scholarly journals Weaponization of the body and politicization of death

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siamak Movahedi

The paper examines the psychology of martyrdom through the analysis of death speeches, the final letters, wills, and testaments left behind by men in the Middle East who undertook suicidal missions in war. The author maintains that the human body is as much a social object as it is a biological entity, and death is as much a social event as it is a physical happening. The biologically living body may be symbolically dead, and the physically dead person may be more powerful than the living. A communication that a person makes while he or she is anticipating an impending death is an overloaded message, comparable to the first or the last dream in psychoanalysis. It may provide important clues not only to the person's immediate psychic experience, but also to one's characteristic mode of encounter with the object world. Final letters, near-death or suicide notes have a particularly demanding, commanding, and pleading quality. The author finds several modes of communication and metacommunication in the notes: disengaged, abstract, and intimate, each differently conveying their thoughts, fantasies, and relatedness to the world, God, justice, vengeance, death, immortality, loved ones, and enemies.

PMLA ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-335
Author(s):  
John Keith Atkinson

An analysis of Les Caves in terms of Le Rire reveals the nature of Gidian comedy, at the same time establishing an affinity between Bergson and Gide. Bergson's thesis is that comedy springs from the conflict between mechanical and living, body and soul, inanimate and animate. Even wordplay and farce find a place in this context. The presentation of comedy requires detachment on the part of the author, an effect which Gide successfully achieves in this novel. Comedy criticises hypocrisy, whether it be social or individual. Gide criticises forms of hypocrisy arising from inadequate awareness of immediate exigencies. Amédée, central to the theme of comic conflict, is central to the action and structure of Les Caves. Anthime reveals the aspirations of the soul in comic conflict with the limitations of the body. Protos manipulates social groups and individuals mechanically but cannot escape the consequences of the game he has initiated. Lafcadio, desiring spontaneity, in conflict with the logical Julius, lives out an inconsequential dream. For both authors the contradictions of the world of dreams reveal parallels with the world of comedy.


2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Thompson ◽  
Diego Cosmelli

We argue that the minimal biological requirements for consciousness include a living body, not just neuronal processes in the skull. Our argument proceeds by reconsidering the brain-in-a-vat thought experiment. Careful examination of this thought experiment indicates that the null hypothesis is that any adequately functional “vat” would be a surrogate body, that is, that the so-called vat would be no vat at all, but rather an embodied agent in the world. Thus, what the thought experiment actually shows is that the brain and body are so deeply entangled, structurally and dynamically, that they are explanatorily inseparable. Such entanglement implies that we cannot understand consciousness by considering only the activity of neurons apart from the body, and hence we have good explanatory grounds for supposing that the minimal realizing system forconsciousness includes the body and not just the brain. In this way, we put the brain-in-a-vat thought experiment to a new use, one that supports the “enactive” view that consciousness is a life-regulation process of the wholeorganism interacting with its environment.


Author(s):  
Suzanne Raitt

For Sinclair, the past was a wound. She feared being unable to escape it, and she feared in turn her own persistence in a form that she could not control. Mystic ecstasy – what she called the “new mysticism” – was a way of entering a timeless realm in which there was no longer any past to damage her. But she was also fascinated by what could never be left behind – hence her interest in heredity, the unconscious, and the supernatural. However, the immanence of the future can also emancipate us from the past, in Sinclair’s view, and this is the key to why mystical experience was so immensely appealing to her. Mystical experience could take the self out of the body and thus out of past traumas and into the future. False dying – like that which creates ghosts – traps the psyche in its own pain and forces it to re-experience the suffering of its life; real dying – mystical dying – involves forgetting the self and the world.


Author(s):  
Federico Leoni

The idea of time plays a central role in modern philosophy. Modern philosophy doesn’t want to investigate Being, but a particular kind of Being, namely the Being of the subject which investigates Being. Then it identifies the subject with its capacity of thinking, perceiving, sensing, judging, and isolates the condition of this capacity in an operation of all further operations. Time is this transcendental operation. In other terms, time is synthesis, namely the capacity a subject has to be present to himself in order to be present to the world. This presence to presence which is time is the most profound structure of the subject, and when time becomes bodily synthesis, namely the operation of a living body which feels itself living, then psychopathological experience becomes the intermittence, the fragmentation, the impossibility of the body itself. An entire landscape of profoundly innovating readings of what we call madness becomes possible.


Author(s):  
Michèle Gennart

AbstractIn reference to phenomenology, the living body, feeling and acting, is approached as having an essential mediating function: at the same time, it brings us into the world and supports our identity. In “Tania Z’” story, she falls into a serious crisis following her parents’ decision to sell the shared family home. She experiences this not only as a betrayal but also as a loss of the “envelope” that previously allowed her to move safely in the world. She feels hurt even in her own body space and loses her ability to continue living.Tania Z speaks to us in a revealing way of the singular status of the home: a cultural work that can be possessed, transmitted, or destroyed according to certain social rules. But it is also, like the body, a privileged space of the “self,” with the loss of which the subject may be threatened in her or his ability to survive. This is at least what happens in situations of vulnerability where the person needs to rely on a stable physical space to gather as one’s self and feel safe in the world.


2021 ◽  
pp. 171-190
Author(s):  
Angela Longo

The question of the appearance of the body surges in a play of overwhelming forces, and its register in artworks assumes different shapes as their representation spreads towards other mediums. Firstly, following Aby Warburg’s thought, this article will analyse the process of the survival of bodies as potential motion in images. Warburg proposed an Iconological approach where the analysis of potential movement in the image yielded a formula for its analytic recomposition. Furthermore, he captured the transition at the beginning of the twentieth century, when the body representation moved to media that allowed movement reproduction, such as animation and cinema. The bodies' survival or capture contained an animist belief that gained propulsion with the first apparatuses and optical toys that allowed movement and live-action recording. This movement allowed for the production of a simulacrum of the living body and the power to recompose it in space. Therefore, this article will focus on the evolution of body representation and its survival to understand how images from the early twentieth century shaped and traveled around the world.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Б.А. Битиев

Параллели в обрядности между осетинами и остальными иранскими народами являются перспективными и интересными, но малоисследованными вопросами этнологической науки. Одним из основных схожих ритуалов, имеющих общее происхождение у арийцев, является культ огня. Так, в статье автором поставлены цели: рассмотреть связь огня с погребальными обрядами иранских народов, провести параллели в исследуемой обрядности и показать их идентичность, а также происхождение от одной общей основы. Огонь одна из самых главных природных стихий, играющих в жизни человечества огромную роль. Огонь та природная стихия, которая всегда завораживала человека, вызывая уважение и страх. Именно поэтому в обычаях и традициях подавляющего большинства народов мира существует культ огня. Но в обрядности иранских народов огню отводится еще большее значение. Не зря в среде арийских народов зародилась религия огнепоклонников Зороастризм. Представление об огне, как высшей всепроникающей и всеочищающей стихии, слишком глубоко укоренилось в мировоззрении каждого иранца. Помимо очистительной функции огня, в обрядности иранских народов эта природная стихия представляется как предохраняющая от влияния злых сил материя. Поэтому священный огонь, с одной стороны, не должен касаться усопшего, потому что огонь символизирует жизнь, а покойник смерть. Вот почему в обрядности рассмотренных нами иранских народов пока покойник находится в доме, огонь не разводят. С другой стороны, в течение трех дней на могиле покойного разводят огонь, выполняющий вышеуказанные функции.Особенно данный обряд распространен у курдов-езидов и осетин, сумевших сохранить свои традиции в большей степени. Таким образом, несмотря на множество дифференцирующих факторов (влияние мировых религий, значительные расстояния между народами), рассмотренные в работе параллели служат ярким примером родства иранских народов и их происхождения от общего предка. Parallels in rites between the Ossetians and other Iranian peoples are promising and interesting, but little studied issues of ethnological science. One of the main rituals that have a common origin among the Aryans is the cult of fire. Thus, in the article, the author sets goals: to consider the connection of fire with the funeral rites of the Iranian peoples, to draw parallels in the studied rites and to show their identity, as well as their origin from one common basis. Fire is one of the most important natural elements that plays a huge role in the life of mankind. Fire is the natural element that has always fascinated a person, causing respect and fear. Consecutively, there is the cult of fire in the customs and traditions of the vast majority of peoples of the world. But, in the rites of the Iranian peoples, fire is given even more importance. It is not for nothing that Zoroastrianism, the religion of fire, was born among the fire worshipping Aryan peoples. The idea of fire as the highest all-pervading and all-purifying element is too deeply rooted in the worldview of every Iranian. In addition to the purifying function of the fire, in the rites of the Iranian peoples, this natural element is represented as a matter that protects against the influence of evil forces. Therefore, the sacred fire, on the one hand should, not touch the deceased, because the fire symbolizes life, and the deceased stands for death. That is why in the rites of the Iranian peoples that we have considered, as long as the body of a dead person in the house the fire is never lit. On the other hand, a fire is lit on the grave of the deceased for three days, which performs the above functions, especially for Yazidi Kurds and Ossetians, who managed to preserve their traditions to a greater extent. Thus, despite many differentiating factors due to the influence of world religions, significant distances between peoples, the parallels considered in this paper serve as a vivid example of the kinship of the Iranian peoples and their origin from a common ancestor.


2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (52) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Dulcirley De Jesus

<p>Entre os poemas de Herberto Helder em que há uma certa ênfase à relação entre as noções de mundo, de corpo e de linguagem, merece destaque <em>Do mundo </em>(2006), publicado pela primeira vez em 1978. Nele, há referências tanto a um mundo em gênese e formação quanto a um corpo orgânico que se move em seus processos de metamorfose. Todavia, tais imagens são produtos de uma construção que se dá por referências inconcretas. Estas, por sua vez, no devir de uma linguagem que irradia significações, enfeixam-se em um movimento de convergência que resulta em imagens como: o “corpo-poema”, ou o “poema-corpo”, e o “mundo-poema”, ou o “poema/mundo”; ou ainda o corpo-mundo-poema. Tais blocos de imagens materializam-se na poesia de Herberto Helder pelos processos de fusões, transmutações e de metamorfoses porque passam a linguagem, o que ocorre na mesma medida em que as palavras tornam-se coisa, corpo, mundo; corpo-mundo naquilo que esses espaços possuem de afinidade, como reitera Maffei: “Um profundo vitalismo, assim, faz a ‘imagem’ possuir características de corpos vivos e do próprio universo, por sua vez também um corpo vivo.”1 Apesar da existência de uma comunicação intensa entre essas imagens nas duas obras, daremos ênfase, neste artigo, à leitura de <em>Do mundo </em>e sua relação com o espaço que lhe é homônimo com a palavra poética, já que, como é sugerido pelo próprio título, esse poema confere um tratamento especial à relação entre nome e coisa, palavra e realidade, linguagem e mundo.</p> <p>Among Herberto Helder’s poems that have emphasis in relation between the notions of world, body and language, the book <em>Do mundo </em>(2006), first published in 1978, deserves our attention. In this book, we could find references such in a world in genesis and formation as to a organic body that moves in their metamorphoses processes. However, these images are products of a construction that is not given by concrete references. These, in turn, in <em>devir </em>of a language that radiate meanings, reunites in a convergence movement that results in images such as: “body-poem”, or “poem-body”, and the “world-poem” or the “poem/ world”; or the body-world-poem. Such image blocks are materialized in the poetry of Herbert Helder by mergers process, transmutations and metamorphosis because they transpose the language, which occurs to the same extent that the words become thing, body, world; body-world in which these spaces have affinity, as Maffei reiterates: “A deep vitalism, thus, makes the ‘image’ possess characteristics of living bodies and the universe, itself, turns also a living body”. Despite the existence of an intense communication between these images in both works, we will emphasize, in this article, the reading of <em>Do Mundo </em>and its relation with the namesake space with the poetic word, remembering, as suggested by the title itself, this poem gives special treatment to the relation between name and thing, word and reality, language and world.</p>


Author(s):  
O. Faroon ◽  
F. Al-Bagdadi ◽  
T. G. Snider ◽  
C. Titkemeyer

The lymphatic system is very important in the immunological activities of the body. Clinicians confirm the diagnosis of infectious diseases by palpating the involved cutaneous lymph node for changes in size, heat, and consistency. Clinical pathologists diagnose systemic diseases through biopsies of superficial lymph nodes. In many parts of the world the goat is considered as an important source of milk and meat products.The lymphatic system has been studied extensively. These studies lack precise information on the natural morphology of the lymph nodes and their vascular and cellular constituent. This is due to using improper technique for such studies. A few studies used the SEM, conducted by cutting the lymph node with a blade. The morphological data collected by this method are artificial and do not reflect the normal three dimensional surface of the examined area of the lymph node. SEM has been used to study the lymph vessels and lymph nodes of different animals. No information on the cutaneous lymph nodes of the goat has ever been collected using the scanning electron microscope.


Author(s):  
Pramukti Dian Setianingrum ◽  
Farah Irmania Tsani

Backgroud: The World Health Organization (WHO) explained that the number of Hyperemesis Gravidarum cases reached 12.5% of the total number of pregnancies in the world and the results of the Demographic Survey conducted in 2007, stated that 26% of women with live births experienced complications. The results of the observations conducted at the Midwife Supriyati Clinic found that pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum, with a comparison of 10 pregnant women who examined their contents there were about 4 pregnant women who complained of excessive nausea and vomiting. Objective: to determine the hyperemesis Gravidarum of pregnant mother in clinic. Methods: This study used Qualitative research methods by using a case study approach (Case Study.) Result: The description of excessive nausea of vomiting in women with Hipermemsis Gravidarum is continuous nausea and vomiting more than 10 times in one day, no appetite or vomiting when fed, the body feels weak, blood pressure decreases until the body weight decreases and interferes with daily activities days The factors that influence the occurrence of Hyperemesis Gravidarum are Hormonal, Diet, Unwanted Pregnancy, and psychology, primigravida does not affect the occurrence of Hyperemesis Gravidarum. Conclusion: Mothers who experience Hyperemesis Gravidarum feel nausea vomiting continuously more than 10 times in one day, no appetite or vomiting when fed, the body feels weak, blood pressure decreases until the weight decreases and interferes with daily activities, it is because there are several factors, namely, hormonal actors, diet, unwanted pregnancy, and psychology.


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