scholarly journals Development of a method to measure charges in tumbling mills

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-316
Author(s):  
Eduardo Nozawa Caetano de Araujo ◽  
Homero Delboni Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Total Charge ◽  
Main Aspect ◽  
Product Size ◽  
Confined Spaces ◽  
Power Draw ◽  
Grinding Media ◽  
Tumbling Mills ◽  
The Common ◽  
Tumbling Mill

Tumbling mills are often taken as the object of optimization studies because they are a type of equipment that consume large amounts of energy. Among the current available resources to conduct such studies, mathematic modelling presents great efficiency due to its low cost, speed and reliability. The total charge and grinding media charge are very important variables to conduct modelling exercises that aim at power draw and product size distribution forecasting. However, the common measurement methods require people entering the equipment, which carries a number of adversities related to confined spaces. In this regard, this paper presents the development of a method and the prototype of a device able to measure tumbling mill charges, quickly, precisely, with low cost and, above all, ensuring safety. The result of this work is a method that allows equivalent or superior precision in comparison to the existing methods, whose main aspect is to eliminate the requirement of people entering dangerous environments, such as tumbling mills.

scholarly journals An Overview of Biodiesel Production via Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts: Current State and Perspective

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3950
Author(s):  
Hoora Mazaheri ◽  
Hwai Chyuan Ong ◽  
Zeynab Amini ◽  
Haji Hassan Masjuki ◽  
M. Mofijur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysis ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Synthesis ◽  
Process Improvements ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Common ◽  
Activity Mechanism

Biodiesel is a clean, renewable, liquid fuel that can be used in existing diesel engines without modification as pure or blend. Transesterification (the primary process for biodiesel generation) via heterogeneous catalysis using low-cost waste feedstocks for catalyst synthesis improves the economics of biodiesel production. Heterogeneous catalysts are preferred for the industrial generation of biodiesel due to their robustness and low costs due to the easy separation and relatively higher reusability. Calcium oxides found in abundance in nature, e.g., in seashells and eggshells, are promising candidates for the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts. However, process improvements are required to design productive calcium oxide-based catalysts at an industrial scale. The current work presents an overview of the biodiesel production advancements using calcium oxide-based catalysts (e.g., pure, supported, and mixed with metal oxides). The review discusses different factors involved in the synthesis of calcium oxide-based catalysts, and the effect of reaction parameters on the biodiesel yield of calcium oxide-based catalysis are studied. Further, the common reactor designs used for the heterogeneous catalysis using calcium oxide-based catalysts are explained. Moreover, the catalytic activity mechanism, challenges and prospects of the application of calcium oxide-based catalysts in biodiesel generation are discussed. The study of calcium oxide-based catalyst should continue to be evaluated for the potential of their application in the commercial sector as they remain the pivotal goal of these studies.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Energy Efficiency in Tumbling Mills with the Use of Relo Grinding Media

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 735
Author(s):  
Nikolay Kolev ◽  
Petar Bodurov ◽  
Vassil Genchev ◽  
Ben Simpson ◽  
Manuel G. Melero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Slight Modification ◽  
Index Test ◽  
Grinding Media ◽  
Work Index ◽  
Mineral Sample ◽  
Tumbling Mills ◽  
Bond Tests

An evaluation of Relo grinding media (RGM, Reuleaux tetrahedron-shaped bodies) performance versus standard grinding media (balls) was made through a series of grinding tests, including a slight modification of the standard Bond test procedure. Standard Bond tests showed a reduction in the Bond ball mill work index (wi) of the mineral sample used in this study when using Relo grinding media. The modified Bond test procedure is based on using the standard Bond ball work index test but changing the circulating loads (350%, 250%, 150%, 100%). The comparative tests with RGM were carried out at the same number of revolutions as the grinding tests with balls at respective circulating load. The RGM charge yielded a 14% higher net undersize product than balls, which hints at improving energy efficiency and the potential for significant mining industry benefits.

scholarly journals Advanced Electron Beam (EB) Wastewater Treatment System with Low Background X-ray Intensity Generation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11194
Author(s):  
Urszula Gryczka ◽  
Zbigniew Zimek ◽  
Marta Walo ◽  
Dagmara Chmielewska-Śmietanko ◽  
Sylwester Bułka
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Treatment Facility ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Confined Spaces ◽  
Microbiological Pollutants ◽  
Stream Formation

Electron beam wastewater treatment is a very effective method for the destruction of organic and microbiological pollutants. The technology was implemented for municipal and textile industry wastewater treatment. Availability of electron accelerators characterized with different operation parameters make the technology applicable for different end-users and also for installation in confined spaces. In such a case, the design of wastewater irradiation room has to take into account the limited space available for shielding construction, which must restrict X-ray emission. Considering construction of an irradiation room for water treatment facility, it is important to focus not only on a stream formation for irradiation to achieve the desired electron penetration, but also on the reduction in x-ray generation. In the presented work, the X-ray field was tested, using modelling and experimental methods. The final results gave an advanced solution, which can be used in the installation of wastewater treatment, ballast and other types of origin, providing low cost shield and good radiation protection measures.

Redefining Light Weight Structural Design for Gas Marginal Field Development Through Conductor Supported Platform CSP Concept

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiiun Bak Wong ◽  
Nur Dalila Alias ◽  
Mohd Kamal Arif ◽  
Majid Shabazi
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Fast Track ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Field Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Structural Concept ◽  
The Common ◽  
Marginal Field

Abstract The rise of offshore marginal field development and low-cost CAPEX has given an impetus to O&G operators to challenge the common structural platform design especially for wellhead platform type. Demand to reduce the platform weight has been observed for the past 20 years. Typically, the challenge to meet this demand will be tremendous once the water depth exceed 50m. This paper will elaborate on how using an engineered design approach was implemented to obtain fast track onshore fabrication and offshore installation and meet the operator demand for minimal structural concept.

scholarly journals Ultralightweight RFID Authentication Protocols for Low-Cost Passive RFID Tags

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madiha Khalid ◽  
Umar Mujahid ◽  
Najam-ul-Islam Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Security Analysis ◽  
Wireless Channel ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Authentication Protocols ◽  
Authentication Mechanism ◽  
The Common ◽  
Network Speed ◽  
Passive Rfid ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The field of pervasive computing especially the Internet of Things (IoT) network is evolving due to high network speed and increased capacity offered by the 5G communication system. The IoT network identifies each device before giving it access to the network. The RFID system is one of the most prominent enabling technologies for the node identification. Since the communication between the node and the network takes place over an insecure wireless channel, an authentication mechanism is required to avoid the malicious devices from entering the network. This paper presents a brief survey on the authentication protocols along with the prominent cryptanalysis models for the EPC C1G2 RFID systems. A comparative analysis is provided to highlight the common weaknesses of the existing authentication algorithms and to emphasize on the lack of security standardization for the resource constraint IoT network perception layer. This paper is concluded by proposing an ultralightweight protocol that provides Extremely Good Privacy (EGP). The proposed EGP protocol avoids all the pitfalls highlighted by the cryptanalysis of the existing authentication protocols. The incorporation of the novel ultralightweight primitives, Per-XOR (Px) and Inverse Per-XOR (Px-1), makes the protocol messages more robust and irreversible for all types of adversaries. A comprehensive security analysis illustrates that the proposed protocol proves to be highly resistive against all possible attack scenarios and ensures the security optimally.

Point-of-Care Systems for Rapid DNA Quantification in Oncology

2008 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Bianchessi ◽  
Sarah Burgarella ◽  
Marco Cereda
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Point Of Care Testing ◽  
Lab On Chip ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Point Of Care Systems ◽  
The Common ◽  
On Chip

The development of new powerful applications and the improvement in fabrication techniques are promising an explosive growth in lab-on-chip use in the upcoming future. As the demand reaches significant levels, the semiconductor industry may enter in the field, bringing its capability to produce complex devices in large volumes, high quality and low cost. The lab-on-chip concept, when applied to medicine, leads to the point-of-care concept, where simple, compact and cheap instruments allow diagnostic assays to be performed quickly by untrained personnel directly at the patient's side. In this paper, some practical and economical considerations are made to support the advantages of point-of-care testing. A series of promising technologies developed by STMicroelectronics on lab-on-chips is also presented, mature enough to enter in the common medical practice. The possible use of these techniques for cancer research, diagnosis and treatment are illustrated together with the benefits offered by their implementation in point-of-care testing.

P132 OUTCOMES AND REASONS FOR ADMISSION IN CROHN’S DISEASE. AN ANALYSIS OF NATIONWIDE INPATIENT SAMPLE 2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S27-S27
Author(s):  
Ishaan Vohra ◽  
Vatsala Katiyar ◽  
Sachit Sharma ◽  
Bashar Attar
Keyword(s):  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Bowel Obstruction ◽  
Nationwide Inpatient Sample ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Total Charge ◽  
Inpatient Mortality ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
The Common

Abstract Objective Recent research suggests increasing nationwide admission for Crohn’s disease (CD), but the most common reasons for admission are not well known. We sought to enumerate the most common presentations of Crohn’s disease requiring admission in Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2016 using ICD-10 codes. Methods We identified all adults aged greater than or equal to 18 years with a primary diagnosis of CD, using ICD 10 in Nationwide inpatient database. We analyzed inpatient demographics via chi-square. Inpatient mortality,Length of stay (LOS) and Total Charge (TOTCHG) was calculated using univariate and multivariable linear models. Results 60,244 patients with CD required inpatient admission. Majority of patients were females (53%), white (69%), with private insurance (46%) admitted to large bed sized (53.3%) teaching hospitals (68%). The common reasons for admission in CD patients included bowel obstruction at 24.6% (14,850) of which 57.8% (8,590) presented with small bowel obstruction (SBO). 42.1% (6260) were admitted with both SBO and LBO. Other reasons for admission were GI bleeding (6.5%) and fistulizing CD (2.4%). The inpatient mortality was 0.5%. Age was an independent predictor of mortality in these patients. (aOR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04–1.12; p=0.000). Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) (aOR 2.45, p=0.348), patients requiring pressor support (aOR 4.2, p=1.06) and those with bowel obstruction (aOR 1.1.9 p=0.84) had higher odds of mortality on multivariate analysis model, but couldn’t reach statistical significance. The mean LOS was 4.9 days and patients admitted over weekend had a longer LOS (coeff 0.22, 95% CI 0.08–0.37, p=0.002) as compared to weekdays on multivariate linear regression. The total cost attributable to Crohn’s disease was 706$ million. Independent predictors of increased total charge were Large bed sized hospitals, African-American, protein energy malnutrition, patients requiring pressor support and bowel obstruction in multivariate linear analysis. Conclusions The common reasons for inpatient admission in patients with CD include bowel obstruction, GI bleeding and fistulizing CD. Age was an independent predictor of mortality. The economic burden was highest amongst African-Americans, malnourished, patients requiring pressor support and those with bowel obstruction.

scholarly journals Beliefs and Consumer Search in a Vertical Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2359-2393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten Janssen ◽  
Sandro Shelegia
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Search Costs ◽  
Retail Price ◽  
Consumer Search ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Vertical Relations ◽  
Retail Prices ◽  
The Common ◽  
Search Market ◽  
Pass Through

Abstract This paper studies vertical relations in a search market. As the wholesale arrangement between a manufacturer and its retailers is typically unobserved by consumers, their beliefs about who is to be blamed for a price deviation play a crucial role in determining wholesale and retail prices. The common assumption in the consumer search literature is that consumers exclusively blame an individual retailer for a price deviation. We show that in the vertical relations context, predictions based on this assumption are not robust in the sense that if consumers hold the upstream manufacturer at least partially responsible for the deviation, equilibrium predictions are qualitatively different. For robust beliefs, the vertical model can explain a variety of observations, such as retail price rigidity (or, alternatively, low cost pass-through), nonmonotonicity of retail prices in search costs, and (seemingly) collusive retail behavior. The model can be used to study a monopoly online platform that sells access to final consumers.

TAKEOVER REGULATION: HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE CITY CODE

2007 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 422-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Company Law ◽  
General Management ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
The Common ◽  
The City ◽  
Defensive Measures ◽  
Regulatory Measure ◽  
The Way

The City Code on Takeovers and Mergers has generally been lauded as a system of self-regulation that offers the advantages of speed, flexibility and low cost administration by experts. Many of its provisions are uncontroversial and do indeed reflect a consensus view about the way in which takeovers should be carried out. However, the Code's prohibition on defensive measures by management in the event of a takeover is far more controversial. This article argues that the City Code – and the prohibition on defensive measures in particular - was introduced because the common law had demonstrated itself incapable of putting in place a system of takeover regulation that ensured the takeover remained a viable means of ensuring managerial accountability to shareholders. Its introduction in 1968 fundamentally transformed the UK's system of corporate governance. Through its prohibition on defensive measures once a takeover becomes imminent, the Code truncates the general management discretion that lies at the heart of company law and forces management to focus on the generation of short-term shareholder value. What is striking is that this fundamental reorientation of the way in which companies are controlled was brought about not by an Act of Parliament but by a self-regulatory measure put in place by financial institutions. Following the implementation of the Takeover Directive, which itself was heavily influenced by the City Code, the Companies Act 2006 now requires the Takeover Panel to maintain that prohibition.

Comparative Advantage In The Southern Africa Customs Union (Sacu)

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Macleans Mzumara ◽  
Betty Mkwinda Nyasulu ◽  
Margaret Mzumara ◽  
Elias Kaunda
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Trade Diversion ◽  
Trade Creation ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Product Lines ◽  
Common External Tariff ◽  
The Common ◽  
Narrow Base

The authors sought to find out whether the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) possesses comparative advantage. They found that South Africa has comparative advantage in the production of 727 product lines, Botswana in 268 product lines, Swaziland 243 product lines, Namibia 213 product lines and Lesotho 85 product lines. They also found that the highest degree of specialization in a particular product was observed in Lesotho in the production of cartridges for rivet with an average RCA index of 19215. The authors concluded that SACU has comparative advantage although such comparative advantage has a narrow base for a customs union (CU). Further it was concluded that due to imposition of the common external tariff (CET) in SACU and a narrow base of the products in which it has comparative advantage, it may be experiencing trade diversion rather than trade creation by replacing low cost producers outside SACU in favour of intra-SACU high cost producers. That South Africa, although not the least producer, is unfairly benefiting due to the imposition of CET which prevents other countries from exporting their products to Botswana, Swaziland, Namibia and Lesotho under the same conditions.  These countries are, therefore, disadvantaged. For this reason, the authors advocate communication at policy level, to facilitate expansion of SACU as means of narrowing trade diversion.

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