology of this research is a mixed-method, namely quantitative and qualitative approach. The survey methods are by interview, questionnaire, and observation. Town planners are the subject matter expert in managing the planning permission submission for the development control of their areas. Descriptive statistical analysis will be used to show the willingness of the stakeholders, namely the developers and planning consultants in implementing of the LCCF. The contribution of this research will gauge readiness at the local authorities level. The findings of the LCCF checklist are identified as important in planning permission into the development control process. Surprisingly, that challenges and issues exist in multifaceted policy implementation the LCCF Checklist in a local authority. Finally based on Subang Jaya Municipal Councils, the existing approach in the application of the LCCF Checklist in the development control process will be useful for development control in a local authority towards sustainable development.  

scholarly journals ‘Our legal responsibility…to intervene on behalf of the child’: Recognising public responsibilities for the medical treatment of children

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-41
Author(s):  
Jo Bridgeman
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
Parental Authority ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Professional Responsibilities ◽  
Seriously Ill

This article argues for recognition of public responsibilities to protect the welfare of children with respect to decisions affecting their health and medical treatment. As the quote in the title of this article, from David Plank, the Director of Social Services responsible for bringing the case of Baby Alexandra before the courts, identifies, early cases concerning children’s medical treatment were brought by local authorities to determine responsibilities to protect the welfare of children. In cases such as Re B (1981), Re J (1990) and Re W (1992), the court was asked not only to determine the child’s best interests but also to clarify the duties of the local authority, Trust, court and child’s parents to the child. The respective duties established apply to all involved in cases brought before the courts on the question of a child’s future medical treatment, whether or not the child is in the care of the state. Recent cases concerning the medical treatment of seriously ill children have involved claims of parental authority to determine the care of their child. To the contrary, this article argues that court involvement is required when parents are disagreed with the child’s treating doctors over the child’s medical treatment because of public as well as parental and professional responsibilities for the welfare of all children.

scholarly journals Modular Web Portal Approach for Stimulating Home Renovation: Lessons from Local Authority Developments

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1270
Author(s):  
Minyoung Kwon ◽  
Erwin Mlecnik
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Web Portals ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Web Portal ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Neutral Information

Web portals have the potential to promote sustainable environmental ideas due to the capacity of digital media, such as easy accessibility, openness, and networking. Local authorities (LAs) are responsible for activating carbon savings in homes, and they are key actors when it comes to providing neutral information to their citizens. Local authority web portals may thus create environmental awareness, particularly regarding owner-occupied single-family home renovation. Nevertheless, the experiences of LAs developing web portals have rarely been studied. Therefore, this paper analyses the development process of various LA web modules and investigates how LAs foster modular web portals to stimulate the adoption of home renovation with parameters to assess LAs’ actions in terms of the management of web-modules development. A homeowner renovation journey model is applied to map current local authority developments. Case study research and interviews were done to analyse and evaluate the adoption of modular web portals developed and tested by six local authorities in four countries in Europe. Based on the development and use of the modular web portal, lessons have been derived emphasising the importance of co-creation, integrating with offline activities, and a strategic management plan.

scholarly journals Clinical impact of left and right axis deviations with narrow QRS complex on 3-year outcomes in a hospital-based population in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuta Seko ◽  
Takao Kato ◽  
Yuhei Yamaji ◽  
Yoshisumi Haruna ◽  
Eisaku Nakane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Conduction Block ◽  
Primary Outcome Measure ◽  
Excess Risk ◽  
Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
Axis Deviation ◽  
The Right

AbstractWhile the prognostic impact of QRS axis deviation has been assessed, it has never been investigated in patients without conduction block. Thus, we evaluated the prognostic impact of QRS-axis deviation in patients without conduction block. We retrospectively analyzed 3353 patients who had undergone both scheduled transthoracic echocardiography and electrocardiography in 2013 in a hospital-based population, after excluding patients with a QRS duration of ≥ 110 ms, pacemaker placement, and an QRS-axis − 90° to − 180° (northwest axis). The study population was categorized into three groups depending on the mean frontal plane QRS axis as follows: patients with left axis deviation (N = 171), those with right axis deviation (N = 94), and those with normal axis (N = 3088). The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause death and major adverse cardiovascular events. The cumulative 3-year incidence of the primary outcome measure was significantly higher in the left axis deviation group (26.4% in the left axis deviation, 22.7% in the right axis deviation, and 18.4% in the normal axis groups, log-rank P = 0.004). After adjusting for confounders, the excess risk of primary outcome measure remained significant in the left axis deviation group (hazard ratio [HR] 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07–1.95; P = 0.02), while the excess risk of primary outcome measure was not significant in the right axis deviation group (HR 1.22; 95% CI 0.76–1.96; P = 0.41). Left axis deviation was associated with a higher risk of a composite of all-cause death and major adverse cardiovascular events in hospital-based patients without conduction block in Japan.

British Cities versus Apartheid: UK Local Authority Activism as City Diplomacy

Diplomatica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-199
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Cull
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
National Government ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Media Campaigns ◽  
Margaret Thatcher ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Post War

Abstract This essay considers the phenomenon of British local authorities mobilizing to oppose the policies of apartheid in post-war South Africa. Activities include boycott, divestment, twinning agreements, media campaigns, and re-naming/memorialization. The activity is placed in the context of a transnational anti-apartheid network overseen by the United Nations organization. The campaign is shown to be inversely related the level of national government activity and especially associated with opposition to Margaret Thatcher and her government.

scholarly journals Social inequalities and the rise in violent deaths in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil: 2000-2006

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (suppl 2) ◽  
pp. s298-s308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Antonio Chaves Viana ◽  
Maria da Conceição Nascimento Costa ◽  
Jairnilson Silva Paim ◽  
Ligia Maria Vieira-da-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
External Causes ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality ◽  
The City

An ecological study was carried out using information zones as units of analysis in order to assess the evolution of socio-spatial inequalities in mortality due to external causes and homicides in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, in 2000 and 2006. The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE) and the City Health Department (Secretaria Municipal de Saúde) provided the data sources, and causes of death were reviewed and reclassified based on reports from the Institute of Legal Medicine (Instituto Médico Legal). The information zones were classified into four social strata according to income and schooling. The ratio between mortality rates (inequality ratio) was calculated and confirmed a rise of 98.5% in the homicide rate. In 2000, the risk of death due to external causes and murders in the stratum with the worst living conditions was respectively 1.40 and 1.94 times greater than in the reference stratum. In 2006 these figures were 2.02 and 2.24. The authors discuss the implications for inter-sectoral public policies, based on evidence from the study's findings.

Social Pathology and Personality in Attempted Suicide

1967 ◽  
Vol 113 (505) ◽  
pp. 1405-1406 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Philip ◽  
J. W. McCulloch
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Delinquency ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Suicidal Attempt ◽  
Social Pathology ◽  
Psychological Measures ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Very High

An ecological study by Philip and McCulloch (1966) demonstrated very high correlations between the incidence of attempted suicide and the rates of incidence for repeated attempted suicide, overcrowding, having been taken into care by the local authority, having had contact as a child with the Royal Scottish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, and juvenile delinquency. McCulloch and Philip (1968) showed that persons admitted to hospital following a suicidal attempt manifested these variables to a high degree. In this latter study “juvenile delinquency” was replaced by “all offences” as a variable. The present paper reports on the relationships between a scale based on these variables and a number of psychological measures gathered from 84 of the 95 patients in the latter study.

scholarly journals Outsourcing or Giving all Out? Experience from Tanzania Local Government Revenue Collection

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukio Mrutu ◽  
Pendo Mganga
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Clear Picture ◽  
Government Revenue ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Fiscal Autonomy ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Revenue Collection ◽  
Expected Outcome

Outsourcing revenue collection in Local Government Authorities  has been adopted as a mechanism to solve the previous problems of revenue collection which resulted into loss and missmanagement of the whole process. One of the expectations was to increase revenue collection which will  provide a room for fiscal autonomy. However, experience from few local government authorities which have outsourced their revenue collection shows that, the whole process of outsourcing has not yielded the expected outcome especially on enabling local authorities to have fiscal autonomy instead it has turned to benefit the private agent who collect Tax. By using secondary data this paper attempts to show how the process of outsourcing is benefiting the private agent and therefore it is like giving everything out. It concludes that, though outsourcing seems to benefit local authorities by reducing some tasks especially on tax collection, outsorcing benefits much a private agent and therefore quick meausures should be adopted including building the capacity of Local Authorities in identifying the sources of revenue and  in estimating the actual collections so as to have clear picture of how much will be generated by the agent and what should be the appropriate amount to be submitted to the Local authority.

scholarly journals Experiencing Event Management During the Coronavirus Pandemic: A Public Sector Perspective

2022 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Coles ◽  
Giselle Garcia ◽  
Evelyn O'Malley ◽  
Cathy Turner
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
The Body ◽  
Event Management ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
The World ◽  
Local Recovery ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Opening Up

Events have played a significant role in the way in which the Coronavirus pandemic has been experienced and known around the world. Little is known though about how the pandemic has impacted on supporting, managing and governing events in municipal (i.e., local) authorities as key stakeholders, nor how events have featured in the opening-up of localities. This paper reports on empirical research with senior events officers for local authorities in the UK on these key knowledge gaps. Specifically, it examines events officers' unfolding experiences of the pandemic. The paper points to unpreparedness for a crisis of this scale and magnitude, and the roles of innovation, adaptation and co-production in the emergent response. It highlights the transformative nature of the pandemic through reconsiderations of the purpose of public sector involvement in events and, from a policy perspective, how relatively smaller-scale, more agile and lower-risk arts events and performances can figure in local recovery. Finally, while the effects on, and response of, the body corporate (the local authority) to crises is an obvious focus, it is important to recognise those of the individuals who manage the response and drive change.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document