scholarly journals Advanced Electron Beam (EB) Wastewater Treatment System with Low Background X-ray Intensity Generation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11194
Author(s):  
Urszula Gryczka ◽  
Zbigniew Zimek ◽  
Marta Walo ◽  
Dagmara Chmielewska-Śmietanko ◽  
Sylwester Bułka
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Treatment Facility ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Confined Spaces ◽  
Microbiological Pollutants ◽  
Stream Formation

Electron beam wastewater treatment is a very effective method for the destruction of organic and microbiological pollutants. The technology was implemented for municipal and textile industry wastewater treatment. Availability of electron accelerators characterized with different operation parameters make the technology applicable for different end-users and also for installation in confined spaces. In such a case, the design of wastewater irradiation room has to take into account the limited space available for shielding construction, which must restrict X-ray emission. Considering construction of an irradiation room for water treatment facility, it is important to focus not only on a stream formation for irradiation to achieve the desired electron penetration, but also on the reduction in x-ray generation. In the presented work, the X-ray field was tested, using modelling and experimental methods. The final results gave an advanced solution, which can be used in the installation of wastewater treatment, ballast and other types of origin, providing low cost shield and good radiation protection measures.

Upgrading of a two-stage treatment plant for nitrogen elimination

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 283-289
Author(s):  
O. Burica ◽  
R. Vodopivec ◽  
M. Stražar
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Treatment Facility ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Elimination ◽  
Anaerobic Pretreatment

The paper describes the upgrading of an existing conventional two-stage municipal wastewater treatment plant for 200,000 PE to meet the EEC and Slovenian high effluent quality demands for nitrogen. The incoming wastewater is highly loaded with industrial waste and specifically with effluent from anaerobic pretreatment of piggery sludge. The low-cost concept of extensive wastewater treatment is based on integrating appropriate technologies into an existing treatment facility, preserving as much of the technical infrastructure as possible. The proposed concept uses a predenitrification system for the elimination of nitrogen.

Characterizations of Electron Beam Evaporated Silicon Thin Films on Plastic Substrates for Solar Cells Applications

2014 ◽  
Vol 925 ◽  
pp. 543-547
Author(s):  
P.C. Ang ◽  
K. Ibrahim ◽  
M.Z. Pakhuruddin
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Plastic Substrates ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Intrinsic Nature ◽  
Silicon Thin Films ◽  
Thin Film Layer

Samples of thin film silicon (Si) on low cost polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic substrates were prepared by electron beam (e-beam) evaporation technique. Five samples of different thicknesses were deposited. Structural, optical, surface morphology and electrical characterizations were then carried out on these samples by energy dispersion X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, high resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD), UV spectrophotometer, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and four-probe meter. EDX spectra for these as-evaporated Si thin films on PET showed that the peak at 1.7398 eV belongs to Si atom which confirms the existence of the Si thin film layer. HR-XRD result showed that the chosen sample was highly amorphous. The transmission and reflection were carried out from wavelength 200 nm to 2000 nm and the optical band gap of the samples was calculated by Taucs relations. The root mean square (RMS) of surface roughness was low (smooth morphology) and found to be independent to the thickness of the film. The films were found to be highly resistive due to their intrinsic nature (no doping applied during the deposition). The effects of the properties towards thin film solar cells fabrication were subsequently discussed.

scholarly journals Micromixers for Wastewater Treatment and Their Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga P. Fuentes ◽  
Mabel J. Noguera ◽  
Paula A. Peñaranda ◽  
Sergio L. Flores ◽  
Juan C. Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Pressure Drops ◽  
Catalytically Active

The use of micromixers and catalytically active nanocomposites can be an attractive alternative for the treatment of wastewaters from the textile industry, due to their high activity, low consumption of such nanocomposites, short reaction times and the possibility to work under continuous operation. In this study, 6 different designs of micromixers were modeled and evaluated for the treatment of wastewaters. Velocity profiles, pressure drops, and flows were analyzed and compared for the different devices under the same mixing conditions. In addition, Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was applied to determine their performance in terms of environmental impact. Considering the high environmental impact of water sources contaminated by dyes from the textile industry, it becomes critically important to determine when the proposed micromixers are a suitable alternative for their remediation. The LCA and operational efficiency studies results shown here provide a route for the design of novel wastewater treatment systems by coupling low-cost and high-performance micromixers.

Aspects of microanalysis in a transmission electron microscope

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 510-511
Author(s):  
R. Sinclair ◽  
B.E. Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Critical Currents ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fine Grain ◽  
Transmission Electron

INTRODUCTIONThe prospect of performing chemical analysis of thin specimens at any desired level of resolution is particularly appealing to the materials scientist. Commercial TEM-based systems are now available which virtually provide this capability. The purpose of this contribution is to illustrate its application to problems which would have been intractable until recently, pointing out some current limitations.X-RAY ANALYSISIn an attempt to fabricate superconducting materials with high critical currents and temperature, thin Nb3Sn films have been prepared by electron beam vapor deposition [1]. Fine-grain size material is desirable which may be achieved by codeposition with small amounts of Al2O3 . Figure 1 shows the STEM microstructure, with large (∽ 200 Å dia) voids present at the grain boundaries. Higher quality TEM micrographs (e.g. fig. 2) reveal the presence of small voids within the grains which are absent in pure Nb3Sn prepared under identical conditions. The X-ray spectrum from large (∽ lμ dia) or small (∽100 Ǻ dia) areas within the grains indicates only small amounts of A1 (fig.3).

X-ray micro tomography in the scanning electron microscope

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Brünger
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Target Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Micro Tomography ◽  
Scanning Electron

Reconstructive tomography is a new technique in diagnostic radiology for imaging cross-sectional planes of the human body /1/. A collimated beam of X-rays is scanned through a thin slice of the body and the transmitted intensity is recorded by a detector giving a linear shadow graph or projection (see fig. 1). Many of these projections at different angles are used to reconstruct the body-layer, usually with the aid of a computer. The picture element size of present tomographic scanners is approximately 1.1 mm2.Micro tomography can be realized using the very fine X-ray source generated by the focused electron beam of a scanning electron microscope (see fig. 2). The translation of the X-ray source is done by a line scan of the electron beam on a polished target surface /2/. Projections at different angles are produced by rotating the object.During the registration of a single scan the electron beam is deflected in one direction only, while both deflections are operating in the display tube.

Searching for the causes why some of the paintings by Mihaly Munkacsy are darkening

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-205
Author(s):  
Imre Pozsgai ◽  
Klara Erdöhalmi-Torok
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
National Gallery ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
Made In ◽  
Grinding And Polishing

The paintings by the great Hungarian master Mihaly Munkacsy (1844-1900) made in an 8-9 years period of his activity are deteriorating. The most conspicuous sign of the deterioration is an intensive darkening. We have made an attempt by electron beam microanalysis to clarify the causes of the darkening. The importance of a study like this is increased by the fact that a similar darkening can be observed on the paintings by Munkacsy’s contemporaries e.g Courbet and Makart. A thick brown mass the so called bitumen used by Munkacsy for grounding and also as a paint is believed by the art historians to cause the darkening.For this study, paint specimens were taken from the following paintings: “Studio”, “Farewell” and the “Portrait of the Master’s Wife”, all of them are the property of the Hungarian National Gallery. The paint samples were embedded in a polyester resin “Poly-Pol PS-230” and after grinding and polishing their cross section was used for x-ray mapping.

Electron Beam-Induced Mass Loss in Freeze-Dried Tissue and Protein Samples

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 470-471
Author(s):  
M.E. Cantino ◽  
M.K. Goddard ◽  
L.E. Wilkinson ◽  
D.E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Counting Rate ◽  
Dose Dependence ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Muscle Homogenate ◽  
Large Muscle

Quantification in biological x-ray microanalysis depends on accurate evaluation of mass loss. Although several studies have addressed the problem of electron beam induced mass loss from organic samples (eg., 1,2). uncertainty persists as to the dose dependence, the extent of loss, the elemental constituents affected, and the variation in loss for different materials and tissues. in the work described here, we used x-ray counting rate changes to measure mass loss in albumin (used as a quantification standard), salivary gland, and muscle.In order to measure mass loss at low doses (10-4 coul/cm2 ) large samples were needed. While freeze-dried salivary gland sections of the required dimensions were available, muscle sections of this size were difficult to obtain. To simulate large muscle sections, frog or rat muscle homogenate was injected between formvar films which were then stretched over slot grids and freeze-dried. Albumin samples were prepared by a similar procedure. using a solution of bovine serum albumin in water. Samples were irradiated in the STEM mode of a JEOL 100C.

Textile Wastewater Reuse: Ozonation of Membrane Concentrated Secondary Effluent

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lopez ◽  
G. Ricco ◽  
R. Ciannarella ◽  
A. Rozzi ◽  
A. C. Di Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Textile Wastewater ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Complete Disappearance

Among the activities appointed by the EC research-project “Integrated water recycling and emission abatement in the textile industry” (Contract: ENV4-CT95-0064), the effectiveness of ozone for improving the biotreatability of recalcitrant effluents as well as for removing from them toxic and/or inhibitory pollutants has been evaluated at lab-scale. Real membrane concentrates (pH=7.9; TOC=190 ppm; CDO=595 ppm; BOD5=0 ppm; Conductivity=5,000 μS/cm; Microtox-EC20=34%) produced at Bulgarograsso (Italy) Wastewater Treatment Plant by nanofiltering biologically treated secondary textile effluents, have been treated with ozonated air (O3conc.=12 ppm) over 120 min. The results have indicated that during ozonation, BOD5 increases from 0 to 75 ppm, whereas COD and TOC both decrease by about 50% and 30 % respectively. As for potentially toxic and/or inhibitory pollutants such as dyes, nonionic surfactants and halogenated organics, all measured as sum parameters, removals higher than 90% were achieved as confirmed by the complete disappearance of acute toxicity in the treated streams. The only ozonation byproducts searched for and found were aldehydes whose total amount continuously increased in the first hour from 1.2 up to 11.8 ppm. Among them, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, propionaldehyde, and butyraldehyde were identified by HPLC.

scholarly journals Pollutant-Removing Biofilter Strains Associated with High Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide Removal Rate in a Livestock Wastewater Treatment Facility

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7358
Author(s):  
Dong-Hyun Kim ◽  
Hyun-Sik Yun ◽  
Young-Saeng Kim ◽  
Jong-Guk Kim
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Illumina Miseq Sequencing ◽  
Miseq Sequencing ◽  
Treatment Facility ◽  
Livestock Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Facility

This study analyzed the microbial community metagenomically to determine the cause of the functionality of a livestock wastewater treatment facility that can effectively remove pollutants, such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. Illumina MiSeq sequencing was used in analyzing the composition and structure of the microbial community, and the 16S rRNA gene was used. Through Illumina MiSeq sequencing, information such as diversity indicators as well as the composition and structure of microbial communities present in the livestock wastewater treatment facility were obtained, and differences between microbial communities present in the investigated samples were compared. The number of reads, operational taxonomic units, and species richness were lower in influent sample (NLF), where the wastewater enters, than in effluent sample (NL), in which treated wastewater is found. This difference was greater in June 2019 than in January 2020, and the removal rates of ammonia (86.93%) and hydrogen sulfide (99.72%) were also higher in June 2019. In both areas, the community composition was similar in January 2020, whereas the influent sample (NLF) and effluent sample (NL) areas in June 2019 were dominated by Proteobacteria (76.23%) and Firmicutes (67.13%), respectively. Oleiphilaceae (40.89%) and Thioalkalibacteraceae (12.91%), which are related to ammonia and hydrogen sulfide removal, respectively, were identified in influent sample (NLF) in June 2019. They were more abundant in June 2019 than in January 2020. Therefore, the functionality of the livestock wastewater treatment facility was affected by characteristics, including the composition of the microbial community. Compared to Illumina MiSeq sequencing, fewer species were isolated and identified in both areas using culture-based methods, suggesting Illumina MiSeq sequencing as a powerful tool to determine the relevance of microbial communities for pollutant removal.

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