Chronic activation of the innate immune system may underlie the metabolic syndrome

CONTEXTO: The metabolic syndrome is characterized by a clustering, in free-living populations, of cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors generally linked to insulin resistance, obesity and central obesity. Consonant with the well-established inflammatory pathogenesis of atherosclerotic disease, the metabolic syndrome is now being investigated in relation to its inflammatory nature. OBJETIVO: We present cross-sectional findings demonstrating that markers of inflammation correlate with components of the metabolic syndrome, and prospective findings of the ARIC Study indicating that markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction predict the development of diabetes mellitus and weight gain in adults. We present biological evidence to suggest that chronic activation of the innate immune system may underlie the metabolic syndrome, characterizing the common soil for the causality of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: Better understanding of the role of the innate immune system in these diseases may lead to important advances in the prediction and management of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

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The innate immune system and diabetes mellitus: the relevance of periodontitis? A hypothesis

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs20100098 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 119 (10) ◽

pp. 423-429 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Martin G. Lazenby ◽

Martin A. Crook

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Immune System ◽

Fetal Programming ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Inflammatory Process ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Acute Phase Reactants ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Type 2 Dm

About a decade ago, a hypothesis was proposed suggesting that the innate immune system, including acute-phase reactants, contribute to the development of T2DM [Type 2 DM (diabetes mellitus)] and the metabolic syndrome. In this model, it was hypothesized that the innate immune system modulates the effects of many factors, including genes, fetal programming, nutrition and aging, upon the later development of metabolic problems associated with insulin resistance. In this present article, we expand this hypothesis by looking at the involvement of periodontitis in DM and its complications. Periodontitis is a common inflammatory process involving the innate immune system and is associated with DM. We will also illustrate how dental disease is important in patients with DM and could be implicated in various diabetic complications.

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Abstract P189: Associations between Lactation and Maternal Measures of Total and Regional Adiposity 15 Years Postpartum: Results from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.127.suppl_12.ap189 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽

Author(s):

Candace K McClure ◽

Christina M Shay ◽

Ping G Tepper ◽

Molly B Conroy ◽

Barbara Sternfeld ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Women’S Health ◽

Women's Health ◽

Menopausal Status ◽

Lower Leg ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Regional Adiposity

Objective: It has been reported that mothers who do not breastfeed are at an increased risk of T2DM, metabolic syndrome, and CVD. We hypothesize that lactation may influence cardio-metabolic risk by altering maternal body composition. We examined the extent to which lactation was associated with regional and total adiposity in a sample of US women 15 years after their last birth. Study Design : Cross-sectional analysis of data provided by 1,268 women aged 45-58 who enrolled in the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (1996 -1997). Adiposity was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. History of lactation was self-reported and categorized into three groups: mothers who breastfed for ≥3 months after every birth, those who discontinued lactation within 3 months of some births, and those who never breastfed. Results: Compared with mothers who breastfed after every birth for at least 3 months, mothers who never breastfed had 0.87 kg greater trunk fat mass (FM), 1.3% greater % trunk FM, 1.3% lower % leg FM, and 0.075 greater trunk to leg FM ratio after adjustment for age, parity, height, years since last birth, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic, lifestyle, psychological, and family history variables, maximum gestational weight gain, and menopausal status. After additional adjustment for current BMI, women who never breastfed had 0.40 kg greater trunk FM and 0.053 greater trunk to leg FM ratio than mothers who breastfed every child for ≥3 months. Similarly, mothers who discontinued lactation within 3 months of some births had 0.28 kg greater trunk FM and 0.87% lower % leg FM than mothers who consistently breastfed. Conclusion : Women who did not breastfeed for at least 3 months after every birth exhibit less favorable body fat distributions 15 years postpartum. These results provide a potential physiologic basis for prior findings that women who do not breastfeed their children face increased risk of diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Given existing disparities in rates of lactation, obesity and CVD, these findings have great clinical relevance and suggest the need for targeted lactation support for women at risk of cardiovascular disease.

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Low levels of physical activity and metabolic syndrome: cross-sectional study in the Brazilian public health system

Ciência & Saúde Coletiva ◽

10.1590/1413-81232015214.23042015 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 1043-1050 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Bruna Camilo Turi ◽

Jamile Sanches Codogno ◽

Rômulo Araújo Fernandes ◽

Henrique Luiz Monteiro

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Activity Level ◽

Risk Indicators ◽

Public Healthcare ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Low Levels

Abstract This study investigated whether low levels of physical activity in different domains is associated with risk factors for the occurrence of metabolic syndrome or metabolic syndrome itself. Habitual physical activity level was assessed among 963 participants, aged 50 years old or more, using Baecke’s questionnaire. Risk factors for metabolic syndrome followed the recommendations of “The IDF Consensus Worldwide Definition of the Metabolic Syndrome”. All the participants were users of the Brazilian Public Healthcare System. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 30.9%. Participants with lower levels of physical activity in leisure-time had higher chances of occurrence of diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and metabolic syndrome. Occurrence of arterial hypertension was associated with lower levels of sports activities. It was found high rates of risk indicators for the occurrence of metabolic syndrome, as well as for diseases alone as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity. Lower involvement in physical activity in different domains increases the prevalence of risk factors for metabolic syndrome.

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Metabolic health in patients with schizophrenia – CVD risk in a Norwegian outpatient population

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1570 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. s810-s810

Author(s):

J. Engh ◽

E. Andersen ◽

E. Martinsen ◽

J. Egeland ◽

T.L. Holmen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

General Population ◽

Normal Population ◽

High Density Lipoproteins ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Metabolic Characteristics ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

The mortality of schizophrenia patients is approximately twice that of the general population and there is a 20% reduction in life expectancy in this patient group. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for as much as 50% of the excess mortality associated with schizophrenia. One important source of the high CVD prevalence is the cluster of metabolic characteristics defining the metabolic syndrome (MetS: 3 or more of the following features: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, elevated levels of triglycerides and fasting glucose and low levels of high-density lipoproteins). Patients with schizophrenia seem to be undertreated for these vascular risk factors relative to the general population. More knowledge is needed concerning broadened risk factors of cardiovascular disease in a representative sample of schizophrenia patients. We conducted preliminary cross sectional analyses in a sample of 64 consecutive outpatients with schizophrenia with a mean age of 37 years consisting of 59% men, who were enrolled in a treatment study. All used antipsychotics, and 71% were smokers. We found that (percentage of patients under treatment for the respective somatic condition in parenthesis) 82% were overweight, 49% had hypertonia (17%), 24% hyperglycemia (3%), 48% hypertriglyceridemia and 13% hyperlipidemia (10% triglycerid or cholesterol lowering medication). Forty percent had metabolic syndrome compared to 11% in the normal population (Norway, age corrected). Additionally, estimates of insulin resistance will be conducted. We found that the prevalence of MetS components was high in outpatient schizophrenia. A substantial discrepancy was found between metabolic ill health and medication treatment of such conditions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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AGREGASI TROMBOSIT DAN MEAN PLATELET VOLUME DENGAN SINDROM METABOLIK TERKAIT KEGEMUKAN

INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY ◽

10.24293/ijcpml.v21i2.1095 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 130

Author(s):

Nindia Sugih Arto ◽

Adi Koesoema Aman ◽

Dharma Lindarto

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Platelet Aggregation ◽

Mean Platelet Volume ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Platelet Volume ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

The Mean

The hyperactivity of platelet had been seen in patients with metabolic syndrome which can be caused by several factors, such as:insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension. The hyperactivity of platelet leads to its aggregation that can be increased therisk of cardiovascular disease. This study is aimed to know the platelet aggregation and mean platelet volume in patients with metabolicsyndrome and obesity by determination 30 patients were choosen for this cross sectional study, those whom attended to the laboratoryand policlinic at H. Adam Malik Medan Hospital, between May 2013 until August 2013. The diagnosis used of metabolic syndromecriteria established by the International Diabetic Federation 2005. From the 30 patients with 15 metabolic syndrome and 15 obesity,four patients were excluded because of their tryglyceride were more than 200 mg/dL. There is no significant differences between theplatelet aggregation with the agonist adenosin difosfat (ADP) in patient with metabolic syndrome and obesity. And there is no significantdifferences of the mean platelet volume values between the metabolic syndrome (9.6±0.93) and the obesity group (9.73±0.74), with pvalue 0.846. Based on this study there is no significant differences between the platelet aggregation and the Mean Platelet Volume values(MPV) in the metabolic syndrome and the obese group

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The metabolic syndrome in normal weight Malay subjects

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science ◽

10.3329/bjms.v15i1.27149 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 123-128

Author(s):

Abu Kholdun Al-Mahmood ◽

A A Ismail ◽

Faridah A R ◽

Wan Mohamed Wan Bebakar ◽

E Shyong Tai

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Medical Science ◽

Asian Population ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Peninsular Malaysia ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Degree Relative ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

Information regarding the prevalence of features of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in Malaysia has not been previously reported. There are also difficulties in using Western cut-off criteria to define MS in this Asian population. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of features of MS in normal body weight normoglycemic Malay subjects. An additional aim was to determine the optimal waist circumference cut-off which best identified MS in this population. We used data from a cross-sectional study carried out in Malay descendants in Kota Bharu a city on east coast peninsular Malaysia. The prevalence of different features of MS was determined using the AHA/NHLBI and IDF criteria. The results showed that even after excluding subjects with diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), hypertension, a first degree relative with diabetes mellitus and obesity (BMI >25 kg/m2), the features of metabolic syndrome were still highly prevalent in this population. Furthermore, the features of the metabolic syndrome were associated with reduced insulin sensitivity in an additive manner. The metabolic syndrome is a biologically relevant construct for the identification of the insulin resistant individual in a Malaysian population.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(1) 2016 p.123-128

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Immune cells—A curse and a blessing!

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.20210590 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 218 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Valbona Mirakaj

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Immune System ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Innate Immune Cells ◽

The Impact

Innate immune cells are crucial in the development and regulation of cardiovascular disease. In this issue, two groups, Davis et al. (2021. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20201839) and Li et al. (2021. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20210008) describe the impact of the innate immune system on the development of cardiovascular disease.

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Vasculometabolic and Inflammatory Effects of Aldosterone in Obesity

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/clinem/dgaa356 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 105 (8) ◽

pp. 2719-2731

Author(s):

Charlotte D C C van der Heijden ◽

Rob ter Horst ◽

Inge C L van den Munckhof ◽

Kiki Schraa ◽

Jacqueline de Graaf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Systemic Inflammation ◽

Carotid Atherosclerosis ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Metabolic Disturbances ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Metabolic Dysregulation ◽

Markers Of Inflammation ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract Context Not all obese individuals develop cardiovascular disease (CVD). Hyperaldosteronism is suggested to cause inflammation and metabolic dysregulation, and might contribute to CVD development in obese individuals. Objective We aimed to investigate the association of aldosterone concentrations with inflammation, metabolic disturbances, and atherosclerosis in overweight and obese individuals. Additionally, we measured renin concentrations to investigate whether the observed effects reflected general activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Design A cross-sectional cohort study (300-OB study) was conducted. Various inflammatory parameters, traits of the metabolic syndrome, lipidome and metabolome parameters, fat distribution, and carotid atherosclerosis were associated with plasma aldosterone and renin levels. Setting The setting of this study was the Radboudumc (i.o. Radboudumc), the Netherlands. Patients A total of 302 individuals with a body mass index greater than or equal to 27 kg/m2 participated. Main Outcome Measures and Results Aldosterone was associated with various markers of inflammation and metabolic dysregulation, which partly differed from the associations observed for renin. Although both were associated with inflammatory cell numbers, only renin was associated with classical markers of systemic inflammation. Both were associated with the metabolic syndrome and hepatic steatosis. Of the traits that constitute metabolic syndrome, aldosterone, but not renin, was associated with triglyceride concentrations. Accordingly, aldosterone was associated with large very low-density lipoprotein particles; metabolomics studies further associated aldosterone with urate concentrations and derivatives of the linoleic acid metabolism pathway. Neither aldosterone nor renin was associated with atherosclerotic plaque thickness. Conclusions Aldosterone is not an important driver of systemic inflammation in the obese, whereas aldosterone concentrations and metabolic dysregulation are strongly intertwined in these individuals. Although prospective studies are necessary to validate these results, the independent effects of aldosterone on carotid atherosclerosis appear modest.

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